Abstract: The hot rolling of metal slabs to strip thickness and in coils having a specific weight on the order of 500 pounds per inch of width and greater comprises passing a heated metal slab through a roughing mill to form a transfer bar. The transfer bar is immediately passed between work rolls of a reversing finishing mill stand where it is coiled in a furnace downstream of the reversing finishing mill stand. Thereafter, the workpiece is passed back through the reversing finishing mill stand and coiled in a furnace on the upstream side thereof. The workpiece is again passed through the reversing finishing mill stand and into the remaining finishing stands where it is further reduced and ultimately coiled in strip form. The first two passes through the reversing finishing mill stand are carried out at speeds in excess of the third pass and unrelated to the speed cone of the remainder of the continuous finishing stands.

Abstract: An auxiliary die conveyor includes a metal support jointed to a bolster and a die carrier including a pair of side plates, the carrier further including a hanging means in its upper tail section, the support metal including a depression adapted to interlock with the hanging means in such a manner as to allow the carrier to rotate in the depression while a lower part of the carrier comes into abutment with the support metal, thereby preventing the carrier from lowering below the level of the bolster.

Abstract: A pulling tool including a first pulling member which is essentially a rectangular-shaped flat bar of heavy metal having a pair of holes formed in it in spaced apart relationship. Affixed to one face of this flat bar is a pulling bar which likewise is a heavy metal material and which has a hole in it whereby a hydraulic jack or the like can be attached to the first pulling member. The pulling tool also includes a second generally U-shaped pulling member having a straight portion and a pair of legs which are spaced apart a distance corresponding to the distance between the two holes in the flat bar of the first pulling member, and a handle. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, both of the pair of legs are threaded to receive a threaded nut, with the first and second pulling members being affixed together by extending the two legs of the second pulling member through the two apertures in the first pulling member, and then threadedly affixing the nuts on the legs.

Abstract: A method and system for operational testing of a device for the balancing of a rotor in two balancing planes, wherein the device is provided with a clamping fixture, a housing, and pickups for bracing the clamping fixture in relation to the housing, the device further including a computing unit for measuring the unbalance of the rotor, and for computing and indicating a size and direction of the unbalance. The method and system further call for the device to be provided with a weight of known size mounted in the housing, the weight being removed from the housing when operational testing of the device is desired. Upon removal of the weight of known size from the housing, data corresponding to the geometric measurement of the position of the weight as mounted on the clamping fixture are automatically entered into the computing unit.

Abstract: The ratio of oxygen concentration to aluminum concentration in an aluminum film deposited in a vacuum chamber on an integrated circuit (IC) substrate is monitored by measuring either the resistivity or the resistance of a film of aluminum being simultaneously deposited film on a monitor substrate. The monitor substrate is arranged within the vacuum chamber such that the film of aluminum thereon has a concentration ratio of oxygen to aluminum that is significantly higher than the concentration ratio of oxygen to aluminum flux in the IC substrate film. This is done by reducing the aluminum flux or increasing the oxygen flux on the monitor substrate film. A measurement of the resistivity (or resistance) of the monitor substrate aluminum film is indicative of the resistivity and thus the oxygen concentration of the IC film.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining the effect of dilution and/or diffusion of the gaseous components of a gas flow passing through a gas permeable test object is claimed. The apparatus comprises a source of calibrating gas, a laminar resistance coupled to the source of calibrating gas with the gas flowing through the laminar resistance, and a volumeter is coupled to the laminar resistance for measuring the volume of gas flowing therethrough. The gas from the laminar resistance flows through the test object to a gas concentration measuring device for receiving and for measuring the concentration thereof. A bypass device is provided for bypassing the flow of gas around the test object, and a suction device draws gas from the source to the measuring device.

Abstract: The explosibility of an atmosphere which may contain a combustible gas or vapor or mist or aerosol is sensed by drawing a known volume of the atmosphere through a filter (14) and into a container (16); in a safe environment drawing the sample through the filter which is heated; completely oxidizing any combustible material present; and sensing the quantity of oxygen required for complete combustion. The concentration of combustible material as a percentage of the lower explosive limit can be approximately determined even when the combustible material is unknown.

