BA 73-540 Kentucky Bluegrass
A variety of Kentucky bluegrass having a medium to high level of disease resistance strong sod forming ability, high quality dense persistent turf formation properties under a wide variety of environmental conditions and a medium level of seed yield potential.
Latest The O. M. Scott & Sons Company Patents:
Kentucky bluegrasses have been disclosed in U.S. Plant Pat. No. 3,156 which issued on May 9, 1972; U.S. Plant Pat. No. 3,186 which issued on May 23, 1972; U.S. Plant Pat. No. 4,336 which issued on Nov. 28, 1978; U.S. Plant Pat. No. 6,280 which issued on Sep. 6, 1988; U.S. Plant Pat. No. 6,537 which issued on Jan. 17, 1989; U.S. Plant Pat. No. 6,538 which issued on Jan. 17, 1989; 6,585 which issued on Feb. 7, 1989; U.S. Plant Pat. No. 7,831 which issued on Mar. 17, 1992 and U.S. Plant patent application Ser. No. 792,173, which was filed on Nov. 14, 1991, now abandoned.
SUMMARY OF THE VARIETYThe present invention relates to a new and improved variety of Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis, that has been designated Ba 73-540.
Ba 73-540 plant material originated by crossing two Kentucky bluegrass plants maintained in the O. M. Scott & Sons Company plant nursery. The female parent plant for the present variety was a Kentucky bluegrass locally identified under the designation Bd 68-486 and the male parent plant was a Kentucky bluegrass locally identified under the designation Bd 64-36-1 in the plant nursery. Neither the Bd 68-486 plant nore the Bd 64-36-1 plant has been released as a commercial variety to date. As a result of this breeding, a distinct variety was produced and asexually propagated by rhizomes, tillers and disseminules. Seed of Ba 73-540 was produced first at Marysville, Ohio and later at Gervais, Oreg. This seed was used to plant turf performance evaluation trails and later seed production fields.
Asexual production of Ba 73-540 by propagules (tillers and rhizomes) and by disseminules (modified caryopses produced by apomixis) has consistently produced progeny plants indistinguishable from the mother plant. The apomixis level of Ba 73-540 is 100% based upon examining seedling characteristics of approximately 130 to 140 seedlings from four different crop years in a growth chamber.
Ba 73-540 has a number of highly desirable characteristics including a good level of resistance to Drechslera spp. (formerly called Helminthosporium spp.) that causes leaf spot, melting out and crown rot; Sclerotinia homoeocarpa that causes dollar spot; Puccinia spp. that causes several types of rust infections and Erysiphe graminis that causes powdery mildew. Ba 73-540 has an attractive leafy turf type growth habit; moderately wide leaf blades; an attractive green color which can be maintained throughout the entire growing season; good drought and heat tolerance and good turf performance as evidenced by consistently high scores for quality, color and density in National Turfgrass Evaluation Tests sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and conducted throughout the U.S.A. and Canada. Ba 73-540 has a medium seed yield potential in the bluegrass seed production region of the U.S.A.
In comparison with a number of other Kentucky bluegrasses, Ba 73-540 has a small seed, high seed count, the shortest and narrowest panicle, a short, narrow and thin flag leaf, a short and narrow peduncle, the shortest culm and the shortest and narrowest leaf blade when Ba 73-540 and the other Kentucky bluegrasses are grown as single, spaced plants without competition to the flowering stage. Under close mowing as practiced under lawn maintenance conditions, Ba 73-540 has a leaf blade coarser than a number of other Kentucky bluegrasses which all were treated as uniformly as possible before and during data collection. Thus, in relation to other Kentucky bluegrasses, Ba 73-540 has narrower leaf blades as a mature plant under non-mowed and non-competitive conditions and has coarser leaf blades under mowed and highly competitive conditions. In addition, Ba 73-45 exhibits a high degree of resistance to powdery mildew and various rust diseases. Ba 73-540 is a medium seed yielder.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGFIG. 1 hows a Ba 73-540 Kentucky bluegrass plant in the vegetative stage including the extensive root and rhizome system;
FIG. 2 shows a Ba 73-540 Kentucky bluegrass panicle;
FIG. 3 shows Ba 73-540 Kentucky bluegrass seed; and
FIG. 4 shows a Ba 73-540 Kentucky bluegrass plant shortly after completing anthesis.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIETYBa 73-540 Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is perennial with creeping rhizomes forming a dense turf. When plants overwinter in the field with freezing temperatures and are then brought into the greenhouse during late winter to continue growth undisturbed by clipping under moderate temperatures (60.degree.-80.degree. F.), culms are erect averaging 416 mm in length with an average of 2.3 nodes per culm. The uppermost internode averages 10.1 cm, and the peduncle averages 11.4 cm in length, and 0.565 mm in width. The flag leaf averages 4.1 cm in length, 2.8 mm in width and 0.012 mm in thickness. The panicle has an average length of 6.3 cm, width of 3.6 cm, and 4.6 whorls. The lowest whorl has an average of 3.5 branches and the third whorl from the bottom of the panicle has an average of 2.2 branches. The average spikelet at the tip of a branch in the lowest whorl is 5.3 mm in length and has 4.4 florets with an outer glume of 3.0 mm and an inner glume of 3.4 mm in length. A similar spikelet from the third whorl from the bottom of the panicle is 5.2 mm in length and has 4.4 florets with an outer glume of 3.1 mm and an inner glume of 3.4 mm in length. After the seed has been conditioned, the lemma has a generally smooth keel with occasional short hairs and a few long fine hairs at the base. The seed of Ba 73-540 is 2.80 mm in length and 0.78 mm in width with approximately 1,357,914 seeds per pound. Comparisons of Ba 73-540 with other varieties in terms of seed dimensions and on seed numbers per pound are shown in Tables 1 and 2 as follows:
TABLE 1
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Seed Measurements of Ba 73-540 and Other Bluegrass
Varieties After Conditioning.
