Cranberry plant named ‘CNJ99-9-25’

Abstract

A new cranberry variety distinguished by midseason ripening and high productivity, especially in peat soils and moderate oceanic climate. Fruit are moderate to large in size, with variable shape, from widely ovate to oblong to pyriform.

Description

Latin name of the genus and species of the plant claimed: Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.

Variety denomination: ‘CNJ99-9-25’.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

NJAES NJ12145

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a new and distinctive American cranberry variety, ‘CNJ99-9-25’, for the processed cranberry market, having a high crop yield potential, a mid-season ripening period, and an ovate to slightly pyriform berry. ‘CNJ99-9-25’ is suited to most areas where cranberry is cultivated, but is particularly adapted to ‘peat’ organic soils and moderate oceanic climate. The variety ‘CNJ99-9-25’ was derived from a variety ‘NJS98-23’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 18,252) as the seed parent, crossed with the ‘#35’ (unpatented) variety as the pollen parent (‘#35’ is a selection from a putative ‘Howes’ x ‘Searles’ cross). ‘#35’ was originally selected from a previous USDA/NJAES cranberry breeding program (Dana, Fruit Varieties J 37:88-95, 1983).

The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is a temperate, woody perennial plant species native to North America adapted to well-drained mineral and organic soils. The United States is the largest producer, with Wisconsin and Massachusetts representing the majority of cranberry acreage and production, followed by New Jersey, Oregon and Washington. Varieties that currently are commercially cultivated include selections from native populations, and first and second breeding and selection cycle hybrids. Significant acreage is still devoted to varieties that were selected from native cranberry populations from as far back as 1843, including ‘Ben Lear’ (unpatented), ‘Early Black’ (unpatented), ‘Howes’ (unpatented), ‘Lemunyon’ (unpatented), ‘McFarlin’ (unpatented) and ‘Searles’ (unpatented).

First breeding cycle hybrid varieties were developed by the United States Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with state Agricultural Experiment Stations in the 1940's, and the program released a series of unpatented varieties in the 1950's including the most widely grown cultivar ‘Stevens’, which was selected from original test plots in Pemberton, N.J. During the 2000-2010 decade, patented and unpatented varieties from a second breeding and selection cycles have been introduced and grown commercially.

The bulk of cranberry production is for the processed market, including both juice and ‘sweetened dried cranberry’ (SDC) fruit products, where fruit having specific anthocyanin content (TAcy) ranges are desired. For SDC processors, certain fruit quality criteria are desired, including larger fruit size (>1.5 g/berry), a round fruit shape, mid-range TAcy, moderate to high titratable acidity (TA, 2.3-2.5 citric acid equivalents), high soluble solids (Brix), and acceptable fruit firmness. Another important cranberry market is fresh fruit, where berry appearance and storage life are essential traits. For economic sustainability, cranberry growers require varieties with consistent high productivity, acceptable levels of disease tolerance to both fruit and vine diseases, and desired season of harvest. In cranberry, varietal variation for crop productivity is a function of inherent differences among varieties for traits such as stolon vigor, upright (vertical reproductive shoots) density, inflorescence bud production, fruit set and fruit size. Varieties with high stolon vigor will establish more rapidly and reduce the number of years required to achieve maximal production. However, after stolon colonization of the bed, varieties must transition to optimal sexual reproduction mode, and optimal upright density, to achieve high crop production. Cranberry inflorescence bud primordia are set on uprights during the completion of the fruit development period and overwinter in a dormant state, before resuming growth the subsequent spring. Thus, the crop load of a given year, may impact the subsequent year's cropping, contributing to the pronounced biennial bearing habit common to many varieties. Productivity is also subject to environmental effects, e.g., heat and light intensity stresses, cold (frost) stress, water stress (drought and excess), disease, insects, certain pesticides, etc.