Abstract: Pneumatic sheet thickness measuring apparatus includes a chamber to which air is supplied via a restriction, and a nozzle positioned adjacent a sheet to be measured via which nozzle air can escape from the chamber. The effective area from which air can escape with a sheet of nominal thickness is in the range of substantially 0.3 to 0.9, preferably 0.6, times the area of the restriction.Air is also supplied to a second restriction, chamber and nozzle providing the same area ratio and the difference in the pressures in the two chambers is monitored with a differential pressure transducer.The sheet to be measured is supported on a reference roller and the nozzle assembly is mounted above the roller on a carriage one end of which is carried by a bearing and the other end of which runs on a vertically adjustable rail.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining the filterability of red blood cells comprises a first upper transparent block containing at the center a capillary having an inner diameter between 1 and 10 mm, which block is provided with two level detectors; a second lower transparent block, provided with a central duct--facing the capillary of the upper block--inside which duct is housed a drop-taking device, such duct being connected on the one hand to a drain circuit and on the other to a pressure regulating circuit; a filtering membrane housed between the two blocks and a frame for holding the apparatus.First the initial mean flow time of the serum is measured, then the initial mean flow time of a volume of the suspension of cells in the plasma at a given concentration using such apparatus, and then the index of filterability is calculated.

Abstract: An apparatus for gauging the hardness of tire treads wherein a support member moveable supports a durometer which is connected to means for controlling the rate of descent of such a durometer to provide a constant predetermined force for measuring the hardness of a tire tread. A tire support supports a tire such that it is in alignment with the durometer.

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus for determining the power angle in electrical AC machines. The invention includes means for determining the synchronous rotating magnetic field of the AC machine and means for determining the angular velocity of the machine's rotor. The value of the angular velocity of the machine's rotor is subtracted from the value of the synchronous rotating magnetic field. The difference between the synchronous rotating magnetic field of the machine and the value of the angular velocity of the machine's rotor is multipled by a predetermined constant to produce an accurate measure of the power angle of the machine being tested.

Abstract: Relative compression in an asymmetric internal combustion (IC) engine is determined by measuring the change in speed of the engine crankshaft while the engine is cranked without ignition during each cylinder sub-cycle; the actual change in speed from a maximum to a minimum is measured during the compression stroke of each cylinder of the cylinder bank which is first to fire in the alternating left bank/right bank firing order of the engine, and the change in speed from a minimum to a maximum is measured during the expansion stroke of each cylinder of the second bank, such that the changes in engine speed over one engine cycle is provided as a sequence of delta speed signals associated alternately with a compression stroke and next with an expansion stroke for succeeding left bank and right bank cylinder displacements in accordance with the firing order; the delta speed signal magnitude associated with each cylinder, i.e.

Abstract: Measuring apparatus for measuring the quantity of calibration fluid delivered by engine-fuel injection apparatus, in which calibration fluid is passed into a hollow cylinder on one side of a piston to displace the latter in one direction along the cylinder and pressurized gas is passed into the cylinder on the other side of the piston to displace it in the other direction and so drain calibration fluid from the cylinder.

Abstract: A method is proposed in which the injection pump, having been adjusted in terms of the supply quantity and of the supply onset, is provided on a test bench, before being mounted on the internal combustion engine, with an electric pulse transducer, whose mounted position is marked on the injection pump. The pump may also be corrected, at a fixed test rpm, to a set-point value fixed relative to the supply onset signal by means of measuring the signal distance between the supply onset signal of a signal transducer measuring the dynamic supply onset and the rotary-position signal of the pulse transducer. The injection pump, with the camshaft rotated into the rotary position associated with the dynamic supply onset, is mounted on the engine which has been brought with its crankshaft into the associated working position.

Abstract: Apparatus for indicating pressure in a pneumatic tire on a wheel while in motion on a vehicle, includes an actuator secured to the wheel so as to rotate therewith. The actuator has an extendible bag member in communication with air in the tire, a spring controlling extension of the bag by air in the tire to cause the bag member to be extended by an amount indicative of the air pressure in the tire, and a magnet positioned in accordance with the amount of extension of the bag member and therefore in accordance with the air pressure in the tire. A series of magnetically actuated switches are mounted on the vehicle for selective actuation by the magnet in accordance with the position of the magnet as it rotates with the tire, and indicators connected to the magnetically actuated switches indicate air pressure in the tire by indicating the magnetically actuated switch selectively actuated.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining the transmissibility of a fluid-conducting layer (stratum), such as an aquifer that is accessible through a borehole. The fluid-level in the borehole is stimulated to a periodic or an aperiodic damped oscillation. By measuring and reading the motion of the fluid-level and evaluating the motion, the transmissibility can be calculated.