Length Width
Variety (mm) (mm)
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Ba 73-540 2.80 0.78
Kelly 2.98 0.80
Abbey 3.18 0.88
Coventry 2.86 0.78
Estate 2.53 0.76
Chateau 2.77 0.80
Baron 3.07 0.86
Bristol 2.73 0.80
Marquis 2.84 0.78
Nassau 2.96 0.78
Newport 2.76 0.71
Park 3.04 0.72
Ram I 3.51 0.84
Victa 3.20 0.86
LSD (.05) 0.19 0.06
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TABLE 2
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Comparison of Seed Numbers Per Pound of Ba 73-540 and
Other Bluegrass Varieties After Conditioning.
Number of Seeds
Per Pound
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Ba 73-540 1,357,914
Kelly 921,166
Abbey 1,003,037
Coventry 1,246,200
Estate 1,275,740
Chateau 1,300,105
Adelphi 1,383,976
America 1,659,824
Gnome 1,017,641
Baron 1,051,693
Birka 1,223,530
Bonnieblue 1,135,303
Bristol 1,270,821
Eclipse 1,335,668
Fylking 1,130,000
Glade 1,108,441
Marquis 1,054,642
Kenblue 1,463,923
Merit 1,109,728
Nassau 1,127,130
Newport 1,226,481
Park 1,248,349
Sydsport 1,355,644
Vantage 1,555,303
Victa 1,038,298
Windsor 1,520,885
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Since environmental conditions such as soil and climate may influence morphological characteristics to some extent, comparisons of morphological characteristics of Ba 73-450 are made with other Kentucky bluegrass varieties in Tables 3-10.
TABLE 3
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Morphological Comparison of Panicles of Ba 73-540 and
Other Bluegrass Varieties in the Greenhouse at
Marysville, Ohio.
Number
of Number of
Panicle Panicle Panicle Whorls Branches
Nod- Length Width Per Lower Third
Variety ding* (cm) (cm) Panicle
Whorl Whorl
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Ba 73-540
2.0 6.3 3.6 4.6 3.5 2.2
Kelly 1.3 9.7 6.0 5.5 4.5 3.4
Abbey 1.4 7.6 4.2 5.2 4.0 2.7
Baron 1.0 7.8 4.1 5.2 3.8 2.5
Bristol 2.0 9.7 5.0 5.0 3.3 2.7
Chateau 2.0 6.8 3.8 5.0 4.0 2.4
Coventry
2.0 6.7 3.7 4.8 3.8 2.7
Estate 1.2 7.5 4.2 5.5 4.0 3.0
Marquis 1.7 7.8 4.5 5.2 4.1 3.1
Nassau 2.0 10.0 6.0 5.0 3.0 2.0
Newport 2.0 10.3 4.4 4.5 2.3 2.3
Park 1.6 9.0 3.7 4.0 4.3 3.7
Ram I 2.0 9.0 4.7 4.0 2.5 2.0
Victa 1.2 7.5 4.1 5.4 4.4 3.4
LSD (.05)
0.5 1.6 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.8
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*Panicle nodding rated: 1 = erect, 2 = nodding
TABLE 4
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Morphological Comparison of Spikelets of Ba 73-540
and Other Bluegrass Varieties in the Greenhouse at
Marysville, Ohio.
Spikelet Number of Florets
Length (mm) per Spikelet
Lowest Third Lowest
Third
Variety Whorl Whorl Whorl Whorl
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Ba 73-540 5.3 5.2 4.4 4.4
Kelly 5.8 5.6 4.4 4.1
Abbey 5.1 5.0 3.9 3.8
Baron 5.0 5.0 3.7 3.8
Bristol 6.2 6.0 5.7 5.3
Chateau 5.1 5.0 4.2 3.9
Coventry 5.2 5.2 4.2 4.0
Estate 5.2 5.0 4.2 4.2
Marquis 5.4 5.2 4.1 3.9
Nassau 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5
Newport 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.2
Park 6.5 6.7 5.2 4.7
Ram I 4.7 5.2 5.2 5.5
Victa 5.2 5.0 3.8 3.8
LSD (.05) 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.0
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TABLE 5
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Morphological Comparison of Glumes of Ba 73-540 and
Other Bluegrass Varieties in the Greenhouse at
Marysville, Ohio.
Glume Length (mm)
Outer Inner
Lowest Third Lowest
Third
Variety Whorl Whorl Whorl Whorl
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Ba 73-540 3.0 3.1 3.4 3.4
Kelly 3.2 3.3 3.7 3.6
Abbey 2.9 2.9 3.3 3.3
Baron 2.9 2.8 3.4 3.3
Bristol 3.4 3.3 3.7 3.9
Chateau 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.4
Coventry 3.2 3.1 3.5 3.5
Estate 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.3
Marquis 2.9 2.8 3.3 3.2
Nassau 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.7
Newport 2.6 2.5 2.9 2.9
Park 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.7
Ram I 2.6 2.4 2.9 2.7
Victa 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.3
LSD (.05) 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4
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TABLE 6
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Morphological Comparison of Flag Leaves of Ba 73-540
and Other Bluegrass Varieties in the Greenhouse at
Marysville, Ohio.
Flag Leaf Flag Leaf Flag Leaf
Length Width Thickness
Variety (cm) (mm) (mm)
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Ba 73-540 4.1 2.8 0.102
Kelly 5.8 4.2 0.119
Abbey 4.3 3.3 0.107
Baron 4.5 3.2 0.119
Bristol 5.5 3.4 0.127
Chateau 4.1 3.2 0.111
Coventry 4.7 3.2 0.112
Estate 5.2 3.6 0.117
Marquis 4.7 3.6 0.112
Nassau 6.2 3.1 0.127
Newport 6.1 3.5 0.135
Park 4.2 2.6 0.110
Ram I 4.7 3.1 0.127
Victa 5.9 4.0 0.124
LSD (.05) 1.8 0.6 0.013
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TABLE 7
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Morphological Comparison of Peduncles, Culms, and
Internodes of Ba 73-540 and Other Bluegrass Varieties
in the Greenhouse at Marysville, Ohio.
