Abstract: A control system for thermoelectric refrigerators is disclosed. The thermoelectric refrigerator includes at least one thermoelectric element that undergoes a first order change at a predetermined critical temperature. The element functions as a thermoelectric refrigerator element above the critical temperature, but discontinuously ceases to function as a thermoelectric refrigerator element below the critical temperature. One example of such an arrangement includes thermoelectric refrigerator elements which are superconductors. The transition temperature of one of the superconductor elements is selected as the temperature control point of the refrigerator. When the refrigerator attempts to cool below the point, the metals become superconductors losing their ability to perform as a thermoelectric refrigerator. An extremely accurate, first-order control is realized.

Abstract: A self-regulating fluid operated valve system for a "no-work" refrigerator comprises a spring loaded pilot valve, connected to and acting against the pressure in the refrigerator chamber, provided with a throttling section which may be connected alternatively to the fluid supply or the fluid exhaust by a second valve moving with the displacer. The pilot valve also has a section which makes alternative connection between the refrigeration chamber and the supply of compressed refrigerant during the fully pressurized portion of the cycle. The valving connected to the displacer is in the form of a spool valve incorporated into the piston and so arranged that its low pressure section is between its high pressure section and the refrigeration chamber.

Abstract: Solar powered refrigeration apparatus is disclosed in which an absorption refrigeration system is operated directly by solar energy. One end of a heat pipe is thermally connected to the boiler of the absorption refrigeration system, and a solar collector is thermally coupled to the other remote end of the heat pipe. The heat pipe is a sealed, evacuated metal tube partially filled with water. The solar collector is a double walled glass vacuum tube with a central axial opening for accommodating the remote end of the heat pipe. Heat energy collected by the solar collector boils the water in the heat pipe to subsequently condense in the area of the boiler thus transferring heat energy along the heat pipe to the boiler. The heat pipe is installed sloping downwardly away from the boiler to permit the return of condensate down the pipe to the solar collector area thus permitting continuous operation.

Abstract: An air conditioning system in which system operation is interrupted when the space to be conditioned is unoccupied: when the outside air is of sufficiently low enthalpy the system cooler and damper controls are disabled and outside air is used for cooling, unless its enthalpy or temperature is indeed too low, when normal system operation is reestablished.

Abstract: A refrigeration control system for modulating an electrically-operated expansion valve in which a modulating, electrically-operated expansion valve is connected to the evaporator inlet, and first and second condition-responsive electrical sensors are positioned to respond to conditions at selected location in the system. An electrical amplifier circuit connects the condition-responsive electrical sensors to the valve for regulating the opening and closing of the valve in response to differences in the conditions sensed by the sensors. Refrigerant is fed to at least one of the sensors so as to cause modulation of the expansion valve. More particularly, the condition-responsive sensors are temperature-responsive, the first sensor being positioned to respond to the temperature of the liquid refrigerant expanded to suction pressure, and the second sensor being positioned to respond to suction line sensible temperature.

Abstract: In a refrigerated beverage dispenser having a plurality of coplanar circular cooling plates closing the bottoms of an array of beverage bowls, each concentric turn of a single multi-turn sinuous coiling of evaporator tubing is bonded in intimate heat-exchange relationships with all of the cooling plates and directs flow of the refrigerant serially across and part way around each cooling plate, and back, in succession. Tubing which interconnects across the spaces between adjacent cooling plates is clustered, to promote maximum arcuate spanning of the plates by those more active portions of the tubing best disposed to provide the cooling.

Abstract: A single-pipe boiler construction in an absorption refrigerating apparatus which operates with inert gas, an absorption solution that is rich in refrigerant. The latter is lifted in a central pump pipe in which vapor is expelled and the weak solution thus formed flows downwardly in an outer pipe. At least one heat source is arranged in heat-conductive contact with the outside of the outer pipe and heat from the heat source is conducted through the weak solution in the outer pipe to the pump pipe and its contents. Heat is supplied directly by conduction to the outer pipe and a direct heat-conductive connection is arranged between the outer pipe and the pump pipe.

Abstract: A refrigeration circuit comprising serially arranged low and high stage compressors, a condenser, an expansion device, and an evaporator. The circuit also includes by-pass means connecting a low pressure line with the high stage compressor for conducting refrigerant vapor therebetween to by-pass the low stage compressor, and a quench line connected to the by-pass means for conducting liquid refrigerant thereto. A check-quench valve is located at the intersection of the by-pass means and the quench line. The check-quench valve has a quench position blocking the by-pass means and opening the quench line, and a by-pass position opening the by-pass means and closing the quench line.

