Strawberry Seneca
A new and distinct variety of strawberry (Fragaria.times.Ananassa) which is exceptional in combining large yield, potential large fruit size, extreme fruit firmness and good fruit quality. The strawberry is named `Seneca` and was tested as NY 1529.
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This new cultivar was developed by the small fruits breeding program of the Department of Horticulture Sciences, Cornell University, Geneva, N.Y., 14456. It was selected in 1976 from 243 progeny of a cross between NY 1261.times.`Holiday`. (NY 1261 being a cross of `Redcoat` and NY 844; with `Redcoat` in turn being a cross of `Redglow` and NY 254; NY 254 in turn being a cross of Tenn, Shipper and Fairfax. The NY 1261 .times.Holiday cross was made in 1974. As a selection the new cultivar was tested as NY 1529. It was tested for many years in second test plots, and was evaluated in replicated yield trials in 1981 and 1982. It was further evaluated at numerous sites throughout the Great Lakes States by cooperative testers. In the fall of 1991, NY 1529 will be publicly released as `Seneca`.
DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ARTNY 1529 has moderate vigor and runnering growth habit, its leaves are medium green in color, corresponding to Green 137B of the R.H.S. Colour Chart, and foliage is opened and not cupped. NY 1529 leaf serrations are less deeply serrated in comparison with `Earliglow`. Glandular hairs on the flower pedicel epidermis of NY 1529 run almost parallel with the pedicel, similar to `Earliglow`. In contrast, glandular hairs on `Honeoye` are perpendicular to the pedicel and may point slightly downward. The glandular hairs on NY 1529 are much less dense then `Allstar`.
Table 1 sets forth mean maturity dates based on a 1982 field trial. Mean date of harvest was calculated on a weighted basis. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different, based on Waller and Duncan's BSD test, K=100.
Table 2 sets forth mean subjective fruit skin toughness scores. Skin toughness was subjectively determined by rubbing the skin of several berries in the hand from each replicate of each genotype. Each plot at each harvest (replicate) was scored independently. Each genotype was rated 1 to 9 with `9` being most resistant to skin abrasion.
Table 3 sets forth mean Instron measurements from 1982 (firmest fruit listed first). Each genotype mean score reflects the force required for the Instron probe to penetrate the flesh of undamaged berries. Twelve berries were tested of each genotype on the same day of harvest for each harvest date. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different, based on Waller and Duncan's BSD test, K=100.
Table 4 sets forth mean berry weight of 29 strawberry genotypes based upon 1982 field trials. Mean berry weight was determined by dividing total yield per plot by total number of berries per plot. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different based on Waller and Duncan's BSD test, K=100.
Table 5 sets forth mean subjective fruit appearance scores. Berries were rated 1 to 9 with `9` being the most attractive. Each plot at each harvest (replicate) was scored independently. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different, based on Waller and Duncan's BSD test, K=100.
Table 6 sets forth mean subjective flavor scores. Berries were rated 1 to 9 with `9` being best flavor. Each plot at each harvest (replicate) was scored independently. Means followed by the same letter was not significantly different, based on Waller and Duncan's BSD test, K=100.
Table 7 shows fruit yields in 1981 and 1982. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different, based on Waller and Duncan's BSD test, K=100.
Table 8 sets forth the findings of two years of taste panel evaluations.
Table 9 sets forth the mean ranking of 29 cultivars and selections, averaged over 8 characteristics.
Table 10 sets forth the relative performance of NY 1529 at numerous test sites throughout the Great Lakes Region.
TABLE 1
______________________________________
Mean maturity date of NY 1529 vs. other cultivars
Genotype Mean Weighted Date of Harvest
______________________________________
`Earlidawn`
June 23 A
`Midland` June 24 AB
NY 1402 June 25 ABC
MDUS 4380 June 26 BCD
`Lester` June 26 BCD
MDUS 4355 June 26 BCD
NY 1524 June 26 BCD
MDUS 4774 June 26 BCD
`Catskill` June 27 CDE
NY 1560 June 27 CDE
`Honeoye` June 28 DEFG
`Holiday` June 28 DEFG
NY 1530 June 28 DEFG
MDUS 4579 June 28 DEFGH
`Raritan` June 28 DEFGHI
NY 1570 June 29 EFGHIJ
NY 1333 June 29 FGHIJK
MDUS 4426 June 29 FGHIJK
`Jewel` June 30 GHIJKL
NY 1529 July 1 HIJKLM
NY 1368 July 1 HIJKLMN
NY 1431 July 1 IJKLMN
NY 1406 July 1 IJKLMN
NY 1580 July 1 JKLMN
`Allstar` July 1 JKLMN
`Canoga` July 2 KLMN
`Scott` July 2 LMN
`Sparkle` July 3 MN
NY 1482 July 4 N
______________________________________
TABLE 2
______________________________________
Mean subjective fruit skin toughness scores for NY 1529
and other cultivars.