Number Top
Peduncle Peduncle Culm of Nodes
Internode
Length Width Length
Per Length
Variety (cm) (mm) (mm) Culm (cm)
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Ba 73-540
11.4 0.565 416 2.3 10.1
Kelly 12.3 0.772 514 2.3 12.4
Abbey 10.6 0.564 421 2.7 9.3
Baron 12.7 0.555 482 2.5 10.1
Bristol 15.0 0.677 522 2.7 11.3
Chateau 12.9 0.654 439 2.7 9.8
Coventry
13.2 0.607 435 2.7 10.2
Estate 12.6 0.552 486 2.2 10.5
Marquis 11.4 0.667 434 2.6 9.5
Nassau 8.0 0.546 450 2.5 11.2
Newport 18.0 0.567 547 2.3 11.2
Park 14.3 0.779 578 3.0 13.0
Ram I 18.5 0.622 527 3.0 10.2
Victa 12.2 0.716 474 2.4 10.6
LSD (.05)
3.7 0.018 79 0.6 2.1
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TABLE 8
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Morphological Comparison of Leaves of Ba 73-540 and
Other Bluegrass Varieties in the Greenhouse at
Marysville, Ohio.
Leaf
Ligule Leaf Leaf Angle
Length Length Width (Degrees
Variety (mm) (mm) (mm) From Horizontal)
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Ba 73-540
0.22 186 3.8 50
Kelly 0.29 215 4.4 46
Abbey 0.23 218 3.9 56
Baron 0.30 313 4.4 63
Bristol 0.30 253 4.3 37
Chateau 0.25 204 4.1 50
Coventry
0.26 218 4.1 55
Estate 0.28 239 4.4 52
Marquis 0.31 215 4.2 57
Nassau 0.22 226 3.5 39
Newport 0.22 251 4.1 50
Park 0.33 329 4.2 44
Ram I 0.18 188 3.7 40
Victa 0.28 235 4.3 52
LSD (.05)
0.11 49 0.6 10
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TABLE 9
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Morphological Comparision of Leaf Hairs of Ba 73-540
and Other Bluegrass Varieties in the Greenhouse at
Marysville, Ohio.
Hairs Around
Ligule on
Upper Surface Hairs on Hairs on
Variety of the Leaf (a)
Collar (a)
Ligule (b)
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Ba 73-540
1.0 3.2 2.1
Kelly 1.2 4.2 3.6
Abbey 1.0 3.4 2.2
Baron 1.0 5.0 4.0
Bristol 1.3 4.7 4.3
Chateau 1.0 3.5 2.7
Coventry
1.0 3.5 1.5
Estate 1.0 3.2 1.3
Marquis 1.2 4.4 2.6
Nassau 2.7 5.0 1.0
Newport 1.0 4.0 0.8
Park 1.0 1.7 0.0
Ram I 1.0 3.7 0.3
Victa 1.0 3.3 2.2
LSD (.05)
0.3 1.4 1.8
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(a) Hairs around ligule and on collar rated 1-5: 1 = none, 5 = many
(b) Hairs on ligule rated 0-5: 0 = none, 5 = many
TABLE 10
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Morphological Comparisons of Ba 73-540 and Other
Bluegrass Varieties Grown as Unmowed Spaced Plants
in the Field at Marysville, Ohio.
Mature
Plant Height (a)
Panicle Density (b)
Maturity (c)
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Ba 73-540
54 7 8
Kelly 50 5 8
Abbey 49 5 7
Baron 44 5 9
Chateau
49 5 7
Coventry
48 5 7
Marquis
47 5 9
Estate 49 5 7
Nassau 46 6 9
Bristol
54 3 8
Merit 61 5 9
Glade 49 2 9
Ram I 49 3 7
Victa 54 6 8
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Ratings:
(a) Mature Plant Height (cm) includes panicle
(b) Panicle Density 1-10, 10 = high panicle density
(c) Maturity 1-9, 9 = most mature
No discernible differences were noted in flower parts and seed coloration other than those characteristics listed in the above tables.
Ba 73-540 has performed well in regions throughout the U.S.A. and Canada, as exhibited by high turf quality ratings in many different locations in comparison to other varieties. In addition, Ba 73-450 has a pleasant medium green color which can be maintained throughout the growing season and good winter color. Comparisons of Ba 73-540 with other varieties for quality, genetic color and winter color are set forth in Tables 11-13 hereinafter. According to comparisons with the Munsell Book of Colors during mid-June, the color of Ba 73450 leaf blades is in the range of 5 GY 4/4 to 5 GY 4/8 to 7/5 GY 4/4. During the same time period the color of similar leaf blades of several other Kentucky bluegrass varieties--Gnome, Midnight, Bristol and Victa--fall in the same range and as a result were indistinguishable based upon use of this color dictionary. Plant age, time of year, management practices of fertilization, irrigation and mowing also influence this color range. Additional comparisons for leaf texture, and spring, summer and fall density, are presented in Tables 14-17.
TABLE 11
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Comparison of Turfgrass Quality of Ba 73-540 and
Other Kentucky Bluegrass Varieties at various
Locations Over a Four Year Period in the U.S.A. and Canada.
Turfgrass Quality - Annual Mean Values (a)
Variety Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
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Ba 73-540 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.8
Abbey 5.6 5.7 5.9 5.7
Able I 5.7 5.7 6.0 6.1
Amazon 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.5
America 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.2
Aquila 5.4 5.6 5.9 5.7
A-34 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.1
Aspen 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.2
Asset 6.0 5.9 6.2 6.2
Baron 5.8 5.6 5.9 5.8
Barzan 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.4
Bristol 5.7 6.0 6.1 6.0
Challenger
5.8 5.9 6.0 5.9
Chateau 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.0
Cheri 5.8 5.7 6.1 5.9
Classic 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.9
Coventry 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.8
Eclipse 5.6 5.9 6.2 6.3
Estate 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.8
Georgetown
5.8 5.6 5.8 5.8
Glade 5.7 5.8 6.1 6.1
Gnome 5.5 5.3 5.6 5.5
Haga 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.9
Julia 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.7
Kelly 5.6 5.7 5.9 5.8
Kenblue 5.0 4.7 5.0 5.2
Liberty 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.7
Marquis 5.3 5.6 5.7 5.7
Merion 5.4 5.4 5.7 5.6
Merit 5.6 5.6 5.9 5.8
Midnight 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.3
Monopoly 5.5 5.5 5.9 5.9
Mystic 5.4 5.4 5.8 6.0
Nassau 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.5
Parade 5.7 5.7 5.9 5.8
Ram I 5.7 5.6 5.9 5.8
Rugby 6.0 5.8 5.9 5.9
Sydsport 5.8 5.8 6.0 5.9
Victa 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.8
Wabash 5.7 5.4 5.8 5.9
Welcome 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.5
LSD 0.05 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
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(a) Rating Scale 1-9: 9 = ideal turf
TABLE 12
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Comparison of Genetic Color of Ba 73-540 and Other
Kentucky Bluegrass Varieties at Various Locations
Over a Four Year Period in the U.S.A. and Canada.