TAcy content is a fruit quality component of cranberry, usually having a minimum acceptable value. TAcy is typically measured as mg of total anthocyanin per 100 g fresh weight fruit, using a standard spectrophotometric method (@ 520 nm absorbance). For SDC products, there is a desired range, minimum and maximum, for TAcy, typically 20-40 mg total anthocyanins/100 g fresh weight. Earlier ripening varieties, which typically have higher TAcy, allow for earlier harvest of a crop. Anthocyanins are largely located in the fruit epidermis, which results in a generally larger fruit having lower TAcy. Our cranberry breeding program quantitatively measured TAcy along with mean fruit size, and selected progeny with large fruit size and high TAcy levels.

New Jersey uniquely offers an ideal environment for cranberry breeding because of the climate, soils and water. Of all the cranberry production areas in North America, New Jersey conditions subject the cranberry to the highest disease pressure and heat stresses. The plant and developing fruit must tolerate high heat stress, and fruit and vegetative diseases during the growing season. Over 15 pathogens are known to incite cranberry fruit rot in New Jersey, and the fruit is also subject to heat scald and physiological breakdown. Thus, selection under New Jersey conditions offers the opportunity to identify varieties with higher resistance to disease, scald, and heat stress.

The cranberry breeding program in Chatsworth, N.J. was initiated in 1985 to take advantage of this unique selection pressure. The program's methods were designed to duplicate, as much as possible, the environment of a commercial bed. Breeding plots of 1.5×1.5 m are established with multiple plants and allowed to ‘fill in’ to form a dense canopy. Two to three years after planting, yield of a given plot is evaluated over a four year minimum to provide for biennial bearing assessment. Parental selection is based on field phenotypic performance, and progeny performance of parental cross combinations based on the objectives of enhancing traits and/or combining the most desirable traits from both parents into one genotype, i.e., variety. Traits being evaluated in Rutgers University's cranberry breeding program include yield, ripening season, fruit rot susceptibility/resistance, storage life, scald susceptibility, stolon and upright vigor, total anthocyanin content (TAcy), soluble solids (Brix), titratable acidity, and berry shape and appearance.

The new variety, ‘CNJ99-9-25’, described herein, resulted from a 1999 cross between the variety ‘NJS98-23’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 18,252) as the seed parent, with ‘#35’ as the pollen parent. ‘#35’ is an unpatented variety from a ‘Howes x Searles’ cross (Dana, Fruit Varieties J 37:88-95, 1983). ‘CNJ99-9-25’ was originally selected from 138 progeny growing in test plots in Chatsworth, N.J. for its very high yield potential, mid-season ripening, large ovate berry and uniform fruit color. In 2007, ‘CNJ99-9-25’ was selected for testing in advanced replicated selection trials in Oregon, Washington, Wisconsin and British Columbia, Canada. ‘CNJ99-9-25’ exhibits consistently high yields with mid-season ripening. Although originally selected under New Jersey's environmentally stressful climate, ‘CNJ99-9-25’ is suited to most cranberry growing areas, and is especially productive in coarse or degraded peat soils.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The ‘CNJ99-9-25’ variety is distinguished from other cranberry varieties in having high yield fruit production with midseason ripening, especially in peat soils and in a moderate oceanic climate. Fruit are moderate to large in size, with shape somewhat variable, from widely ovate to pyriform.

‘CNJ99-9-25’ has been asexually reproduced by cuttings at the Rutgers University PE Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension Center, Chatsworth, N.J. since 2007. Over that period, no evidence of ‘off-types’ of ‘CNJ99-9-25’ has been observed. ‘CNJ99-9-25’ appears genetically stable and reproduces true to type in successive generations of asexual reproduction.

The following description describes the cranberry variety ‘CNJ99-9-25’. The original plant and vegetative propagules were observed in a cranberry bed maintained with standard management practices for commercial cranberry production in Chatsworth, Burlington County, N.J. Certain characteristics of this variety, such as growth and color, may change with changing environmental conditions (e.g., light, temperature, moisture, nutrient availability, or other factors). Color descriptions and other terminology are used in accordance with their ordinary dictionary descriptions, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Color designations are made with reference to The Royal Horticultural Society (R.H.S.) Colour Chart, 2001.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 shows representative ‘CNJ99-9-25’ fruit.