Treatment Replicates Mean Score
______________________________________
NY 1524 6 7.7 A
NY 1529 5 7.6 AB
`Jewel` 5 7.4 AB
NY 1530 6 7.2 ABC
MDUS 4426 5 7.0 ASCD
NY 1368 5 6.8 ABCDE
MDUS 4579 5 6.8 ABCDE
`Holiday` 8 6.8 ABCDE
NY 1580 3 6.7 ABCDEF
`Canoga` 4 6.5 ABCDEF
`Scott` 8 6.5 BCDEF
`Lester` 7 6.3 BCDEF
`Allstar` 4 6.2 BCDEFG
NY 1333 5 6.0 CDEFG
NY 1406 9 5.9 DEFG
MDUS 4335 6 5.8 DEFG
MDUS 4774 5 5.6 EFGH
NY 1482 4 5.5 EFGHI
NY 1560 4 5.3 EFGHI
NY 1402 5 5.2 FGHI
NY 1431 5 5.2 FGHI
`Raritan` 7 5.0 GHI
`Honeoye` 7 4.5 HIJ
MDUS 4380 6 4.3 IJK
`Sparkle` 5 3.8 JK
`Earlidawn`
8 3.7 JK
Midland 7 3.0 K
NY 1570 1 2.0 KL
`Catskill` 7 1.1 L
______________________________________
TABLE 3
______________________________________
Mean firmness measurement for NY 1529 and other cultivars
Mean puncture force
Genotype (daltons)
______________________________________
NY 1570 65.8 A
`NY 1529` 62.7 A
MDUS 4579 57.6 A
MDUS 4774 56.4 A
NY 1524 53.9 AB
NY 1530 46.9 BC
NY 1580 46.7 BC
NY 1560 46.1 BC
`Holiday` 45.7 CD
`Canoga` 44.7 CDE
MDUS 4426 44.2 CDE
Allstar` 39.3 CDEF
NY 1431 38.3 DEFG
`Scott` 37.6 EFGH
NY 1406 35.9 FGHI
`Jewel` 33.5 FGHIJ
NY 1402 32.5 FGHIJ
NY 1333 30.8 GHIJ
NY 1482 30.1 GHIJK
MDUS 4380 30.0 HIJK
`Honeoye` 28.8 IJK
MDUS 4355 28.7 IJK
`Lester` 28.6 IJK
`Midland` 27.1 JKL
NY 1368 27.1 JKL
`Raritan` 25.9 JKL
`Earlidawn 25.6 JKL
`Sparkle` 22.0 KL
`Catskill` 19.9 L
______________________________________
TABLE 4
______________________________________
Mean berry weight for NY 1529 and other cultivars
Genotype Grams/berry
______________________________________
NY 1524 14.4 A
`Canoga` 13.7 AB
`Allstar` 13.6 AB
NY 1333 13.5 ABC
MDUS 4426 13.4 ABC
NY 1431 12.6 ABCD
NY 1482 12.5 ABCD
NY 1529 11.8 BCDE
NY 1570 11.5 CDEF
`Jewel` 11.3 DEFG
`Lester` 11.2 DEFG
NY 1580 11.2 DEFG
NY 1406 10.9 DEFGH
NY 1368 10.8 DEFGHI
`Holiday` 10.7 DEFGHIJ
NY 1560 10.5 EFGHIJK
MDUS 4579 10.2 EFGHIJKL
`Honeoye` 10.0 EFGHIJKL
MDUS 4380 10.0 EFGHIJKL
NY 1402 10.0 EFGHIJKL
MDUS 4774 9.7 FGHIJKL
`Raritan` 9.3 GHIJKL
`Scott` 9.1 HIJKL
MDUS 4355 9.0 HIJKL
`Catskill` 8.9 HIJKL
NY 1530 8.8 IJKL
`Midland` 8.7 JKL
`Sparkle` 8.6 KL
`Earlidawn` 8.3 L
______________________________________
TABLE 5
______________________________________
Mean fruit appearance scores for NY 1529 and other cultivars
Genotype Replicates Mean Score
______________________________________
NY 1333 5 7.6 A
`Lester` 7 7.3 AB
`Jewel` 5 6.8 ABC
NY 1524 6 6.5 ABCD
NY 1530 6 6.3 ABCD
MDUS 4355 6 6.3 ABCDE
`Honeoye` 7 6.3 ABCDE