Abstract: A multipartite item of jewelry particularly useful as a finger ring formed of a plurality of sections which are flexibly connected to each other in order to form a closed series of curves with the sections being constructed with a circular configuration.

Abstract: Apparatus for manually producing a knit fabric comprises a series of knitting supports positioned along the edge of a base member on which supports the fabric is produced and supported, and at least one curved needle having a pair of yarn-threading eyes, which needle carries yarn from a yarn supply and is manipulated in conjunction with the supports to produce stitches thereon.

Abstract: An automatic chemical mixing system using a single level sensor, preferably an ultrasonic sensor, for monitoring the contents of a mixing tank. The level sensor provides an analog signal to a controller indicative of the level of liquid in the tank. Supply pipes from several sources of different chemicals lead to the tank through respective controllable valves. The required percentage of each chemical can be entered manually into the controller and each valve is opened in turn by the controller until the various percentages are reached. Provision is also made for adding small quantities of a further chemical which is supplied by a metering pump. The controller ensures that this is done after the other chemicals have been added. A mixer, also under control of the controller, starts running when all the chemicals have been added and stops when a predetermined low level is reached.

Abstract: A door-locking device is described including a plurality of locking bars drivable to a locking position projecting from the sides of the door into the door frame by means of a rotatable drive gear and a plurality of gear-cam segments, one for each locking bar. Each segment includes gear teeth formed on a first portion of its outer circumference meshing with the teeth of the drive gear, and a cam surface formed on a second portion of its outer circumference engageable by a cam follower carried by its respective locking bar. The locking device further includes a key-operated locking cylinder and an overlying protector plate having an opening covered by a disc formed with the key slot, the disc being yieldingly secured to the protector plate to thereby prevent a drill from penetrating same into the lock cylinder.

Abstract: A shield is rotatably mounted to a threaded element of the closure on an axis coincident with the axis of the threaded element, so that the shield impedes access to the threaded element. The shield can be removed from the threaded element or connected to the threaded element only upon actuation of the closure by an appropriate key. Absent such actuation, the threaded element cannot be rotated for disengagement from the conduit by rotating the shield. The closure is protected against attempts to disengage it from the conduit by bonding the shield to the threaded element with an adhesive and rotating the shield.

Abstract: A fuel tank lock for use with a conventional filler neck of an automotive vehicle. The filler neck has a baffle plate formed with a constricted passage normally closed by a biased-shut valve carried by the baffle plate. The valve is forced open when engaged by an unleaded fuel nozzle. The upper end of the filler neck is provided with a conventional fuel tank cap. The fuel tank lock includes a body provided with a key operated lock and a shank that extends through the constricted passage. The lock operates a latch that engages the underside of the baffle plate to prevent unauthorized withdrawal of the lock from the filler neck.

Abstract: An upper die is movable by a ram downwardly against a lower die with the dies enclosing a hollow article such as a knobshell in die cavities thereof. RAM continued downward movement of the closed dies forces a piston connected to the lower die downwardly against hydraulic fluid of a containing cylinder forcing the hydraulic fluid internally of the knobshell through the neck thereof forming the knobshell outwardly against the die cavity surfaces. The piston size compared to the knobshell size automatically creates a reactive force reversely tending to maintain the dies closed greater than the internal knobshell forming force tending to separate the dies. After knobshell forming, reverse ram movement first relieves piston pressure against the hydraulic fluid and ultimately separates the dies with a knockout member being actuated to eject the formed knobshell.

Abstract: A wire forming apparatus for torsion springs is disclosed. This apparatus comprises servomotors for performing the rotational and axial movement of an arbor and the feeding of a wire, a terminal forming mechanism, a cutting mechanism, a microcomputer for driving the servomotors, the terminal forming mechanism and the cutting mechanism, and various detecting mechanisms disposed at each constructional part for performing feedback control through the microcomputer.

Abstract: A machine for producing metal drape panels having integral male and female hinge means formed therein at preselected intervals and a preselected cross-sectional profile. A first machine and method stage employs a plurality of rotary die stations to cut initial hinge patterns for the male and female hinge means and to equalize out of the strip any remanant curl or side curve while stretching the strip to increase the interval between initial hinge patterns to a final preselected interval. A second machine stage employs a plurality of punch die stations for forming the initial hinge pattern on the strip into final male and female hinge means and a shaping-compensating die station for simultaneously shaping the preselected cross-sectional profile and compensating out of the strip any inherent remaining curl or twist therein.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the controlled cooling of a hot rolled steel rod. A hot rolled steel rod issued from a final stand of mill train is rapidly cooled, and then formed into a coil. The coiled rod is transported in a generally horizontal direction with its loops held at an angle of 30.degree. to 60.degree. relative to the direction of transportation and with a pitch of at least 2d/sin .alpha. where d is a diameter of the rod and .alpha. is the above-mentioned angle. A cooling medium, e.g. air, is forcibly applied to the coiled rod upwardly from below the coiled rod to cool the coiled rod uniformly at such a cooling rate as to achieve a phase transformation to obtain a structure consisting essentially of fine pearlite. The apparatus includes a cooling device for the rapid cooling, a laying head for the coil forming, a conveyor for transporting the coiled rod while supporting its loops at the angle and pitch, a coolant supply, and a mechanism for collecting the treated rod.