Abstract: An infrared scanner for sensing temperature is presented with the inclusion of a meter providing a digital read-out of the temperature. The scanner utilizes an infrared detector, scanning a field including a reference of known temperature and an object of unknown temperature. The scan is performed by a raster controlled by a horizontal oscillator and a vertical sweep circuit. During the scan, video signals are emitted from a video amplifier, which signals correspond to the temperature of objects within the raster. Delay circuits are provided in interconnection between the video amplifier, horizontal oscillator, and vertical sweep circuit for isolating video signals corresponding to the temperature of the reference and the object. A logarithmic amplifier receives such video signals and produces an output indicative of the temperature of the object as a function of the temperature of the known reference.

Abstract: A gauge mounting device is provided for use in the instrument panel area of a vehicle and includes a pair of frames arranged to fit back to back in mating disposition. The outwardly facing surface of each frame is color, texture and style coordinated with the vehicle interior and to suit the preference of the user. The frames include congruent bezels with at least one gauge mounted against a bezel in one frame with an umbilical sensor connector extending through the corresponding bezel in the opposite frame.

Abstract: An angular velocity sensor comprising an outer casing, an inner casing forming the sensor body, mounted within the outer casing, and a covering member covering an opening formed in an end of the outer casing. The inner casing includes a hollow cylindrical portion, an end wall provided at one end of the hollow cylindrical portion and formed with a central axial nozzle hole, a gas flow sensor holding portion provided within the hollow cylindrical portion in spaced and concentrical relation to the nozzle hole, and a pump housing portion provided within an opening formed in an end of the inner casing, wherein at least the hollow cylindrical portion, the end wall and the gas flow sensor holding portion are integrally formed of a one-piece structure. The outer casing may have an open end closed in an airtight manner by a hermetically sealing member serving as the covering member and formed with an annular protuberance at a periphery thereof, by means of projection welding.

Abstract: In apparatus for monitoring the degree of compaction achieved by a compacting device including at least one vibrating compacting tool which device is mounted on a vehicle arranged to travel back and forth over a surface to be compacted, the apparatus including a system for detecting the value of an operating parameter which has a known relationship to the effective power of the vibrating compacting tool during each pass of the vehicle over the surface and which is representative of the degree of compaction achieved, there are further provided a representation storage system connected to the detecting system for separately storing representations of the detected values associated with each direction of travel of the vehicle, and a difference forming unit connected to the storage system for providing a representation of the difference between detected values associated with successive passes of the vehicle in the same direction.

Abstract: A sector scan ultrasonic imaging system comprises a source of a plurality of square wave pulse trains each being delayed by a unit quantization time with respect to adjacent trains, and a plurality of transmitter circuits corresponding to the elements of a transducer array. The duration of each square wave pulse is an integral multiple of the unit quantization time interval. Each transmitter circuit includes a read only memory in which a set of different digital delay time data is stored for the corresponding transducer element and is arranged to be retrieved in response to each angle increment of the ultrasonic beam transmitted from the array. Further included are a data selector for selecting a pulse train in response to a pulse train selection data retrieved from the memory and a programmable counter for counting the pulses of the selected train to generate an output in accordance with a pulse selection data retrieved from the memory.

Abstract: First and second magnetic poles are provided, which have end surfaces brought close and in opposition to a material to be examined. These magnetic poles are magnetized by a DC exciter coil such that the magnetic poles have opposite polarities. The first magnetic pole is provided at its end surface with a pair of cumulatively connected transmitting coils, and the second magnetic pole is provided at its end surface with a pair of differentially connected receiving coils. The transmitting coils are connected to a pulser which generates a pulse current, and the receiving coils are connected to a differential amplifier. An electromagnetic ultrasonic wave generated by the transmitting coils are received by the receiving coils, amplified by the differential amplifier, and thereafter supplied to a synchroscope and an automatic detector.

Abstract: An acoustic impedance matching structure, intended primarily for use with ultrasound transducers in medical imaging applications comprises an elastomer mesh embedded in metal-loaded plastic resin.

Abstract: A vibration sensor for an automotive vehicle including a piezoelectric vibrator of cantilever type for detecting mechanical vibrations, such as knocking, from an engine body. The vibration sensor prevents the vibrator from being deformed by thermal stress even if temperature near the sensor rises sharply, so that a stable resonant frequency will be maintained when detecting the vibration of an engine body.

Abstract: In the disclosed apparatus, flow of fluid in a pipe is sensed by directing acoustic signals at a fluid-metering rotor in the pipe. One or more transducers are used for emitting an acoustic signal and receiving acoustic reflections. A flow-representing signal is derived that varies with the attitude of the rotor in relation to the transducer(s).