NY 1529 5 6.2 ABCDEF
MDUS 4380 6 6.2 BCDEF
`Scott` 8 6.1 BCDEF
NY 1368 5 6.0 BCDEF
NY 1560 4 5.8 CDEF
`Raritan` 7 5.7 CDEFG
`Allstar` 4 5.5 CDEFG
`Canoga` 4 5.5 CDEFG
`Holiday` 8 5.5 CDEFG
NY 1431 5 5.4 CDEFG
NY 1530 3 5.3 CDEFG
NY 1482 4 5.3 DEFG
NY 1402 5 5.0 EFG
NY 1406 9 4.9 FG
MDUS 4774 5 4.8 FG
`Earlidawn`
8 4.6 G
MDUS 4426 5 4.2 G
MDUS 4579 5 4.0 G
`Midland` 7 4.0 G
`Sparkle` 5 3.4 G
NY 1570 2 3.0 GH
`Catskill` 7 1.9 H
______________________________________
TABLE 6
______________________________________
Mean flavor scores for NY 1529 and other cultivars
Treatment Replicates Mean Score
______________________________________
`Lester` 7 6.3 A
NY 1570 2 6.0 AB
NY 1529 5 6.0 AB
`Jewel` 5 5.8 AB
`Holiday` 8 5.8 AB
NY 1368 5 5.6 AB
NY 1560 4 5.5 AB
`Sparkle` 5 5.4 AB
NY 1524 6 5.3 AB
`Raritan` 7 5.3 AB
`Honeoye` 7 5.1 AB
`Allstar` 4 5.0 AB
`Canoga` 4 5.0 AB
MDUS 4380 6 5.0 AB
`Scott` 8 4.9 AB
NY 1530 6 4.8 AB
MDUS 4355 6 4.8 AB
MDUS 4426 5 4.8 AB
NY 1333 5 4.8 AB
NY 1431 5 4.8 AB
NY 1580 3 4.7 AB
MDUS 4774 5 4.6 B
NY 1402 5 4.6 B
`Midland` 7 4.4 B
NY 1406 9 4.2 B
NY 1482 4 4.0 B
`Catskill` 7 4.0 B
MDUS 4579 5 3.8 B
`Earlidawn` 8 3.8 B
______________________________________
TABLE 7
______________________________________
Mean fruit yield of 29 strawberry genotypes in 1981
(established under adverse growing conditions) and in 1982
(Established under favorable conditions)
Genotype Yield 1981
(g/4.5 m).sup.1
Yield 1982
(g/4.5 m)
______________________________________
Allstar 3197 abc 6592 efghi
Canoga 4321 ab 10876 a
Catskill 5268 a 9830 abcd
Earlidawn
3322 abc 7133 cdefghi
Holiday 3394 abc 9750 abcd
Honeoye 2760 abc 10396 ab
Lester 2762 abc 6481 efghi
MDUS 4355
2594 abc 5131 hij
MDUS 4380
2272 abc 5038 ij
MDUS 4426
2883 abc 5422 ghij
MDUS 4579
3150 abc 8177 abcdefg
MDUS 4774
2069 bc 4599 ij
Midland 3479 abc 5149 hij
Jewel 5166 ab 6407 efghi
NY 1333 2113 abc 6064 fghi
NY 1368 3148 abc 6841 efghi
NY 1402 2450 abc 7089 defghi
NY 1406 4616 ab 10748 a
NY 1431 2744 abc 8359 abcdef
NY 1482 5171 ab 7874 bcdefgh
NY 1524 2622 abc 7234 cdefghi
NY 1529 3542 abc 10824 a
NY 1530 5010 ab 9674 abcd
NY 1560 2458 abc 6418 efghi
NY 1570 1125 c 2749 j
NY 1580 2309 abc 9834 abcd
Raritan 3383 abc 9933 abc
Scott 4270 abc 8347 abcdef
Sparkle 3942 abc 8943 abcde
______________________________________
.sup.1 To convert to lb/A multiply by 1.6
TABLE 8
______________________________________
Summary of results from 1981 and 1982 taste
panel evaluations of frozen fruit.
