Walnut tree named ‘Durham’

Abstract

A new walnut variety (Juglans regia) designated as ‘Durham’ is provided. This variety has a harvest date 10 days earlier than walnut variety ‘Chandler’, and produces a walnut that is jumbo in size with light colored kernels.

Description

Latin name: Botanical/commercial classification: Juglans regia new English walnut cultivar.

Varietal denomination: The varietal denomination of the claimed walnut variety is ‘Durham’.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the walnut industry, it has long been recognized as desirable to provide walnut trees bearing large crops that are ripe for commercial harvesting and shipment early in the harvest season. In particular, the California walnut industry is in need of earlier harvesting walnut varieties, as the most commonly planted variety ‘Chandler’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 4,388) harvests late in the season (early to mid-October), which delays processing. ‘Ivanhoe’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 21,718) and ‘Solano’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,466) were recently released as early harvesting varieties, but both leaf relatively early and thus have greater exposure to wet spring conditions that are more conducive to bacterial blight. Further, the walnut industry desires walnut cultivars with light kernel color for marketing value. Thus, there exists a need for improved walnut varieties with mid-season harvest dates and desirable walnut characteristics.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of walnut tree (Juglans regia) that has been denominated as ‘Durham’, and more particularly to a walnut variety that has a harvest date 10 days earlier than walnut variety ‘Chandler’ and that further produces a walnut that is jumbo in size and with light colored kernels.

It was found that the new Juglans regia cultivar ‘Durham’ exhibits the following combination of characteristics:

• • a) forms jumbo-sized walnuts that possess light-colored kernels;
  • b) bears nuts with shells that are smooth, oval, light colored, well-sealed, and attractive in appearance;
  • c) bears fruit both terminally and laterally;
  • d) yields a crop that can be harvested approximately 10 days before ‘Chandler’; and
  • e) is protandrous, bearing male flowers before female flowers.

Walnut variety ‘Durham’ was originally identified as a progeny of a controlled pollination between ‘Chandler’ and ‘PI159568’ (unpatented), this controlled pollination taking place during Year 1 in Davis, Calif. Seeds resulting from this cross were planted in a nursery in Year 2 and were established in a seedling trial in Year 3. In this seedling trial, 21 trees resulting from the cross above, along with other trees in the walnut breeding program, were carefully observed and evaluations began in Year 6. When these trees began to bear nuts, data was collected annually on leafing date; first, peak, and last female flower bloom; first, peak, and last male bloom; blight severity; and yield (FIG. 11 and TABLE 2). Nuts were sampled, cracked, and data was collected on shell appearance, shell thickness, shell integrity, shell strength, nut weight, kernel weight, percent kernel, ease of kernel removal, kernel color, and percent kernel shrivel (FIG. 11 and TABLE 2). A single tree, designated as selection ‘UC93-028-20’, was selected in Year 9 from among progeny of the controlled cross above based on its superior attributes, which included its mid-season harvest date, good yields, plump light-colored kernels, and attractive shell appearance. Selection ‘UC93-028-20’ was selected as a candidate for release as the variety ‘Durham’.

Walnut variety ‘Durham’ has been asexually propagated by grafting on ‘Paradox’ rootstock at several locations including 1) in selection blocks at Davis, Chico, and Parlier, Calif., 2) in grower field trials at Durham, Wheatland, Yuba City, Artois, East Biggs, Woodland, Modesto, and Merced, Calif., and 3) at major California walnut nurseries. The distinctive characteristics of ‘Durham’ have been found to be stable and are transmitted to the new trees when asexually propagated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES

TABLE 1 shows ‘Durham’ trial locations, number of trees at each site, and number of years of data collected at each location.

TABLE 2 shows a key to evaluation traits presented in FIG. 11.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates the breeding pedigree of the walnut variety ‘Durham’.

FIG. 2 illustrates a tree of walnut variety ‘Durham’ at 6 years old.

FIG. 3 illustrates the bark of a tree of walnut variety ‘Durham’.

FIG. 4 illustrates an adaxial view of leaves of walnut variety ‘Durham’.

FIG. 5 illustrates an abaxial view of leaves of walnut variety ‘Durham’.

FIG. 6 illustrates female flowers of walnut variety ‘Durham’.

FIG. 7 illustrates catkins (male flowers) of walnut variety ‘Durham’.

FIG. 8 illustrates hulls of walnut variety ‘Durham’ before opening and exposing the nuts.

FIG. 9 illustrates nuts of walnut variety ‘Durham’.

FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B illustrate kernels of walnut variety ‘Durham’.

FIG. 11 illustrates the summarized phenology, tree, and nut evaluations for walnut variety ‘Durham’, both parents of ‘Durham’ (‘Chandler’ and ‘PI159568’), and several comparison cultivars. Bolded traits illustrate especially desirable traits of ‘Durham’.

DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

The following is a detailed botanical description of walnut variety ‘Durham’. The description is based on both 1) an ungrafted ‘Durham’ walnut tree on its own roots, and 2) trees subsequently grafted on ‘Paradox’ rootstock growing in selection blocks in Davis, Chico, and Parlier, Calif., as well as in grower trials near Woodland, Durham, Wheatland, and Yuba City, Calif. The first data was collected on the own-rooted tree from Year 6 (age 4 years) to Year 13 (age 11 years). Data from Years 12 to 23 were collected from grafted trees. A summary of the trials where ‘Durham’ has been evaluated are presented in TABLE 1. The Munsell Color Charts for Plant Tissues is used in the identification of color. Also, common color terms are to be accorded their ordinary dictionary significance.

• Botanical classification: Juglans regia.
• Female parent: ‘Chandler’.
• Male parent: ‘PI159568’. The breeding pedigree of walnut variety ‘Durham’ is presented in FIG. 1. Compared to ‘Durham’, the parent ‘PI159568’ has an earlier harvesting date, but bears nuts only at the terminal positions on new branches. The parent ‘Chandler’ is later harvesting than ‘Durham’ and nuts have a lower percent kernel fill (FIG. 11 and TABLE 2).
  • • Plant.—The growth habit of ‘Durham’ is illustrated in FIG. 2. This 6 year old tree is approximately 5.5 m in height with a canopy diameter of 6.6 m. The trunk diameter at 0.5 m above the ground is approximately 12 cm. The silvery grey bark is typical of Juglans regia. The young bark is brown (2.5Y 5/2) and the older bark is grey (5Y 7.5/2) with raised lighter lenticels (2.5Y 8/2), illustrated in FIG. 3. Lenticels are round to oval in shape, and 1-5 mm×1-2 mm in size. ‘Durham’ has vigor similar to ‘Chandler’.
    • Foliage.—The dark green foliage of ‘Durham’ is illustrated in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, and is typical of Juglans regia. The average leafing out date between Years 7 and 23 has occurred on March 30^th For comparative purposes, the leaf-out date of ‘Chandler’ is April 5^th. The typical leaf coloration of ‘Durham’ is green (adaxial 5GY 3/2, abaxial 5GY 5/2). The leaves are pinnately compound with 7-9 leaflets. The full leaf length is approximately 46 cm and the width is 30 cm. Leaflets are broadly elliptical and entire. The terminal leaflet averages 16 cm in length and 9 cm in width. The middle leaflets average 14 cm in length and 6 cm in width, and the proximal leaflets average 9 cm in length and 4 cm in width. The rachis averages 30 cm in length and 2-4 mm in diameter. Petiole length is 10 cm and is 2.5GY 6/6 in color.
    • Inflorescence.—The ‘Durham’ tree is precocious, with first yield being noted at age 4 years. ‘Durham’ is not as precocious as ‘Ivanhoe’ and ‘Solano’, but ‘Durham’ trees yield abundantly at maturity. Male flowers (catkins) were first present at age 6 years. This delay in male maturity is typical of Juglans regia. From Years 6 to 23, average first female bloom occurred on April 13^th, peak bloom on April 18^th, and last bloom on April 23^rd. From Years 8 to 23, average male flowering (pollen shedding) began on March 29^th, peaked on April 4^th, and terminated on April 13^th. Pollen shedding in this protandrous variety does not cover pistillate bloom well, suggesting that a pollenizer would be needed for maximum yield. ‘Chandler’ would be a satisfactory pollenizer. The female flowers of ‘Durham’ are typical of Juglans regia (FIG. 6), with two flowers per inflorescence borne on 1 cm spikes at both terminal and lateral positions on current season's growth. Approximately 97% of the lateral buds contain inflorescences, making yields much greater than trees that only bear flowers terminally. A typical female flower of ‘Durham’ is approximately 8 to 10 mm at anthesis, and floral organs are typical of Juglans regia. The flowers appear vase-shaped when the 2 plumose stigmatic arms are curved outward. There are no petals. The female flowers are green (5GY 7/8) in color. The flower fragrance is typical of Juglans regia, and is not noticeably different than the foliage fragrance. The male flowers of ‘Durham’ (FIG. 7) are borne on catkins, are between 7 and 14 cm in length and 1-2 cm in diameter, and are green in color (5GY 7/10).
    • Walnuts.—‘Durham’ commonly harvests about 10 days before ‘Chandler’, about 10 days after ‘Payne’, and is similar in timing to ‘Tulare’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 8,268) and ‘Howard’, although ‘Durham’ has better kernel color and shell traits than these varieties. ‘Durham’ has excellent yields of mostly jumbo-sized walnuts. The hull is broadly elliptic, 6.0 cm×4.5 cm, 6 mm thick, and 2.5GY 6/6 in color, with numerous lighter speckles (FIG. 8). The nut is broadly elliptical, has a smooth, uniform and attractive appearance, is a lighter than average tan color (7.5YR 7/4) and measures approximately 48 mm in length and 35 mm in width (FIG. 9). The shell is 1.3 mm thick, relatively strong and well-sealed, suitable for in-shell marketing, and the kernel is easy to remove. The kernel weight averages 8.3 g and makes up 55% of the total nut weight of 15.1 g. Kernel fill of ‘Durham’ is better than ‘Chandler’ and ‘Hartley’. Kernel color of ‘Durham’ is considered excellent (FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B), and scores mostly in the light to extra light categories of the USDA Standards for Grades of Shelled Walnuts, as determined by using the standard Walnut Color Chart for kernels published by the Dried Fruit Association of California (FIG. 11 and TABLE 2). In addition, kernels of ‘Durham’ have averaged 54.4 on the Relative Light Index used by Diamond Foods of Stockton, Calif. ‘Durham’ is typical of commercial walnuts in terms of flavor and firmness, the latter varying according to the percent moisture after drying.
    • Disease susceptibility.—‘Durham’ appears to be less susceptible to Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis than typical mid-season cultivars. Due to the relatively late leafing and flowering dates of ‘Durham’, closer to the cultivar ‘Chandler’ and later than recently released cultivars ‘Ivanhoe’ and ‘Solano’, ‘Durham’ will have less exposure to walnut blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. Juglandis. Observed incidence of blight on ‘Durham’ has been low.
    • Usage.—‘Durham’ provides a mid-season harvesting walnut cultivar with high quality light-colored kernels, and nuts that can be used cracked or in-shell.