Abstract: A method of forming a beam blank, wherein:said method comprises:a process in which a plate-shaped slab is reduction-rolled in the widthwise direction by means of working rolls having box calibers each formed at the center thereof with a belly, whereby side spreadings are generated at opposite end portions in the widthwise direction of said slab to provide a blank of being a dog-bone shape in cross-section; anda process in which said blank is rolled by means of working rolls having beam blank calibers to provide a beam blank being of a predetermined shape in cross section; said process, in which the plate-shaped slab is reduction-rolled in the widthwise direction by means of the working rolls having the box calibers each formed at the center thereof with the belly, preferably comprising: a first step in which said plate-shaped slab is reduction-rolled in the widthwise direction by means of box calibers each formed at the center thereof with a belly to provide grooves for positioning in the centers at opposite

Abstract: An improved method of forming a fastener having a head and a shank includes the step of heating one end of a piece of barstock. A ring is then telescopically slid onto the cold end and moved toward the hot end of the barstock. Due to thermal expansion of the hot end of the barstock, the ring interferes with the hot end of the barstock. The ring is then engaged by a pair of dies and the barstock is forced further through the ring to accurately position it relative to the ring. The dies are then pressed against the barstock and the ring to grip the barstock and hold it against axial movement relative to the ring. The dies cooperate with the ring to form a die cavity. The hot end of the barstock extends into the die cavity. A header hot works the metal of the barstock to press it against an end surface of the ring and against side surfaces of the dies to shape the head end of the fastener. The header is then withdrawn, the dies are separated and the ring is removed from the shank of the fastener.

Abstract: According to the present invention, a new cold working metal process is disclosed for the formation of metal pipe union components, which includes blanks for so called gas meter swivels, which are actually pipe unions components with a slight adaptation. Both male and female components are made by the process. The process cold works a metal elongated hollow open ended blank to deform an unsupported circumferential portion of the blank wall into a predetermined shape. The steps of the process comprise supporting portions of the blank wall exterior and interior in a manner to define a shaping section of the predetermined shape in the area of the unsupported wall portion; applying a compressive load on the blank ends of sufficient force to exceed the compressive yield strength of the metal blank thereby deforming the unsupported wall portions to cause the deforming metal to flow into the shaping section to provide the predetermined shape.

Abstract: The invention contemplates a pipe-bending technique wherein an arcuate die which determines the course of bending the central axis of the pipe relies solely upon two tangentially engaging developing lines of contact which are spaced equally, at opposite offsets from the radial plane in which the pipe axis is bent. For the case of pipe bending to a circular arc, the opposed die faces are generally conical, and there is no pipe contact with the die in the range between the spaced developing lines of tangential contact.

Abstract: Tools for pressure forming teeth on the periphery of a cylindrical workpiece, the tools having an improved tooth generating configuration which increases the effective rolling length of machines which have been and are presently being utilized to pressure form teeth on the periphery of cylindrical workpieces and which enables the pressure forming of many gears and other toothed parts which could not be pressure formed heretofore due to limitations in the length of tools that can be accommodated in such machines.

Abstract: An improvement in the method of injection of liquid into an industrial device for separation by gas chromatography by means of a vaporizer swept by a vector, the liquid being brought to the vaporizer by a pipe containing a valve which, when opened and closed, permits the injection at a given rate of flow, of the predetermined quantity of liquid, the rapid purge of the fluids contained in the vaporizer and the adjacent ducts at the end of the injection, and the continuous slow purge between injections being insured by a system of valves, wherein the instantaneous vaporization is insured by a vaporizer-exchanger, and a branch permits the vector gas to short-circuit the vaporizer when the injection is shut off, while feeding the column.