______________________________________
1. Consistently rated `very good`
MDUS 4744
Holiday
Honeoye
MDUS 4355
NY 1406
2. Consistently rate `good`
Scott
NY 1529
Jewel
3. Marginally `acceptable`
NY 1580
Sparkle
Lester
NY 1570
NY 1482
NY 1524
NY 1402
Midland
4. `Unacceptable`
Canoga
Allstar
Raritan
NY 1333
NY 1560
MDUS 4579
NY 1530
NY 1368
MDUS 4426
NY 1431
MDUS 4380
Earlidawn
Catskill
______________________________________
TABLE 9
______________________________________
Overall genotype mean rankings (yield, size, attractiveness,
skin, flesh, fresh flavor, frozen quality) listed in order of
total mean ranking of overall traits.
______________________________________
Attractive-
Overall
cultivar/ Yield.sup.1
Yield.sup.2
Size.sup.3
ness.sup.4
ranking
selection rank rank rank rank
______________________________________
1 NY 1529 9 2 2 8
2 Holiday 11 8 13 16
3 Jewel 3 22 18 3
4 NY 1524 21 15 8 4
5 Canoga 6 1 1 15
6 NY 1530 4 9 19 5
7 Scott 7 12 16 10
8 NY 1406 5 3 17 21
9 MDUS 4359 18 20 11 2
10 Honeoye 19 4 20 7
11 NY 1580 25 6 10 18
12 Allstar 14 19 7 14
13 NY 1482 2 14 6 19
14 NY 1368 16 18 15 11
15 MDUS 4579 15 13 12 25
16 MDUS 4426 17 24 5 24
17 NY 1333 27 23 3 1
18 MDUS 4355 22 26 24 6
19 MDUS 4774 28 28 14 22
20 Raritan 12 5 22 13
21 NY 1560 23 21 21 12
22 NY 1570 29 29 4 28
23 NY 1431 20 11 9 17
24 Sparkle 8 10 28 27
25 NY 1402 24 17 25 20
26 MDUS 4380 26 27 23 9
27 Catskill 1 7 27 29
28 Midland 10 25 26 25
29 Earlidawn 13 16 29 23
______________________________________
Overall
cultivar/ Skin.sup.5
Texture.sup.6
Flavor.sup.7
Quality.sup.8
ranking
selection rank rank rank rank
______________________________________
1 NY 1529 2 2 3 9
2 Holiday 8 9 5 1
3 Jewel 3 16 4 9
4 NY 1524 1 5 9 19
5 Canoga 10 10 13 29
6 NY 1530 4 6 16 29
7 Scott 11 14 15 9
8 NY 1406 15 15 25 1
9 MDUS 4359 12 23 1 19
10 Honeoye 23 21 11 1
11 NY 1580 9 7 21 19
12 Allstar 13 12 12 29
13 NY 1482 18 19 26 19
14 NY 1368 6 25 6 29
15 MDUS 4579 7 3 28 29
16 MDUS 4426 5 11 18 29
17 NY 1333 14 18 19 29
18 MDUS 4355 16 22 17 1
19 MDUS 4774 17 4 22 1
20 Raritan 22 26 10 29
21 NY 1560 19 8 7 29
22 NY 1570 28 1 2 19
23 NY 1431 21 13 20 29
24 Sparkle 25 28 8 19
25 NY 1402 20 17 23 19
26 MDUS 4380 24 20 14 29
27 Catskill 29 29 27 29
28 Midland 27 24 24 19
29 Earlidawn 26 27 29 29
______________________________________
.sup.1 Yield based on 3 replicates, 15ft. plots. 8 harvest dates, 1981.
