Zoysia grass plant named `Palisades`
An asexually reproduced variety of perennial Zoysia japonica with a unique combination of characters including white stigmas, and anthers are 5.0 RP 3/6.
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The present invention relates to a new and distinct asexually reproduced variety of perennial zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica (L.)) Merr.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONThis invention relates to an new and distinct perennial zoysiagrass cultivar indentified as `Palisades` zoysiagrass (herein referred to as `Palisades`), that was tested as DALZ8514. `Palisades`, a Zoysia japonica, is a chance hybrid of the maternal clone `Z44`, obtained from Beltsville, MD in 1981, with an unknown pollen source from a zoysiagrass germplasm field nursery at TAES--Dallas. `Palisades` has been vegetatively propagated, and is uniform in growth expression.
For purposes of registration under the "International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants" (generally known by its French acronym as the UPOV Convention) and noting Section 1612 of the Manual of Plant Examination Procedures, the new variety of zoysiagrass of the present invention is named `Palisades` Zoysiagrass.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ILLUSTRATIONSFIG. 1 is a photograph of the leaf orientation, blades and ligule of `Palisades`.
FIG. 2 is a close-up photograph of the leaf orientation, blades and ligule of `Palisades`.
FIG. 3 is a photograph of the in florescence of `Palisades` at anthesis.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT`Palisades` was characterized in greenhouse and field conditions. `Palisades` is a unique variety of zoysiagrass developed as described above. `Palisades` was identified as being unique and desirable and was then propagated by cutting of stolons and rhizomes, rooting them in soil, and planting of the rooted material to provide planting stock for studying performance and for comparison of morphological characters after propagation. `Palisades` has been propagated by sod, plugs, sprigs, stolons and rhizomes in greenhouse and field planting by hand and mechanical propagation in Dallas, Tex. and is uniform in growth expression. Seed reproduction with self-fertility is not common in the Zoysia sp. No seedling establishment from `Palisades` has been noticed in either greenhouse or field studies.
`Palisades` is asexually propagated by stolons and rhizomes. It has an intermediate to rapid establishment rate. When spring (stolons) or plug plantings are made in early May, the area should achieve 60-70% coverage in Dallas, Tex. in 90-120 days, with complete coverage in 180-200 days, in comparison to `Meyer` zoysiagrass which will require 360-400 days for full coverage. The stolons of `Palisades` have a mean internode length of 29.9 mm between the second and third nodes, with a mean internode width of 1.0 mm and node diameter of 1.7 mm (Table 1). The stolons of `Palisades` root adventitiously at the nodes. Color notations of plant tissues were based on the Munsell Color Charts for Plant Tissues, Munsell Color, Baltimore, Md., 1977. Light quality, photoperiod, and general growth of the plants affect color notations. The internode stolon color of `Palisades` stolons exposed to full sun is 5R 3/4.
Leaf blades of `Palisades` are rolled in the bud, and are flat and stiff. The mean leaf blade length of `Palisades` is 75.6 mm and average width is 3.4 mm (Table 2). The leaf sheath of `Palisades` is distinct from `Meyer`(unpatented) and `Crowne` (U.S. Plant Patent application Ser. No. 09/076,973 at a length of 51.2 mm (Table 3). The hairs on the abaxial leaf surface of `Palisades` are sparse in number and are approximately 0.9 mm long. Measured under greenhouse conditions in January 1996, the genetic, adaxial leaf color of `Palisades` is 2.5G 5/6 with `El Toro` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 5845) having a leaf color of 2.5GY 5/2, and `Meyer` having a color of 2.5G 3/4. The ligule of `Palisades` is a fringe of silky hairs, approximately 2.8 mm in length for the longest hairs.
`Palisades` has 5RP 3/6 colored anthers and white colored stigmas, undistinguished in shade of color. The inflorescence of `Palisades` is a terminal spike-like raceme, with spikelets on short pedicels. `Palisades` has a mean length floral region of 27.2 mm, with a mean of 27.8 florets per raceme.
Thatch development is a function of age of stand, types of soils and other environments and cultural conditions. Thatch development was determined in 3 year old field plantings comparing eight commercially available cultivars. `Emerald`, `Miyako` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 10,187) and `Zeon` (unpatented) produced the greatest depth of thatch (26.3 mm); `Crowne`, `Palisades` and `DeAnza` produced an intermediate amount of thatch (25,23 and 23 mm, respectively), and Cavalier and Meyer produced the least amount of thatch (20 and 19 mm respectively).