Genetic Color - Annual Mean Values (a)
Variety Year 1 Year 2 Year 2 Year 2
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Ba 73-540
6.5 6.2 6.3 6.5
Abbey 6.8 6.2 6.7 6.6
Able I 7.1 6.8 6.7 6.9
Amazon 6.2 6.9 7.0 6.5
America 6.8 6.6 7.0 6.6
Aquila 6.5 6.0 6.6 6.3
A-34 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.7
Aspen 7.1 6.4 6.7 6.5
Asset 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.4
Baron 6.8 6.5 6.9 6.8
Barzan 6.5 6.1 6.6 6.3
Bristol 7.3 7.1 6.6 6.6
Challenger
7.2 6.9 6.8 6.7
Chateau 6.5 6.0 6.2 6.5
Cheri 6.6 5.9 6.3 6.3
Classic 5.8 5.6 6.3 5.9
Coventry 6.5 6.0 6.5 6.6
Eclipse 7.7 6.7 6.5 6.6
Estate 6.7 5.9 6.3 6.6
Georgetown
6.1 5.7 5.9 5.7
Glade 7.4 7.0 6.7 6.9
Gnome 6.4 6.5 6.8 6.7
Haga 5.8 5.5 6.1 5.8
Julia 6.4 6.3 6.7 6.3
Kelly 6.7 6.5 6.9 6.5
Kenblue 5.2 5.2 5.5 6.0
Liberty 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.0
Marquis 7.2 6.6 6.8 6.5
Merion 6.4 5.6 6.0 6.5
Merit 6.7 6.4 6.5 6.1
Midnight 8.0 7.9 7.5 7.7
Monopoly 5.3 5.5 5 5 5.3
Mystic 5.9 5.6 6.3 6.0
Nassau 7.1 6.7 6.9 6.8
Parade 5.9 5.5 6.0 6.1
Ram I 6.9 6.6 6.9 6.6
Rugby 6.2 5.4 6.1 5.8
Sydsport 6.5 6.1 6.2 6.2
Victa 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.5
Wabash 6.0 5.1 5.7 5.3
Welcome 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.4
LSD (.05)
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
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(a) Rating Scale 1-9: 9 = dark green
TABLE 13
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Comparison of Winter Color of Ba 73-540 and Other
Kentucky Bluegrass Varieties in the U.S.A. and Canada.
Winter Color - Annual Mean Values (a)
Wichita Agassiz
Kansas British Columbia
Variety Test Location
Test Location
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Ba 73-540 5.0 5.0
Abbey 3.0 4.7
Able I 5.7 4.0
Amazon 4.0 8.7
America 4.7 4.0
Aquila 3.0 4.0
A-34 4.7 4.3
Aspen 4.7 4.0
Asset 3.7 4.3
Baron 3.3 4.7
Barzon 4.7 5.0
Bristol 5.7 5.0
Challenger
5.0 4.0
Chateau 5.0 5.0
Cheri 4.3 5.0
Classic 5.0 4.0
Coventry 5.0 5.0
Eclipse 4.0 4.3
Estate 4.3 5.0
Georgetown
5.3 4.0
Glade 3.3 4.3
Gnome 2.7 4.3
Haga 5.0 4.0
Julia 5.0 5.0
Kenblue 3.0 3.0
Liberty 5.0 --
Merion 3.0 4.0
Merit 3.3 5.0
Midnight 4.3 4.7
Monopoly 3.7 4.7
Mystic 4.0 2.0
Nassau 5.7 5.0
Parade 5.3 4.0
Ram I 5.0 4.7
Rugby 4.7 4.3
Sydsport 4.3 5.0
Victa 3.7 5.0
Wabash 4.7 3.3
Welcome 4.3 5.0
LSD (.05) 1.0 0.6
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(a) Rating Scale: 1-9: 9 = complete color retention.
TABLE 14
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Comparison of Leaf Texture of Ba 73-540 and Other
Kentucky Bluegrass Varieties at Various Locations
Over A Four Year Period in the U.S.A. and Canada.
Leaf Texture - Annual Mean Values (a)
Variety Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
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Ba 73-540 5.8 5.6 5.3 4.8
A-34 6.4 6.9 5.7 5.2
Abbey 6.3 6.3 5.7 5.2
Able I 7.1 7.3 6.0 6.0
Amazon 7.5 7.2 6.3 5.8
America 7.1 7.2 6.0 6.7
Aquila 6.9 6.9 6.0 6.3
Aspen 6.6 6.9 5.7 5.8
Asset 6.8 6.7 6.0 6.2
Baron 6.8 6.1 6.0 5.8
Barzan 6.1 6.7 6.0 5.7
Bristol 6.7 6.3 5.0 5.5
Challenger
6.8 6.7 5.7 5.2
Chateau 6.1 6.0 5.7 4.8
Cheri 6.2 6.1 5.7 4.7
Classic 6.6 7.0 6.0 6.0
Coventry 5.9 5.7 5.3 4.7
Eclipse 6.4 6.5 6.0 6.3
Estate 6.3 5.9 5.7 4.8
Georgetown
6.8 6.8 5.3 6.0
Glade 6.8 6.7 6.0 5.7
Gnome 6.1 6.2 5.3 5.2
Haga 6.7 7.1 6.0 6.2
Julia 6.7 6.3 6.0 5.8
Kelly 6.4 5.7 5.3 5.0
Kenblue 7.8 7.3 6.7 7.7
Liberty 6.8 6.6 -- 5.2
Marquis 6.1 5.7 5.3 5.3
Merion 6.7 6.8 6.0 5.7
Merit 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.2
Midnight 7.3 6.7 6.0 4.8
Monopoly 7.1 6.8 6.0 6.3
Mystic 7.4 7.5 7.3 7.8
Nassau 6.6 6.5 5.0 5.3
Parade 7.1 7.0 6.0 6.3
Ram I 7.3 7.1 6.3 4.8
Rugby 6.8 6.7 6.0 6.2
Sydsport 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.0
Victa 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.3
Wabash 7.1 7.2 6.3 7.7
Welcome 7.5 7.1 6.0 7.2
LSD 0.05 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7
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(a) Rating Scale 1-9: 9 = very fine
TABLE 15
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Comparison of Spring Density of Ba 73-540 and Other
Kentucky Bluegras Varieties at Various Locations in
the U.S.A. and Canada Over a Three Year Period.