TABLE 1
Trial sites, locations, number of trees at location, and years of evaluation data
collected for ‘Durham’
			# Durham	# Years
		Year	Trees	of Data	Comparison Cultivars
Trial Site	Location	Planted	Evaluated	Collected	Evaluated at Same Location
UC Davis-	Davis	3	1	8	Chandler, Howard, Tulare,
seedling					Hartley, Vina, Payne, PI159568
block H
Whitney	Wheatland	9	2	13	Chandler, Howard, Tulare,
Warren					Hartley, Vina, Ivanhoe, Solano
Ranch
UCD	Davis	10	4	12	Chandler, Howard, Tulare,
Selection					Hartley, Vina, Payne, PI159568,
Block-B					Ivanhoe, Solano
CSU-Chico	Chico	10	4	12	Chandler, Tulare, Hartley, Vina,
Selection					Payne, Ivanhoe, Solano
Block
KAC	Parlier	10	4	10	Chandler, Howard, Tulare,
Selection					Hartley, Vina, Payne
Block
Sierra Gold	Yuba City	12	10	3	Solano, Ivanhoe
Nurseries-
SG
UCD	Davis	16	4	4	Chandler, Howard, Tulare,
Selection					Hartley, Vina, Payne, PI159568,
Block-D					Ivanhoe, Solano
Scheuring	Woodland	18	4	5	Chandler, Howard, Tulare,
S505 C					Ivanhoe, Solano
Stolp B	Durham	19	33	3	Chandler, Howard, Tulare,
					Ivanhoe, Solano
Scheuring	Woodland	20	2	2	Chandler, Howard, Tulare,
S505 F					Ivanhoe, Solano

TABLE 2
Key to evaluation traits presented in FIG. 11
Tree evaluation
Catkin abundance       Male flower abundance: 3 low; 5 intermediate;
                       7 high
Female abundance       Female flower abundance: 3 low; 5 intermediate;
                       7 high
Lateral fruitfulness % Percent of lateral buds with female flowers
Yield                  Yield: 3 low; 5 intermediate; 7 high
Nut and kernel traits
Texture                Shell texture: 3 smooth; 5 medium; 7 rough
Color                  Shell color: 3 light; 5 medium; 7 dark
Seal                   Shell seal: 3 weak; 5 intermediate; 7 strong
Strength               Shell strength: 3 weak; 5 intermediate; 7 strong
Integrity              Shell integrity: 3 substantial area of shell missing;
                       5 small area of missing shell; 6 stem end hole;
                       7 complete shell
Thickness              Shell thickness at mid-cheek in mm
Packing tissue         Inner lining: 3 thin; 5 medium; 7 thick
Inshell weight         g
Kernel weight          g
Kernel %               Kernel wt/inshell wt × 100
Fill                   Kernel fill: 3 poor; 5 moderate; 7 well
Plumpness              Kernel plumpness: 3 thin; 5 moderate; 7 plump
Ease of removal        Ease of removal of kernel halves: 3 easy;
                       5 moderate; 7 difficult
Blanks %               Percent of nuts without a kernel
Extra light %          Percent of kernels in extra light category (DFA*)
Light %                Percent of kernels in light category (DFA)
Light amber %          Percent of kernels in light amber category (DFA)
Amber %                Percent of kernels in amber category (DFA)
Tip shrivel %          Percent of kernels with tip shrivel like ‘Chandler’
<50% shrivel           Percent of kernels with <50% shrivel
>50% shrivel           Percent of kernels with >50% shrivel
Veins %                Percent of kernels with conspicuous veins
*“DFA” refers to the Dried Fruit Association of California.

Claims

1. A new and distinct variety of walnut tree designated ‘Durham’ as shown and described herein.