The chromosome number of `Palisades` is 40.
`Palisades` is rated as having low supplemental water needs similar to `Crowne` and `El Toro` to maintain active growing turf (Table 4). When `Palisades` was compared with 59 other zoysiagrasses for salinity tolerance, it ranked number 34 in performance and was superior to `Meyer` (Table 5). When compared to other commercial varieties for root growth, `Palisades` was not different from `El Toro` or `Meyer` in average root depth, root weight, or clipping weights (Table 6).
`Palisades` was entered in the 1991 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP). `Palisades`, in the 1991 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program Zoysiagrass Trial for the years 1992-1995 had mean quality ratings of 5.8, 5.8, 5.5 and 5.4 for overall quality (Table 7).
`Palisades` rated among the best for the broad leaf textural class 4. `Palisades` shows intermediate resistance to the zoysiagrass mite (Table 8). The varieties `Meyer`, `Belair` (unpatented), and most experimental zoysiagrasses are very susceptible to the mite. This mite has been found in Maryland, Texas, and Florida, all extensive zones of use for zoysiagrasses.
`Palisades` is distinguished from other zoysiagrasses by its combined unique morphological differences in leaf width, length, and floral characters of sheath and seed head length. It is a medium-coarse textured, thick stolon, and rhizome producing grass with good recuperative ability. It has good shade tolerance and low water use needs. It is moderate in salinity tolerance. `Palisades` is intermediate to superior in its average growth rate and has good to excellent winter hardiness and will persist in regions north to Kansas, Missouri and Illinois.
TABLE 1
______________________________________
Internode length as measured between the second and third nodes,
internode diameter of the third internode, and node diameter of the
third node measured on zoysiagrass plants. Plants were growing in a
growth chamber with a 14-hr daylength, March 1995
Internode Internode
Node
length diameter diameter
Genotype mm mm mm
______________________________________
`Crowne` 17.7a* 0.9abc 1.1 bc
`Cavalier` 18.4a 1.4abc 1.4abc
(U.S. Plant
Pat. No. 10,778)
`Meyer` 24.1a 2.0a 2.0a
`Palisades` 29.9a 1.0a 1.7ab
`El Toro` 39.98a 1.4abc 1.4abc
______________________________________
*Analysis of variance by General Linear Models, with means followed by th
same letter not significantly different using Tukey's Studentized Range
(HSD), alpha = 0.05. Only selected means presented.
TABLE 2
______________________________________
Leaf blade width and length measured on the third youngest
leaf of zoysiagrass. Plants were growing in a growth chamber with a
14-hr daylength, March 1995
Blade width
Blade length
Genotype mm mm
______________________________________
`Cavalier` 1.3d* 60.7cd
`Meyer` 2.6 c 74.3 bc
`Crowne` 3.0abc 72.7 bc
`El Toro` 3.3abc 68.3 bcd
`Palisades` 3.4ab 75.6 bc
______________________________________
* Analysis of variance by General Linear Models, with means followed by
the same letter not significantly different using Tukey's Studentized
Range (HSD), alpha = 0.05. Only selected means presented.
TABLE 3
______________________________________
Zoysiagrass leaf sheath length measurements taken
February 1988 on the fourth youngest leaf from greenhouse
grown plants
Sheath length
Genotype mm
______________________________________
`Emerald`(unpatented)
16.3 ij
`Cavalier` 28.9 ef
`Meyer` 30.7 cd
`Crowne` 42.9 b*
`Palisades` 51.25a
______________________________________
*Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different using
the WallerDuncan k ratio test (k ratio = 100). Only selected means
presented.