Abstract: The disposable filter device of the invention is particularly suited for testing for the amounts of tars and nicotine in cigarettes and comprises a housing having two components (2,4) one of which has a cylindrical portion (8) and the other of which has an annular flange (48) whereby the two members can be telescoped together with a filter disc (6) therebetween for collecting the tars and nicotine. The member with the cylindrical portion is formed of a relatively soft resilient substantially non-hygroscopic polymer and the member with the annular flange is formed of a relatively hard substantially non-hygroscopic polymer. The resiliency of the member with the cylindrical portion in combination with the relative hardnesses of the members and the particular shapes of the telescoped portions (12,48) enables the two members to be removably secured together with an excellent seal therebetween.

Abstract: Apparatus for use in the measurement of a variable comprises a housing; a first transducer which is mounted within the housing and which is arranged to produce an electrical transducer output signal which depends both on the value of the variable and on the value of at least one calibration constant of the transducer; an encoder which is mounted within said housing and which is programmed with information relating to the value of said at least one calibration constant, said encoder being arranged to produce an electrical encoder output signal representative of the value of the said at least one calibration constant, and connector means carried by said housing and electrically connected to the first transducer and to the encoder to receive signals functionally related to the transducer and encoder output signals, the connector means being connectible to a second transducer for the transmission of the said functionally related signals thereto.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for internally applying fluid pressure in order to determine the leak resisting characteristics of pipe, by gravitating a pipe into an elongated upwardly opening trough filled with a noncompressible fluid, such as water. The pipe is supported submerged within the trough and below the liquid level thereof such that opposed seals can be lowered into the trough, reciprocated towards one another and into engagement with the opposed ends of the filled pipe. Hence, the seals isolate the pipe interior after the pipe has been filled with the non-compressible fluid. The internal pressure of the pipe is increased and held for a finite period of time, thereby determining the rate at which the noncompressible fluid escapes from the pipe interior. The seals are released from the pipe ends, the fluid drained from the pipe and back into the trough, and the tested pipe is then removed from the apparatus.

Abstract: A fuel injection nozzle is proposed, intended in particular for Diesel engines, in which an induction coil is installed in an intermediate disc. The coil core is embodied by a pressure element and a valve needle in force-locking contact therewith. An annular permanent magnet is secured either on the pressure bolt or on the intermediate plate. This embodiment of an injection nozzle, as a so-called needle stroke transducer, is used when it is desired to ascertain the duration of injection and especially the onset of injection.

Abstract: A fuel injection nozzle holder for internal combustion engines is proposed having an induction coil glued into an intermediate disc provided with two contact springs, which first are connected with the ends of the winding and second are embodied as contact tongues. Each tongue, together with an insulated wire lead, makes a releasable contact within the nozzle holder body.

Abstract: A flowmeter comprising a piston and cylinder arrangement and measuring means arranged to measure the distance through which the piston moves as fluid flows into the arrangement, in which measurement commences with a flying start with fluid already flowing into the piston and cylinder arrangement and the piston is returned to a starting end of its travel before each succeeding measurement.

Abstract: Apparatus for sensing the force necessary to pull the lever arm of an automobile parking brake to a predetermined position. An elongated body includes a cavity for receiving the lever arm of the parking brake assembly. The body includes a switch arranged to come into contact with portions of the parking brake assembly when the lever arm is lifted to a predetermined position. A transducer is operative to measure the amount of force required to lift the lever arm to the position at which the switch contacts the parking brake assembly.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for continuously determining direction parameters of a borehole from the position of a well logging tool in the borehole during tool movement in the borehole, comprise a well logging tool including an accelerometer and a direction indicator, such as a magnetometer, with three sensitive axes respectively. Output signals derived from the accelerometer are prefiltered and then combined with respective output signals derived from the direction indicator in a manner so as to reduce to negligible proportions the effects of tool motion on respective ones of the output signals. The resulting signal is then subjected to a selective low-pass filtering, and the components thereof are thereafter, respectively combined with corresponding, suitable components of the original output signals in a manner such as to derive direction parameters for the borehole.

Abstract: A test apparatus applies torque to rotating parts to be tested. A drive motor rotates a first shaft. A first coupling connects the first shaft with an input of the part to be tested. The second coupling connects an output of the part to be tested with an input member of a torque generating hydraulic motor. An output member of the hydraulic motor is non-rotatably coupled to the first shaft. The input member may rotate through more than 360.degree. relative to the output member. Pressure in the hydraulic motor may be varied to control the amount of torque applied to the parts to be tested.

Abstract: A digital system for indicating the quantity of fuel in a vehicle comprises a signal detecting device and a digital displaying device. Fuel which remains in a fuel tank of the vehicle or fuel which is consumed in the running of the vehicle is measured by the detecting device, and a signal of the detecting device is introduced into the displaying device for indication in a digital manner.