Abstract: Apparatus for permanent affixure to a drilling mast raising line for indicating the condition of the mast raising line at selected intervals. Monitor sleeves are swaged to the mast raising line at a specified separation distance X when the line is new, and thereafter repeated measurements of the separation distance can be made to determine an approach to the elastic limits of the line whereupon the mast raising line should be retired from service.

Abstract: A power measuring arrangement is incorporated in a vibration welder at the area of welding workpieces. The arrangement comprises force and velocity sensing means, each providing respective electrical output signals which are multiplied to provide an output signal of the actual power available at the weld plane.

Abstract: A sampling probe for sampling partial quantities of liquid in a counter-current extraction column wherein the liquid has first and second immiscible phases moving in mutually opposite directions. The probe comprises an extraction tube having first and second radially opposing ports in its surface, the extraction tube being adapted for extending into the liquid within the column and positioned so that the first and second phases impinge upon the respective opposite portions of the extraction tube surface containing the radially opposing ports. A stopper formed of a material which promotes coalescence with respect to the first phase is fitted into one end of the extraction tube. The stopper has a cavity therein, and a plurality of apertures are located in the side of the stopper aligned with the portion of the extraction tube against which the first phase impinges.

Abstract: A product sampling apparatus for taking sponge iron sample pellets as they are moved by a conveyor from a direct ore reduction process includes upper and lower chambers, one of which is in communication with a sampling station, and the other which returns a portion of the sample to the conveyor. The apparatus includes a collector end desponed within the conveyer and includes a surface having deflectors baffles and openings which direct a typical representative portion of the product mix being sampled to the two chambers, one returning the portion to the conveyor and the other to the sampling station.

Abstract: A pushbutton tuner comprising button slides disposed within a plane in parallel with a baseplate and link members operable by setting pins provided on the respective button slides also disposed within a plane in parallel with the baseplate. A memory slide is displaced by rotation of a free end of each link member when the setting pin moves rearwardly. Each of the link members is so disposed that a line drawn between its portion where it is pivotally connected to the basetable and its portion where it is pivotally engaged with the memory slide is parallel with the rearward movement of the setting pin. The link members each have symmetrically convexed engaging edges at opposite sides thereof. In the position where the link members are disposed on the baseplate so as to be close each other, the setting pins are adapted to act on the adjacent engaging edges of the link members.

Abstract: A vibratory apparatus comprises a shaft mounted for rotation about an axis and having weight structure mounted thereon to effect vibration in response to shaft rotation. The shaft may be initially balanced or unbalanced. According to one series of embodiments, a preloaded spring means maintains a primary weight structure in the relatively reduced eccentric position until a first predetermined magnitude of rotational shaft velocity is achieved. The primary weight structure thereafter moves outwardly against the force of the spring means with the spring means also moving to an eccentric position. At a higher, second predetermined magnitude the eccentricity of the primary weight structure and spring means is maximum. Until a higher, third predetermined magnitude of rotational shaft velocity, a secondary movable weight structure is retained in the relatively reduced eccentricity position by a preloaded spring means.

Abstract: A transmission for an automotive vehicle, comprising a main shaft, a synchrohub fixedly supported by said main shaft, a forward gear rotatably supported by said main shaft next to one side of said synchrohub, a reverse gear rotatably supported by said main shaft next to the other side of said synchrohub, a first clutch gear integrally formed on a side of said forward gear, corresponding to said synchrohub, a second clutch gear integrally formed on a side of said reverse gear, corresponding to said synchrohub, a coupling sleeve slidably mounted on said synchrohub in the axial direction of said main shaft for engaging selectively with said first or second clutch gear, a shift fork having one end portion which is positioned near said coupling sleeve with a predetermined range of relative motion available therebetween, for shifting said coupling sleeve in the axial direction of said main shaft, and spring means arranged between said coupling sleeve and said shift fork for biasing said shift fork, relative to said

Abstract: A mounting structure for a lubricating oil channel of a bushing of an extension for a transmission of a vehicle comprises a resilient cylindrical expansion anchor formed on a mid-portion of the channel and a cylindrical cavity formed in an inner wall of the extension for receiving therein the cylindrical expansion anchor which has been resiliently deformed, thereby securing the lubricating oil channel to the inner wall of the extension in a single operation without requiring any fastening means such as set screws or rivets.