TABLE 4
______________________________________
Supplemental irrigation water requirement for commercial and
experimental zoysiagrasses during July 1989 through August 1991 at
Dallas, Texas*
Irrigation
Requirement
Textural
1989 1990 1991
Class mm/yr Mean
______________________________________
`Diamond` 1 461 435 567 488
(U.S. Plant
Pat. No. 10,636)
DALZ8501 1 449 544 429 474
FC13521 3 482 448 443 457
DALZ8517 3 475 402 487 455
`Emerald` 3 464 343 503 437
DALZ8506 3 458 379 455 431
DALZ8515 3 469 419 394 427
DALZ8508 2 447 379 398 408
DALZ8510 3 449 310 413 390
`Cashmere` 1 435 424 311 390
U.S. Plant
Pat. No. 6,529
`Cavalier` 3 464 175 441 360
DALZ8504 2 478 363 138 326
DALZ8503 2 441 280 193 305
DALZ8511 2 451 353 200 304
DALZ8516 2 462 377 25 288
`Meyer` 2 450 321 74 276
`Korean Common`(unpatented)
4 470 174 88 244
`El Toro` 4 417 21 6 148
`Palisades` 4 358 26 12 132
`Crowne` 4 256 12 12 93
MSD.sup..dagger.
129 169 242 155
Rainfall.sup..dagger-dbl.
1092 1118 1143 1118
______________________________________
.sup..dagger.MSD, minimum significant difference for comparison of means
within columns based on the WallerDuncan kratio ttest where k = 100.
.sup..dagger-dbl.Total annual precipitation in mm.
*White et al. 1993.
TABLE 5
______________________________________
* Average percent shoot salt injury (average of 20 rating dates) on
zoysiagrass entries in the 1991 NTEP.sup..dagger. Trials
Entry Source Species.sup..dagger-dbl.
% Injury
______________________________________
`Diamond` NTEP 20 matrella 33ab.sup..English Pound.
`El Toro` NTEP 13 japonica 38a-e
`Emerald` NTEP 10 jap x tenu
42a-h
`Cavalier` NTEP 17 matrella 42a-h
`Crowne` NTEP 15 japonica 46 e-k
`Palisades` NTEP 14 japonica 46 e-k
`Belair` NTEP 11 japonica 50 f-k
`Meyer` NTEP 09 japonica 58 lmn
`Korean Common`
NTEP 07 japonica 76 pq
______________________________________
* Selected data set; complete data set includes 59 varieties and
cultivars. .sup..dagger. NTEP = National Turfgrass Evaluation Program.
.sup..dagger-dbl. Species identity. .sup..English Pound. Means followed b
the same letter are not significantly different, based on the WallerDunca
kratio ttest (kratio = 100)
In Marcum, K. B., M. C. Engelke, S. J. Morton and C. Dayton. 1994.
Salinity tolerances of selected bermudagrass an zoysiagrass genotypes. TX
Turfgrass Res. 1993, Consolidated Prog. Rep. PR 5140: 105-107.
TABLE 6
______________________________________
Average mean root depth of zoysiagrass grown in flexible tubes in
greenhouse studies, Dallas, TX
Average Mean Total Root
Clipping
Root Depth Weight Weights
Variety mm mg mg
______________________________________
`Cavalier`
255 278 243
`Belair` 296 330 286
`Palisades`
318 457 452
`Emerald`
330 461 241
`Meyer` 333 411 466
`Crowne` 355 497 406
`El Toro`
356 473 391
MSD 79 161 267
______________________________________
*MSD = minimum significant difference for comparison of means within
columns based on the WallerDuncan kratio test where k = 100.
In Marcum, K. B., M. C. Engelke, S. J. Morton, and R. H. White. 1995.
Rooting characteristics and associated drought resistance of
zoysiagrasses. Agron. J. 87:534-538.
TABLE 7
______________________________________
Mean Turfgrass quality ratings of vegetative zoysiagrass cultivars grown
in the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program at 23 locations in the U.S.
for 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995
Leaf
Texture Overall
Variety Class 1992 1993 1994 1995 4-Yr Avg.
______________________________________
`Cavalier` .sup. 3.sup.1
6.0 6.2 5.9 6.0 5.9
TC2033 2 5.8 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.9
`Sunburst`(unpatented)
2 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.8
TC 5018 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.8
`Emerald` 2 5.7 6.2 6.0 5.7 5.8
`Omni`(unpatented)
2 5.6 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.7
QT 2004 5.6 6.0 5.9 5.6 5.6
DALZ8508 2 5.6 6.1 5.7 5.6 5.6
`Palisades` 4 5.8 5.8 5.5 5.4 5.6
DALZ9006 3 5.6 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.6
`Crowne` 4 5.8 5.8 5.5 5.4 5.6
`El Toro` 4 5.8 5.6 5.3 5.4 5.5
CD 259-13 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.4
`Meyer` 2 5.3 5.7 5.8 5.5 5.4
QT 2047 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.3
`Belair` 2 5.0 5.6 5.6 5.0 5.2
DALZ 8516 2 4.7 5.4 5.0 5.0 4.9
`Diamond` 1 4.4 5.0 4.6 4.4 4.4
DALZ8501 1 4.9 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.3
DALZ8701 1 4.2 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.8
LSD VALUE 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
______________________________________
To determine statistical differences among entries, subtract one entry's
mean from another entry's mean. Statistical difference occurs when this
value is larger than the corresponding LSD value (LSD 0.05). .sup.1
Textural class of zoysiagrass where 1 = short, narrow leaves; 2 = short,
wide leaves; 3 = long, narrow leave; and 4 = long, wide leaves.