The colors of an illustration of this type may vary with lighting and other conditions, therefore, color characteristics of this new variety should be determined with reference to the observations described herein, rather than from these illustrations alone.

DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description of the ‘CNJ99-9-25’ variety is based on observations of plants growing in the field in Chatsworth, N.J. The characteristics of the variety were compared to ‘Stevens’ (unpatented), and CNJ99-9-96 (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 27,657), two widely used cranberry varieties. The observed plantings were 3-6 years of age.

• Scientific name: Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.
• Parentage:
  • • Seed parent.—Variety ‘NJS98-23’ (derived from a ‘Ben Lear’ x ‘Stevens’ cross).
    • Pollen parent.—Variety ‘#35’ (derived from a ‘Howes’ x ‘Searles’ cross).
• Plant:
  • • Vigor.—General observations of ‘CNJ99-9-25’ plantings indicate average plant vigor in mineral soils, and vigorous stolon growth in peat soils.
    • Growth habit.—Trailing shrub with very slender stems.
    • Upright length.—7.8 cm (mean of 20 uprights).
    • Stem diameter.—1.2 mm at base of current year's growth (mean of 20 stems).
    • Internodes.—Internode length was 7.0 mm on 1-year old runners (mean of 12 runners).
    • Productivity.—In established test plots in Chatsworth, N.J., ‘CNJ99-9-25’ yields were greater than ‘Stevens’ and ‘Haines’ (unpatented) (4-yr average: 663 g/ft² vs. 368 and 450 g/ft², respectively).
    • Hardiness.—Zones 4-7 (from USDA Misc. Publ. 814).
    • Disease resistance.—No disease resistance data available for foliar or root pathogens; no unusual propensity to foliar/stem diseases observed.
• Leaves: The length, width and other measurements were obtained from observations of 20 typical fully developed leaves on Mar. 20, 2019. Color was determined on actively growing plants.
  • • Texture.—Coriaceous (leathery) on upper and lower surfaces.
    • Length.—Mean of 9.2 mm, with a maximum 10.6 mm.
    • Width.—Mean of 4.0 mm, with a maximum width of 4.8 mm.
    • Shape.—Elliptic (2.3:1; length to width).
    • Apex shape.—Rounded.
    • Base shape.—Rounded, nearly sessile.
    • Margin.—Entire, slightly revolute.
    • Leaf color.—Upper leaf surface color ranges from bright green (143C, green group) in new growth to deep green in mature leaves (most are RHS 137C, with some slightly darker 137B).
    • Pubescence.—Non-glandular trichomes found along leaf margins towards leaf apex.
    • Leaf arrangement.—Uprights (vertical fruiting and non-fruiting shoots) have a highly condensed, somewhat whorled leaf arrangement with very short internode lengths, and the runners (stolons) have alternate, horizontal leaves with somewhat elongated internodes.
    • Color of the lower leaf surface.—191B (Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 2001), greyed green group.
    • Petiole length.—1.35 mm.
    • Petiole diameter (at midpoint of petiole).—0.38 mm.
    • Petiole color.—N144, yellow green group. (Mean of 10 petioles, leaves removed from the upright to measure, used current year's growth.).
    • Vein color.—N144, yellow green group, on upper surface of leaf, mid-vein is lighter in color than leaf.
    • Venation pattern.—Pinnately-parallel (one central midvein with smaller veins at nearly right angle to the midvein).
• Flowers: Observations are from 10 typical flowers collected from test plots in Chatsworth, N.J., Jun. 28, 2019.