.sup.2 Yield based on 3 replicates, 15ft. plots, 8 harvest dates, 1982.
.sup.3 Size = total yield divided by total number of fruit.
.sup.4 Attractiveness evaluated subjectively, scored 1-9, 4-8 reps.
.sup.5 Skin toughness evaluated subjectively, scored 1-9, 4-8 reps.
.sup.6 Texture evaluated using Instron Instrument, 12 fruit per mean, 4-8
reps.
.sup.7 Flavor evaluated subjectively, score 1-9, 4-8 reps.
.sup.8 Frozen quality evaluated by replicated blind taste panels, 1 = ver
good, 9 = good, 19 = acceptable, 29 = unacceptable.
TABLE 10
______________________________________
NY 1529 as scored at various sites in the
Great lakes region of North America.
Firm-
Test site Yield Flavor Size Appearance
ness
______________________________________
Montreal, Quebec
3 3 3 3 5
MN 4 2 3 3 5
WS 3 4 3 4 --
MA 5 3 4 4 4
NY 4 4 5 5 4
OH 5 4 4 4 4
PA 5 3 4 4 3
Average Score:
4.1 3.3 3.7 4.4 4.2
______________________________________
1 = poor, 3 = average, 5 = best
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
FIG. 1. One quart basket of NY 1529 shown with scale in inches and millimeters. Note large size, glossy color, and attractive appearance and shape.
FIG. 2. Fruit shown ripening in a field planting. Note fruit size in comparison to the quarter, and fruit ripen over a long period.
FIG. 3. Foliage shown in a field planting. Note open canopy, leaves not cupped.
FIG. 4. Plot of NY 1529 with moderate vigor and runnering, very acceptable habit for production in the Northeast.
FIG. 5. NY 1529 leaf serrations in comparison with `Earliglow`. `Earliglow` (on the right) is more deeply serrated along the leaf edge.
FIG. 6. Glandular hairs on the flower pedicel and peduncle of NY 1529 run almost parallel with the pedicel, similar to `Earliglow`.
FIG. 7. Note the way the glandular hairs on `Earliglow` run parallel to the pedicel.
FIG. 8. The amount of grandular hairs on NY 1529 (photo 6), is much less dense than `Allstar`, shown here.
FIG. 9. In contrast to FIGS. 6 and 7, glandular hairs on `Honeyoye` are perpendicular to the pedicel and may be pointed slightly downward or more than 90 degrees. This is similar to NY 1593, except NY 1593 glandular hairs are pointed slightly upward and less than 90 degrees from the pedicel.
FIG. 10. Microphotograph of the upper leaf surface of `Seneca`.
FIG. 11. Microphotograph of the upper leaf surface of `Allstar`.
FIG. 12. Microphotograph of the lower leaf surface of `Seneca`.
FIG. 13. Microphotograph of the lower leaf surface of `Allstar`.
FIG. 14. Microphotograph of the lower leaf surface of `Honeyoye`.
FIG. 15. Microphotograph of the lower leaf surface of `Earliglow`.
FIG. 16. Microphotograph of the lower leaf surface of `Jewel`.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONThis invention is a new and distinct variety of strawberry (Fragaria.times.Ananassa) which is exceptional in combining large yield, potential large fruit size, extreme fruit firmness, and good fruit quality. The strawberry is named `Seneca` and was tested as NY 1529. Asexual propagation has been achieved by runner plants and also by means of tissue culture at the Department of Horticultural Sciences, Cornell University, Geneva, N.Y.
The primary berries of NY 1529 are blunt conic in shape with very broad-shoulders, the smaller fruit are near globose in shape. Seeds are mostly dull-yellow and may be dark red on the dark side of the fruit, are slighly sunken to even with the skin, and are more often even toward the fruit tip. The calyx is even to sunken, not reflexed. Sepals rest on top of fruit and tend to lay flatter as fruit mature. Sepal tips may turn upward until fruit mature. Skin has moderate toughness, flesh is very firm, exterior color is medium red and glossy, corresponding to Red 45A and 46B of the Royal Horticultural Society (London) Colour Chart. Internal flesh is a very light red transparent color. Fruit flavor is good, slightly acid with a mild `Holiday` aromatic quality. NY 1529 matures in late midseason.