Spring Density - Annual Mean Values (a)
Variety Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
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Ba 73-540 6.3 6.5 7.6
Abbey 6.3 5.8 6.8
Able I 5.4 5.8 7.4
Amazon 6.7 6.7 6.7
America 7.0 6.2 7.1
Aquilla 5.9 6.5 6.6
A-34 6.6 5.7 7.3
Aspen 5.7 5.5 7.4
Asset 6.0 7.5 7.7
Baron 6.1 6.3 6.8
Barzan 5.3 6.0 6.5
Bristol 5.6 5.3 6.9
Challenger 6.4 6.0 6.9
Chateau 6.6 6.7 7.3
Cheri 6.3 7.2 7.4
Classic 6.9 5.5 7.2
Coventry 6.7 6.5 7.1
Eclipse 6.2 5.5 7.1
Estate 6.1 6.3 7.2
Georgetown 5.9 5.5 6.9
Glade 5.9 6.8 7.3
Gnome 5.8 6.0 6.3
Haga 6.6 5.5 7.3
Julia 6.0 6.5 7.4
Kelly 6.1 6.3 6.7
Kenblue 5.9 6.2 6.0
Liberty 5.9 5.5 6.8
Marquis 5.7 6.0 6.6
Merion 6.3 6.3 7.3
Merit 6.0 5.8 6.7
Midnight 6.1 6.7 7.4
Monopoly 6.0 6.2 7.0
Mystic 6.3 6.7 6.9
Nassau 5.7 6.2 6.6
Parade 6.2 6.0 6.9
Ram I 6.6 7.0 6.4
Rugby 5.8 5.3 7.0
Sydsport 6.3 6.3 7.2
Victa 5.8 5.8 6.8
Wabash 6.8 6.7 7.0
Welcome 6.2 6.0 6.6
LSD (.05) 0.8 0.8 0.7
______________________________________
(a) Rating Scale 1-9: 9 = maximum density
TABLE 16
______________________________________
Comparison of Summer Density of Ba 73-540 and Other
Kentucky Bluegrass at Various Locations in Canada
and U.S.A. Over a Two Year Period
Summer Density - Annual Mean Values (a)
Variety Year 1 Year 2
______________________________________
Ba 73-540 6.7 8.2
Abbey 7.1 8.0
Able I 6.8 7.8
Amazon 6.8 8.2
America 6.8 7.7
Aquilla 6.7 8.0
A-34 6.8 7.8
Aspen 6.2 7.5
Asset 7.3 8.2
Baron 6.3 7.7
Barzan 5.3 7.3
Bristol 6.4 7.8
Challenger 6.2 7.5
Chateau 7.3 8.3
Cheri 7.0 8.0
Classic 6.3 8.0
Coventry 6.8 8.2
Eclipse 6.3 7.7
Estate 6.6 8.2
Georgetown 5.9 7.3
Glade 6.2 8.2
Gnome 6.3 7.3
Haga 6.3 7.7
Julia 6.1 8.3
Kelly 6.4 7.7
Kenblue 6.1 7.2
Liberty 5.5 7.5
Marquis 6.3 7.0
Merion 6.4 7.8
Merit 6.3 7.8
Midnight 6.5 7.8
Monopoly 5.8 7.7
Mystic 7.3 8.0
Nassau 6.1 7.0
Parade 6.5 7.7
Ram I 6.7 7.8
Rugby 5.6 7.5
Sydsport 6.8 8.0
Victa 6.2 8.0
Wabash 7.1 8.7
Welcome 6.7 7.7
LSD (.05) 0.8 0.7
______________________________________
(a) Rating Scale 1-9: 9 = maximum density
TABLE 17
______________________________________
Comparison of Fall Density of Ba 73-540 and Other
Kentucky Bluegrass Varieties at Various Locations in
the U.S.A. and Canada Over a Three Year Period
Fall Density - Annual Mean Values (a)
Variety Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
______________________________________
Ba 73-540 7.7 8.7 7.8
Abbey 7.3 7.0 7.2
Able I 6.7 8.2 7.4
Amazon 7.0 9.0 7.8
America 7.0 8.7 7.5
Aquilla 6.7 7.5 7.8
A-34 7.0 8.2 7.9
Aspen 6.7 7.2 7.7
Asset 6.0 8.7 7.5
Baron 7.3 8.0 7.0
Barzan 6.0 7.8 7.3
Bristol 6.7 7.8 7.5
Challenger 6.7 8.3 7.9
Chateau 7.7 8.2 7.5
Cheri 7.3 8.5 7.5
Classic 7.3 8.2 7.5
Coventry 7.3 9.0 7.3
Eclipse 7.3 8.0 7.5
Estate 6.3 8.0 7.4
Georgetown 7.3 7.3 7.1
Glade 6.0 7.8 7.6
Gnome 7.0 7.7 7.1
Haga 7.0 8.3 7.5
Julia 7.0 8.0 7.4
Kelly 7.3 7.2 7.0
Kenblue 7.7 8.3 7.5
Liberty 6.7 8.0 7.0
Marquis 6.0 6.2 6.8
Merion 6.3 7.3 7.3
Merit 7.0 7.2 7.0
Midnight 7.0 8.3 8.1
Monopoly 6.7 7.5 7.1
Mystic 7.3 8.8 7.8
Nassau 6.3 6.5 7.3
Parade 7.0 8.7 7.5
Ram I 8.0 9.0 7.6
Rugby 6.3 7.8 7.3
Sydsport 7.0 8.7 7.5
Victa 7.3 7.8 7.1
Wabash 7.7 9.0 8.1
Welcome 7.7 9.0 7.7
LSD (.05) 1.4 0.5 0.6
______________________________________
(a) Rating Scale 1-9: 9 = maximum density
Turf diseases are one of the major causes of inconsistent and poor turf performance. Ba 73-540 has been found to have a high level of resistance to a serious bluegrass disease known as leaf spot (also known as melting out) caused by Drechslera poae (formerly called Helminthosporium vagans); a medium to high level of resistance to several rust diseases caused by Puccinia spp.; and a medium to high level of resistance to dollarspot caused by Sclerotina homoeocarpa, to snow mold caused by Typhula incarnata and to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe graminis. Comparisons of disease incidence of Ba 73-540 as compared with other varieties in regard to leaf spot, rusts, dollarspot, snow mold and powdery mildew are presented in Tables 18-23. Additional comparisons are presented in Tables 24-27 for browning due to heat and drought stress, sod strength and seed yields.