In National Zoysiagrass Test 1991. Final Report 1992-95, NTEP No. 9615;
(Table 4); United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705.
TABLE 8
______________________________________
Mean number of mite-damaged leaves per zoysiagrass plant (N = 18)
Combined
Cultivar April 3, 1992
April 24, 1992
Dates
______________________________________
DALZ9006 0.2a* 0.2a 0.2a
DALZ8508 0.7b 0.6ab 0.6b
DALZ8516 1.8d 0.3ab 1.0b
`Emerald` 1.3bc 0.9b 1.1b
DALZ8501 1.4cd 2.6c 2.0c
`Crowne` 5.4ef 2.3c 3.9d
`El Toro` 5.6ef 2.8c 4.2d
TC2033 4.4e 4.3d 4.4d
`Palisades`
7.5fg 4.0cd 5.8e
CD2031 7.6gh 7.9e 7.8f
Diamond 7.8gh 9.4ef 8.6g
DALZ8701 9.3h 9.4ef 9.4g
`Cavalier`
9.1h 9.8ef 9.5g
`Meyer` 9.9h 9.9ef 9.9g
`Belair` 10.0h 9.9f 9.9g
JZ-1 10.0h 9.9f 10.0g
______________________________________
*Data transformed using log (X + 0.5) for analysis. Means in a column
followed by the same letter are not significantly different by
WallerDuncan kratio test (k = 100) (P = 0.05).
Reinert, J. A., M. C. Engelke, and S. J. Morton. 1993. Zoysiagrass
resistance to the zoysiagrass mite, Eriphyes zoysiae (Acari: Eriophyidae)
In R. N. Carrow, N. E. Christians, and R. C. Shermans (Eds.).
International Turfgrass Society Research Journal 7. Intertec Publishing
Corp., Overland Park, KS. pp. 349-352.
Claims
1. A new and distinct cultivar of Zoysia japonica plant as herein shown and described.
| PP9127 | May 2, 1995 | Gibeault et al. |
- R.H. White, M.C. Engelke and S.J. Morton, Performance of Zoysiagrass Cultivars and Elite DALZ Lines Under Linear Gradient Irrigation, TX Turfgrass Res.--1990, Consolidated Prog. Rep. PR-4748: 33-36. M.C. Engelke, R.H. White, S. J. Morton and K.B. Marcum, Root Development in Selected Varieties of Each of Four Warm-season Turfgrass Genera, TX Turfgrass Res.--1991, Consolidated Prog. Rep. PR-4884: 10-17. S.J. Morton, M.C. Engelke, R.H. White and K.B. Marcum, 1991 Update on Performance of Zoysiagrass Cultivars and Elite DALZ Lines Under Linear Gradient Irrigation. TX Turfgrass Res.--1991, Consolidated Prog. Rep. PR-4890: 36-42. S.J. Morton, M.C. Engelke and R.H. White, Performance of Four Warm-season Turfgrass Genera Cultured in Dense Shade iii. Zoysia spp., TX Turfgrass Res.--1991, Consolidated Prog. Rep. PR-4894: 51-52. USDA-NTEP. 1991 National Zoysiagrass Test-1991. U.S. Dept. Agric. Beltsville, MD. 1995 Prog. 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Type: Grant
Filed: May 13, 1998
Date of Patent: Sep 19, 2000
Assignee: Texas A&M University System (College Station, TX)
Inventor: Milton Charles Engelke (Parker, TX)
Primary Examiner: Howard J. Locker
Assistant Examiner: Wendy A Baker
Law Firm: Fulbright & Jaworski L.L.P.
Application Number: 9/78,184