  • • Size and shape.—Slender, nodding flowers on erect pedicels and in clusters of typically 3-6 flowers; corolla long-conic in bud, petals fully reflexed and divided nearly to the base when open.
    • Unopened corolla.—Deep pink in color (70D, red-purple group).
    • Opened flower.—Measuring approximately 10 mm across, 4 petals per flower. Petals: narrow and revolute in shape, 10.2 mm by 2.4 mm; pale pink in color (69C, red-purple group); glabrous texture on upper and lower surfaces.
    • Pedicel.—18.0 mm in length with a pubescent texture; color ranges from pale green (195D, greyed green group) to pink (red group 48C).
    • Pedicel diameter.—0.50 mm (Mean of 10 pedicels, 10 full-sized fruit from 10 uprights removed and pedicel measured close to the point of attachment to upright).
    • Bloom season.—Bloom typically begins in early June and continues throughout the month. Flowering phenology for ‘CNJ99-9-25’ is earlier than ‘Stevens’ by a few days, with peak bloom typically occurring between June 10 and 18 in New Jersey.
    • Mean number of flowers per upright.—4.0 (n=30 uprights).
• Fruit: Observations are from 20 typical fruit harvested from test plots in Chatsworth, N.J., Oct. 4 and 7, 2019.
  • • Shape.—Varying from ovate to slightly pyriform, or oblong to moderately round (FIG. 1); fruit length to width ratio ranges from 1.1:1 to 1.7:1; calyx end rounded to slightly flattened, with small, mostly closed calyx lobes; pedicel end sometimes mildly elongated.
    • Size.—In NJ, average size was 2.3 cm long (pedicel end to calyx end) and 1.6 cm wide. Fruit weight averages 2.1-2.4 g/berry (NJ) and 1.6-2.1 g/berry (WI).
    • Skin.—Shiny, slight waxy bloom around calyx (FIG. 1).
    • Fruit skin color.—Ranged from 46B (red group) for the lightest berries, to N186B (greyed-purple group) for the darkest (harvested October 2019).
    • Fruit flesh color.—157B, green white group.
    • Stem pit.—Small and slightly indented, 1.3 mm in diameter.
    • Average weight.—50 berry samples collected from test plots in 2007-2010 had yearly mean berry weights ranging from 2.1 g to 2.4 g, with a maximum berry weight of 3.2 g.
    • Number of seeds.—Mean seed number per berry was 12.6; with a maximum of 20 seeds/berry observed.
• Seeds: Observations are from 10 seeds extracted from typical fruit harvested from test plots in Chatsworth, N.J., October 2019.
  • • Size.—2.2 mm in length by 1.4 mm in width.
    • Shape.—An oval that is slightly triangular and with elongated pointed ends.
    • Color.—165b (greyed orange group, R.H.S.).
    • Texture.—Striated.
• Fruit chemistry: 100 g samples of fruit were harvested each year from test plots in Chatsworth, N.J. and evaluated for fruit chemistry. TAcy in ‘CNJ99-9-25’ (in mid-September ranges from 17 to 29 mg/100 g FW), is similar to ‘Haines’ (20 to 34 mg/100 g FW) and greater than ‘Stevens’ (10 to 21 mg/100 g FW). ‘CNJ99-9-25’ had titratable acidity values ranging from 2.4% to 2.8% and Brix values of 7.0% to 8.4%, typical of many cranberry varieties.
• Fruit production: ‘CNJ99-9-25’ season is mid-season, ripening after early varieties (e.g., ‘Ben Lear’), and before later season varieties (‘Stevens’ and ‘CNJ97-105-4’; U.S. Plant Pat. No. 19,434).
• Usage: Most suitable for processed cranberry products and fresh fruit.
• Disease resistance: In New Jersey, where disease pressure is severe, ‘CNJ99-9-25’ typically has similar fruit rot (a disease complex of over 15 pathogens, primarily Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Physalospora vaccinii, Phyllosticta vaccinii, Phomopsis vaccinii, and Coleophoma empetri) to ‘Haines’.

Claims

1. A new and distinct variety of cranberry plant, substantially as herein shown and described.