TABLE 18
______________________________________
Comparison of Leaf Spot Disease Incidence of
Ba 73-540 and other Kentucky Bluegrass Varieties at
Various Locations in the U.S.A. and Canada Over a
Four Year Period
Leaf Spot - Annual Mean Values (a)
Variety Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Year 4
______________________________________
Ba 73-540 5.9 5.7 6.7 6.0
Abbey 4.6 5.8 6.0 5.3
Able I 6.8 5.7 6.0 8.0
Amazon 5.2 5.8 6.3 7.0
America 5.7 6.5 6.0 6.3
Aquilla 6.3 4.3 6.0 3.7
A-34 6.3 5.7 5.8 6.3
Aspen 6.6 6.3 6.0 6.3
Asset 6.7 5.7 6.3 6.0
Baron 6.0 6.5 6.0 5.3
Barzan 6.4 5.3 6.3 1.3
Bristol 7.9 6.5 5.7 5.3
Challenger 7.2 6.7 6.3 5.0
Chateau 6.4 6.2 6.3 6.3
Cheri 5.7 5.7 6.7 4.7
Classic 6.2 6.0 6.3 4.3
Coventry 5.0 6.2 5.7 6.0
Eclipse 7.4 7.0 6.7 7.7
Estate 6.8 5.8 6.3 6.7
Georgetown 6.7 6.5 5.7 4.3
Glade 7.4 5.8 6.3 7.0
Gnome 6.0 6.3 6.0 4.3
Haga 6.7 6.0 6.0 4.7
Julia 6.0 6.0 6.7 4.7
Kelly 5.1 6.2 6.0 5.0
Kenblue 4.8 2.0 5.3 1.0
Liberty 6.9 6.3 -- 5.3
Marquis 6.4 6.2 6.3 4.7
Merion 6.2 6.3 6.7 3.7
Merit 5.6 6.5 5.7 5.0
Midnight 7.2 6.2 6.3 6.3
Monopoly 5.6 5.7 6.7 3.3
Mystic 5.6 5.0 5.7 5.7
Nassau 6.6 6.2 6.3 5.3
Parade 5.3 5.3 6.0 5.0
Ram I 4.9 5.0 6.3 2.3
Rugby 6.4 5.8 6.3 4.3
Sydsport 6.7 6.5 6.3 6.3
Victa 6.0 6.2 6.7 4.7
Wabash 4.2 2.3 5.3 2.0
Welcome 5.2 4.8 6.0 3.7
LSD (.05) 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.6
______________________________________
(a) Rating Scale 1-9: 9 = no disease
TABLE 19
______________________________________
Comparison of Melting Out Disease Incidence of Ba 73-540
and Other Kentucky Bluegrass Varieties at Various
Locations in the U.S.A. and Canada Over a Two Year Period
Melting Out - Mean Values (a)
Year 2
Year 1 Fall
Variety Spring (b)
Fall (c) Spring (d)
Mean (e)
______________________________________
Ba 73-540 5.2 8.7 7.3 6.3
Abbey 3.7 8.0 6.3 6.7
Able I 4.5 9.0 6.5 6.3
Amazon 4.2 7.0 7.2 6.3
America 5.2 8.7 6.8 7.0
Aquila 3.8 7.3 6.8 5.7
A-34 4.8 8.7 6.5 6.3
Aspen 5.0 8.7 6.2 6.0
Asset 4.7 9.0 6.8 7.0
Baron 4.3 8.3 6.5 6.3
Barzan 4.0 3.3 6.2 6.7
Bristol 5.7 9.0 6.5 6.3
Challenger
4.8 9.0 6.5 6.0
Chateau 5.5 9.0 5.7 6.7
Cheri 4.7 8.7 6.7 6.7
Classic 6.2 8.7 6.3 6.7
Coventry 4.3 9.0 6.2 6.7
Eclipse 5.0 7.0 7.2 7.0
Estate 5.3 9.0 6.5 6.7
Georgetown
5.8 9.0 6.0 6.0
Glade 4.5 8.0 7.3 6.7
Gnome 4.5 8.7 6.7 6.3
Haga 6.2 9.0 6.0 6.3
Julia 6.0 9.0 6.8 6.3
Kelly 3.8 8.3 6.5 6.3
Kenblue 3.7 1.0 4.3 5.3
Liberty 5.5 8.7 7.7 --
Marquis 4.8 7.7 6.7 6.0
Merion 5.0 9.0 7.0 7.0
Merit 4.2 8.3 6.3 6.3
Midnight 4.0 9.0 7.2 6.0
Monopoly 4.5 8.0 6.5 6.7
Mystic 5.0 1.0 6.3 4.7
Nassau 5.0 9.0 6.5 7.0
Parade 5.7 9.0 6.2 6.0
Ram I 4.5 5.3 6.3 7.0
Rugby 5.7 9.0 6.3 6.7
Sydsport 5.5 9.0 6.5 6.7
Victa 5.2 8.0 7.2 6.7
Wabash 4.7 6.3 4.7 4.7
Welcome 3.8 1.3 6.5 7.0
LSD (.05) 0.7 1.6 1.1 1.0
______________________________________
(a) Rating Scale 1-9: 9 = no disease
(b) Test Locations: Blacksburg and Blackstone, Virginia
(c) Test Location: Puyallup, Washington
(d) Test Locations: Agassiz, British Columbia; Post Falls, Idaho
(e) Test Location: Agassiz, British Columbia
TABLE 19
______________________________________
Comparison of Dollar Spot and Powdery Mildew Disease
Incidence of Ba 73-540 and Other Kentucky Bluegrass
Varieties in the U.S.A.