NY 1529 has a moderate vigor and runnering growth habit, its leaves are medium green in color, corresponding to Green 137B of the R.H.S. Colour Chart and foliage is open not cupped. NY 1529 leaf serrations are less deeply serrated in comparison with `Earliglow`. Glandular hairs on the flower pedicil epidermis of NY 1529 run almost parallel with the pedicel. The glandular hairs of NY 1529 are less dense than `Allstar`.
Further examination of `Seneca` leaves revealed a few more distinguishing characteristics. FIG. 10 shows the upper surface of a `Seneca` strawberry leaf with moderate pubescence, compared to FIG. 11 showing the upper surface of an `Allstar` strawberry leaf with no pubescence present. Upon microscopic examination of the upper leaf surfaces, `Seneca` always shows a moderate amount of pubescence and `Allstar` is absent of any pubescence on the upper leaf surface.
FIG. 12 shows the lower leaf surface of `Seneca` with no interveinal pubescence and few veinal hairs running parallel and on the lower leaf venation, compared to `Allstar` in FIG. 13 which has many interveinal hairs and more dense and coarse venal pubescence. FIG. 14 shows the undersurface of a `Honeoye` leaf and has similar veinal and interveinal pubescence as `Allstar`. `Earliglow` (FIG. 15), and `Jewel` (FIG. 16), (as well as `Chambly`, `Cavendish`, and `Lateglow`) all have less interveinal pubescence than `Allstar` and `Honeoye`, but more than `Seneca`.
Mature `Seneca` upper leaf surfaces correspond to green 137 B of the R.H.S. Colour Chart and lower surfaces correspond to Greyed-Green 191 A. Younger and newly unfurled leaves correspond to Green 137 D for the upper leaf surface and Greyed-Green 191 B for the lower leaf surface.
`Seneca` leaflet size ranges in length from 8.1-9.5 cm (average length 8.54 cm) and ranges in width from 5.9-9.5 cm (average width 7.06 cm) with an average of 28.88 serrations per leaflet. Average serration width is 0.93 cm.
`Seneca` has no brown resistance to any root diseases including Red Steele and verticillium wilt and seems particularly susceptible to Black Root Rot disease. Therefore, it should not be planted into solid known to be infested up such root disease organisms.
UsefulnessThis new cultivar is particularly well-suited for use by commercial fruit growers in the Great Lakes Region of the United States, because of its high potential (Table 7), its tough skin (Table 2) and firm flesh (Table 3) which are needed for shipping, its large fruit size (Table 4) which is needed for efficient hand harvest, and its attractive (Table 5) and pleasant flavored (Table 6) fruit which should market well. Cooperative testers in many Great Lakes States report superior performance (Table 10), indicating good hardiness. In addition, taste panels have found this cultivar to be superior to most other cultivars tested in terms of frozen fruit quality (Table 8). When 29 cultivars and selections adapted to the Great Lakes climate were ranked for 8 characteristics, this cultivar was found to make the highest mean ranking for all characters (Table 9).
Claims
1. The new and distinct variety of strawberry herein described and illustrated and identified by the characters enumerated above.
| PP7865 | May 12, 1992 | Izsak et al. |
- Sanford et al, Advances in Strawberry Production 4:39-44 (1985). "New York's Food and Life Science Bulletin" No. 136, 1991 (Sep. 1991). Great Lakes Fruit Growers News, Oct. 1991 p. 22. "American Fruit Grower" Dec. 1991; cover photo and p. 9. Great Lakes Fruit Growers News, Nov. 1991, p. 60.
Type: Grant
Filed: Feb 26, 1993
Date of Patent: Nov 29, 1994
Assignee: Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. (Ithaca, NY)
Inventors: John Sanford (Geneva, NY), Donald Ourecky (Fort Lauderdale, FL), Jack Reich, II (Geneva, NY), Kevin Maloney (Clifton Springs, NY)
Primary Examiner: James R. Feyrer
Assistant Examiner: Erich E. Veitenheimer
Law Firm: Jones, Tullar & Cooper
Application Number: 8/22,948
International Classification: A01H 500;