Abstract: This invention relates to switching apparatus for mechanical remote control of the gear box of the motor vehicle.A gear lever 1 is connected to one end of a gear selector rod 4 such that movement of the gear lever can cause axial or rotary movement of the rod. A two arm intermediate link 5 is connected to the other end of rod 4 for movement therewith. One arm is operatively connected to main gear shaft 13 by a link (10, 11 and 12) while the other arm is operatively connected to main gear shaft 13 by a link (6, 15, 16-19, 22, 24, 25, 30 and 31). The first mentioned link converts the rotary movement of rod 4 into longitudinal movement of shaft 13, while the second link converts axial movement of rod 4 into rotary movement of shaft 13.The two links are so arranged so as to take up or absorb vibrational or other movement transmitted from the gear box so as to reduce or avoid vibration of gear lever 1.

Abstract: A brake operating device for a bicycle, which comprises a bracket member fixed to a handle bar and a control lever pivoted to the bracket member through a lever shaft. The lever is pivoted to the bracket member at a pivot portion disposed on a straight line passing through the center of a distance between the brake applying position and the brake rest position of the grip portion of the lever.

Abstract: The disclosure is of a control mechanism including a rockshaft carried by a support and itself having fixed thereto an upstanding rocker element. A cam is disposed alongside the rocker element, having a lower end formed with an opening that loosely embraces the rockshaft so as to enable relative movement of the cam within at least the limits of the opening. Lost-motion means interconnects the rocker element and cam for rocking of the two in unison about the rockshaft axis while permitting the aforesaid limited movement. Adjusting means is provided between the cam and rocker element for achieving adjustment of the cam relative to the rocker element while retaining the floatability or relative movement of the cam.

Abstract: A speed change device comprises first and second outer gears, crankpins connected to the second outer gear, and pinions having pin holes for receiving the crankpins and outer gear teeth formed at the periphery thereof. The speed change device is characterized in that the pinion has through holes formed in a star shape, and a support block has a star shape corresponding to the shape of the through holes in the pinion, so that the support block is inserted into the through holes in order to support the crankpins by means of pairs of bearings.

Abstract: An attachment is provided which includes a support member of L-shaped cross section having a first aperture in one leg through which a grinding wheel may extend and a second aperture in the other leg for receiving the shaft of the grinding wheel. An adjustably mounted plate having a third aperture therein is secured to the second leg and arranged to be brought into spaced relation to the first leg so that the first leg and the plate may ride along the opposite faces of the chain saw bar for effectively guiding the attachment and a grinding wheel mounted thereon along the edge of the bar. To effect grinding of the face of the chain saw bar the same attachment is employed but is positioned so that the plate rides along the edge of the chain saw bar to provide an effective guide. In addition the first and third apertures are shaped for receiving and firmly holding a file for filing the edge of the chain saw bar as the attachment is moved along the bar.

Abstract: A power driven tool for making and breaking threaded connections in a well pipe is movable between a central position of alignment with the well axis, a second position offset from the well axis and above a mousehole, and a third retracted or inactive position offset at a side of the well axis opposite that at which the mousehole is located. The tool preferably includes a carriage which rolls along the rig floor between its different positions, desirably on spaced tracks located at opposite sides of the main axis of the well and the mousehole, with the pipe contacting mechanism being mounted for upward and downward movement relative to the carriage and for pivotal movement to an inclined position for alignment with an inclined mousehole, and preferably including an upper well pipe spinner and a lower torque wrench assembly.

Abstract: An open ended wrench is disclosed for engaging a nut or other object when moved in one direction and disengaging from the nut or object when moved in an opposite direction. The wrench consists of a first and a second jaw mounted on a handle and an adjusting member within the wrench for moving each of the jaws towards one another when the handle is moved in one direction and for moving each of the jaws away from one another when the handle is moved in another direction. The handle is operatively associated with each of the jaws through the adjusting member.

Abstract: A key wrench for turning a valve cross head at a bottom of a stop box of water supply service line toward a house, the wrench including a tubular opening therethrough for a line of sight to the crosshead, electric lamps near the wrench jaws so to light up the cross head, and a magnifying unit on the wrench for enlarging the crosshead view.