Columbia Adelphia
Missouri New Jersey
Variety Dollar Spot
Powdery Mildew
______________________________________
Ba 73-540 8.0 5.7
Abbey 7.3 1.0
Able I 7.7 6.7
Amazon 6.7 5.0
America 7.3 7.7
Aquila 7.3 8.3
A-34 7.3 6.7
Aspen 6.7 4.7
Asset 7.0 2.0
Baron 7.0 1.3
Barzan 6.3 8.3
Bristol 7.7 7.0
Challenger 7.3 3.3
Chateau 6.7 5.3
Cheri 8.0 3.3
Classic 6.3 2.7
Coventry 7.7 6.0
Eclipse 7.7 5.0
Estate 7.3 7.0
Georgetown 7.3 2.7
Glade 7.3 3.3
Gnome 8.0 1.0
Haga 7.3 3.0
Julia 7.7 2.0
Kelly 7.0 1.7
Kenblue 7.3 5.0
Liberty 7.0 4.0
Marquis 7.7 1.0
Merion 7.3 1.0
Merit 6.7 1.7
Midnight 6.7 1.7
Monopoly 7.0 6.7
Mystic 8.0 8.0
Nassau 6.7 2.3
Parade 7.7 2.0
Ram I 6.0 6.7
Rugby 6.7 2.7
Sydsport 7.3 6.7
Victa 7.7 1.7
Wabash 7.3 6.7
Welcome 7.7 6.3
LSD (.05) 1.4 1.4
______________________________________
(a) Rating Scale 1-9: 9 = no disease
TABLE 21
______________________________________
Comparison of Powdery Mildew Disease Incidence of
Ba 73-540 and Other Kentucky Bluegrass Varieties at
Marysville, OH.
% Mildew (a)
Variety Test 1 Test 2
______________________________________
Ba 73-540 19.2 18.3
Adelphi 29.2 24.2
America 0.0
Banff 5.0
Bristol 5.8 16.7
Classic 54.2
Eclipse 1.7
Georgetown 12.5
Glade 40.0 27.5
Merion 37.5 48.3
Merit 66.7
Monopoly 7.5
Nassau 24.2 24.2
Newport 20.0
Park 0.8 28.3
Ram I 12.5 30.8
Sydsport 7.5
Vantage 12.5 15.8
Victa 56.7 45.8
Wabash 10.0
______________________________________
(a) Mean for three ratings taken during summer months.
TABLE 22
______________________________________
Comparison of Four Rust Disease Incidence of
Ba 73-540 and Other Kentucky Bluegrass Varieties at
in the U.S.A. and Canada.
______________________________________
Stem Stripe
Rust (a) Rust (a)
Post Agassiz,
Adelphia, Falls British
Variety NJ Idaho Columbia
______________________________________
Ba 73-540 8.0 8.0 8.0
Abbey 6.3 8.3 6.3
Able I 7.0 8.0 7.3
Amazon 6.0 7.3 7.0
America 8.3 7.7 8.0
Aquila 8.0 7.0 6.7
Aspen 8.0 7.0 6.7
Asset 8.0 8.7 7.3
A-34 8.0 8.0 7.0
Baron 7.3 8.0 7.0
Barzan 8.0 8.0 7.0
Bristol 8.7 8.0 8.0
Challenger 7.7 8.0 6.7
Chateau 8.3 7.3 7.3
Cheri 7.7 8.7 6.7
Classic 8.7 8.3 8.0
Coventry 8.3 8.0 8.0
Eclipse 7.7 8.3 6.3
Estate 7.3 7.7 8.0
Georgetown 9.0 7.7 7.0
Glade 7.7 8.0 6.0
Gnome 7.7 8.7 7.0
Haga 9.0 7.3 7.3
Julia 8.0 7.3 7.0
Kelly 7.3 8.7 5.7
Kenblue 8.3 7.7 7.7
Liberty 8.3 8.0 --
Marquis 6.3 7.7 7.3
Merion 2.7 4.0 5.3
Merit 8.0 8.0 6.7
Midnight 8.3 7.3 5.7
Monopoly 8.0 7.3 7.3
Mystic 5.3 6.0 5.3
Nassau 7.7 8.0 7.3
Parade 9.0 7.0 7.7
Ram I 8.7 6.7 7.0
Rugby 8.7 7.3 7.7
Sydsport 8.0 7.7 8.0
Victa 7.7 5.7 5.7
Wabash 8.0 8.0 6.3
Welcome 7.3 7.7 7.3
LSD (.05) 1.0 2.0 1.2
______________________________________
Crown
Rust (a)
Leaf Columbia
Rust (a) Mo. and
Santa Ana Agassiz Ritzville,
Variety Cal. BC Wash.