Abstract: A plurality of frozen fish columns having a rectangular cross section are contained in a corresponding number of transversely aligned and laterally spaced tubes constituting a magazine. The lower ends of the columns rest on pushers which are slidable on a number of plastic anvils or blocks comprising part of a vertically adjustable table assembly. A single-edge blade is advanced and retracted at a 30.degree. angle through the lower ends of the frozen columns to sever portions therefrom having a thickness determined by the vertical adjustment of the table assembly. Pushers, which are synchronized with the blade movement, shove the severed portions from the cutting station beneath the lower ends of the tubes onto a conveyor. By controlling the speed of the conveyor the various severed portions, while still uniformly oriented, are transferred in an appropriately spaced end-to-end relationship to another location for processing.

Abstract: A laminated plate-like workpiece of the type wherein the outer layers extend laterally beyond the edge faces of a median layer is trimmed in an apparatus wherein a reciprocable carriage supports several elongated abutment members which can enter between the outer layers of a workpiece to move into contact with an edge face of the concealed median layer. The workpiece is thereupon coupled to the carriage by several pairs of jaws and the carriage is moved to one or more preselected positions in each of which a different portion of the workpiece is located in the cutting plane of a rotary circular saw.

Abstract: A safety pusher device for use in guiding wooden work pieces through circular saws is provided which contains an L-shaped insert member containing an upper groove portion for slidable connection to a pusher handle. The insert member can be removed and replaced by another insert member upon being damaged and thus minimizes permanent damage to a pusher device.

Abstract: A saw chain, for motor chain saws, provided with depth limiters, gauges, or members, and with cutting teeth respectively arranged, in the direction of cutting movement, behind a depth limiter. Each cutting tooth projects outwardly from a base body transverse to the direction of cutting movement of the saw chain, and is set or twisted relative to the plane of the base body, with each cutting tooth having a transverse cutter which is formed by a cutting back surface and an outer surface of the twisted cutting tooth. Each depth limiter is bent laterally out of the plane of the base body of the subsequent cutting tooth, and forms a rearwardly open, acute inclined or chamfered angle with this plane. This angle may range between 3.degree. and 20.degree., and is preferably 9.degree.. The leading region of the depth limiter may be provided with a continuously and uniformly curved, downwardly extending, rounded entry portion.

Abstract: An improved, endless safety saw chain includes a pair of side links, one of the side links being a cutter link and the other of the side links being a noncutting link and having a depth gauge in substantial alignment with a depth gauge on the cutter link. A preceding center drive link may include an upward and rearward sloping surface positioned to extend between the depth gauges of the side links. The sloping surface is preferably dimensioned so as to be in substantial alignment with the depth gauges as the saw chain articulates about the nose of the chain saw bar.

Abstract: An electronic musical instrument of digital processing in which required musical waveshape data are calculated by a tone control device to obtain a complex musical waveshape and the complex musical waveshape is read out at a read frequency produced by a key closure to generate the selected musical note.

Abstract: A waveform storage and generating system is disclosed in which at least two waveforms are stored. Values of the first waveform are sequentially read out, and smoothing to eliminate step noise is performed. In order to smoothly shift to reading out the second waveform, one or more transitional waveforms are derived which represent amplitude values between the first and second waveforms. The process of reading out the first, transitional, and second waveforms to provide a smooth transition is referred to as cross-fading. Several embodiments, including a microprocessor oriented system are disclosed.

Abstract: Two magnetically permeable pole pieces have pole faces of predetermined configuration formed thereon, and the pole pieces conduct magnetic flux which interacts with a magnetically permeable string of a stringed instrument. The positioning of the pole faces, the geometric configuration of the pole faces relative to the string, and the predetermined pattern of magnetic flux emanated from the pole faces are arranged so that vibrational movement of the string in one plane creates significant magnetic flux changes in a first pole piece and minimal or no flux changes in the second pole piece. String vibrational movement in a second plane mutually perpendicular to the first plane creates significant magnetic flux changes in the second pole piece and minimum or no flux changes in the first pole piece. The magnetic flux changes are sensed and electrical signals related to the flux changes are derived. The electrical signals are supplied directly to audio amplifying equipment.

Abstract: An electronic musical instrument of the type producing pipe organ-like sounds including a circuit for simulating wind noise by causing a random perturbation from the nominal frequency of tune, which an organ flue pipe exhibits when sounding, through the use of digital noise generators which are utilized to approximate an analog white or random noise source. The digital noise generators produce digital noise signals which are used to frequency modulate the instrument tone generator to produce substantially random perturbations in tbe generator output signal frequency. The present invention may be used with musical instruments having a single tone generator system composed of either a multiplicity of oscillators with a vibrato input, or a top octave frequency generator integrated circuit and a single oscillator with a vibrato input, or a transposer system.