______________________________________
Ba 73-540
5.0 9.0 8.0
Abbey 3.0 7.0 6.8
Able I 2.0 8.3 7.5
Amazon 3.0 9.0 6.7
America 5.0 8.3 9.0
Aquila 3.0 7.0 9.0
Aspen 3.7 6.0 8.2
Asset 2.7 9.0 8.8
A-34 3.7 8.3 7.7
Baron 3.3 8.0 7.7
Barzan 5.0 8.3 8.7
Bristol 5.3 8.3 9.0
Challenger
4.0 6.3 8.0
Chateau 4.0 9.0 9.0
Cheri 5.3 9.0 8.7
Classic 6.3 9.0 8.2
Coventry 4.0 8.9 9.0
Eclipse 2.0 9.0 7.5
Estate 5.0 9.0 8.2
Georgetown
5.3 8.7 7.2
Glade 5.0 6.7 8.0
Gnome 2.7 7.7 6.5
Haga 5.7 8.0 8.7
Julia 2.0 9.0 7.0
Kelly 5.2 6.3 6.3
Kenblue 4.0 6.7 7.0
Liberty 5.3 -- 7.7
Marquis 5.0 6.7 8.5
Merion 2.3 5.0 6.2
Merit 2.7 7.0 8.0
Midnight 4.0 6.3 6.7
Monopoly 3.7 9.0 8.2
Mystic 3.0 7.0 7.0
Nassau 4.3 8.3 8.8
Parade 5.3 9.0 7.2
Ram I 5.0 8.3 7.7
Rugby 5.0 8.7 8.5
Sydsport 4.0 8.7 7.8
Victa 3.0 7.3 7.7
Wabash 4.3 7.3 7.7
Welcome 4.7 9.0 7.5
LSD (.05)
1.7 1.4 1.7
______________________________________
(a) Rating Scale: 1-9 9 = no disease
TABLE 23
______________________________________
Comparison of Snow Mold Disease Incidence of
Ba 73-540 and Other Kentucky Bluegrass Varieties
Snowmold (a)
East Lansing
Variety Michigan
______________________________________
Ba 73-540 6.7
Abbey 7.0
Able I 4.7
Amazon 1.7
America 3.7
Aquila 6.0
Aspen 6.7
Asset 4.7
A-34 5.3
Baron 5.0
Barzan 6.7
Bristol 7.3
Challenger 6.3
Chateau 4.3
Cheri 4.3
Classic 5.7
Coventry 4.7
Eclipse 4.7
Estate 5.0
Georgetown 6.7
Glade 5.7
Gnome 4.7
Haga 6.0
Julia 6.0
Kelly 6.0
Kenblue 5.0
Liberty 5.7
Marquis 5.0
Merion 4.0
Merit 7.3
Midnight 3.7
Monopoly 5.0
Mystic 5.3
Nassau 6.7
Parade 6.3
Ram I 5.3
Rugby 6.7
Sydsport 4.3
Victa 4.7
Wabash 3.3
Welcome 4.0
LSD (.05) 2.5
______________________________________
(a) Rating Scale: 1-9 9 = no disease
TABLE 24
______________________________________
Comparison of % Browning of Ba 73-540 and Other
Kentucky Bluegrasses Under Heat and Drought Stress
at Prince Frederick, Maryland.
% Browning
Variety Mean (a)
______________________________________
Ba 73-540 11.3
Adelphi 20.0
Bristol 18.7
Cynthia 36.3
Glade 20.0
Merion 28.0
Merit 28.5
Nugget 32.5
Park 24.5
Pascal 45.0
Vantage 19.2
Victa 18.2
______________________________________
(a) Mean for two ratings taken in August
TABLE 25
______________________________________
Comparison of Drought Tolerance Ba 73-540 and Other
Kentucky Bluegrass Varieties at Various Locations in
the U.S.A. and Canada
Variety Drought Tolerance (a)
______________________________________
Ba 73-540 7.7
Abbey 7.7
Able I 7.7
Amazon 7.0
America 8.0
Aquila 7.3
A-34 6.0
Aspen 7.3
Asset 7.0
Baron 7.0
Barzan 6.0
Bristol 6.7
Challenger 8.3
Chateau 7.0
Cheri 7.3
Classic 7.3
Coventry 7.3
Eclipse 7.3
Estate 7.0
Georgetown 6.7
Glade 6.7
Gnome 8.0
Haga 6.7
Julia 7.3
Kelly 7.7
Kenblue 6.3
Liberty 7.7
Marquis 7.7
Merion 7.3
Merit 8.0
Midnight 6.0
Monopoly 6.7
Mystic 7.7
Nassau 8.0
Parade 5.7
Ram I 8.7
Rugby 7.0
Sydsport 7.0
Victa 7.7
Wabash 6.7
Welcome 7.3
LSD 0.05 1.7
______________________________________
(a) Rating Scale 1-9: 9 = no dormacy
TABLE 26
______________________________________
Comparison of Sod Strength Eight Months After
Planting of Ba 73-540 and Other Kentucky Bluegrasses
at Remington, Va.
SOD STRENGTH (a)
Variety 8 Months
______________________________________
Ba 73-540 20.3
Abbey 17.0
Able I 16.3
Amazon 18.0
America 30.7
Aquila 19.3
A-34 21.7
Aspen 21.7
Asset 23.7
Baron 25.7
Barzan 13.0
Bristol 24.7
Challenger 23.0
Chateau 23.3
Cheri 28.3
Classic 23.0
Coventry 18.0
Eclipse 22.0
Estate 23.3
Georgetown 30.0
Glade 26.3
Gnome 22.0
Haga 22.3
Julia 12.3
Kenblue 22.0
Liberty 20.3
Marquis 23.0
Merion 21.3
Merit 25.3
Midnight 22.3
Monopoly 26.0
Mystic 21.3
Nassau 22.3
Parade 26.0
Ram I 22.3
Rugby 20.3
Sydsport 26.0
Victa 29.3
Wabash 16.7
Welcome 24.7
LSD (.05) 6.9
______________________________________
(a) Rating Scale: Kilograms of tension needed to tear sod.
TABLE 27
______________________________________
Seed yield Comparisons in Pounds Per Acre of
Ba 73-540 and Other Kentucky Bluegrass Varieties in
Oregon Over a Three Year Period
Lbs/Acre
Gervais LaGrande
Variety Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
______________________________________
Ba 73-540 859 1224 993
Bristol 862 1021 690
Victa 1342 1425 1224
LSD (.05) 220 160
______________________________________
Claims
1. A variety of Kentucky bluegrass plant, substantially as shown and described, characterized by a medium to high level of resistance to several serious diseases, including leaf spot disease (also known as melting out disease), various rusts, dollarspot, snowmold and powdery mildew; a desirable green color throughout the growing season; a strong sod forming ability; high quality dense persistent turf formation under a wide variety of environmental conditions; and a medium level of seed yielding capacity.
Type: Grant
Filed: Jan 14, 1992
Date of Patent: Dec 7, 1993
Assignee: The O. M. Scott & Sons Company (Marysville, OH)
Inventors: Virgil D. Meier (Marysville, OH), Eugene W. Mayer (Marysville, OH)
Primary Examiner: James R. Feyrer
Law Firm: Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue
Application Number: 7/821,403
International Classification: A01H 500;