Abstract: The self-generating thermal radiation properties of an optical fiber element are employed to determine the temperature, location and length of a hot spot, or region, of an object.

Abstract: An ultrasonic probe for propagating an ultrasonic surface wave which is constrained along the probe with the evanescent pressure field penetrating the subject in a direction orthogonal to the axis of the probe. The ultrasonic probe may then be placed about a plurality of orientations, passing the evanescent pressure field through the subject along the plurality of orientations and detecting the loss of energy in each successive pressure field propagation. A data processing system for processing and correlating each successive detected energy loss in each propagation direction can produce a resultant computed tomographic image of a defined plane through the subject.

Abstract: An ultrasonic testing method permits investigating the nodal point in the profile of a cast wheel of a motor vehicle between clinch and wheel flange. Hollow spaces occurring in this area may be tolerated when the remaining wall thicknesses between the profile legs do not drop below a certain thickness. In order to be able to check a wheel in one single measuring process and with a simple measuring geometry, two of the three intermediate leg parts are tested by direct testing by an evaluation of the echo height in consequence of lateral contraction of ultrasonic energy or in consequence of partial reflection which allows one to make conclusions with regard to the cross section and sound spots of the material through which ultrasound was sent, while the remaining part is measured by means of a simple travel time transversely to the residual wall. An apparatus for performing this method is disclosed.

Abstract: A displacement transducer for measuring displacement brought about by pressure, strain or the like comprises a sensor for producing an electric signal representative of displacement, an output amplifier for amplifying the signal output from the sensor, an exciting circuit for exciting the sensor with a current or voltage and adapted for controlling excitation in dependence on deviation thereof from a reference value, and a correcting circuit for correcting the excitation of the sensor thereby to correct non-linearity of the output signal from the sensor. The correcting circuit includes a first voltage divider circuitry of a fixed dividing factor and a second voltage divider circuitry of a variable dividing factor connected in parallel with the first divider circuitry. The reference value is corrected by the voltage dividing factor of the second divider circuitry thereby to correct the excitation of the sensor.

Abstract: A vortex-shedding flow-measuring device in which the flowing velocity of the fluid is determined by measuring the frequency of differential changes of two capacitances formed by an electrode structure and the wall of the vortex-generating body. The electrodes are located in a recess formed in one end of the body and extend in the axial direction of the latter symmetrically with respect to the direction of flow of the fluid, whereby to reduce the effects on the measurement signal of vibration of the pipe or similar noise components.

Abstract: A belt-tension gauge for measuring the tension of a belt spanning a pair of wheels, especially a V-belt in the engine compartment of a motor vehicle, comprises two pivotally interconnected housing parts which are biased by a spring spread apart and carry respective rollers which bear upon one side of the belt while a member at the pivot rests against the opposite side. The relative displacement of the two housing parts by the spring is displayed by indicia on one of the housing parts and indicates belt tension.

Abstract: A device for sampling and dispensing adjustable volumes of liquid samples, with numerical display, is provided with a compact adjusting and display mechanism which comprises: an externally threaded sleeve which screw threadedly engages with the device housing; a prismatic control rod whose profile ensures that it rotates with the sleeve; a bush equipped, removably, with a means of causing it to rotate with the control rod; and a plurality of volume-indicator drums mounted around said bush. The sleeve serves as an adjustable end stop for a reciprocable piston actuated by the control rod.

Abstract: High-precision positive-displacement pipette having a nozzle with calibrated capillary channel and capable of disengageably fitting together with the free lower end of the pipette body. A piston fits tightly in the capillary channel and is controlled by a manually operable control rod equipped with a gripping device with which it grips the piston. An opening at this end of the body permits at least a part of the gripping device to pass through and come into contact with a stop provided on the inner surface of the nozzle so as to ensure the simultaneous ejection of the nozzle and of the piston which remains captive in the capillary channel.

Abstract: A replacement starting motor of the type for use in starting a passenger vehicle internal combustion engine is provided by converting a donor motor originally manufactured for one engine installation into a form making it a substitute for a starting motor manufactured for a different engine installation. The motor shell and solenoid housing and internal features contained therein are retained as a core from the donor starting motor in the replacement starting motor. A newly developed end cap assembly having a shape and spacial dimensions enabling the retained components of the donor starting motor to fit the different engine installation of the starting motor being replaced is attached to the donor core. A newly developed pinion sleeve having a unique length dimension is provided in the replacement starting motor to enable the retained components of the donor starter to properly bring the drive pinion into and out of driving engagement with the flywheel associated with the different engine installation.

Abstract: The invention refers to a step adjustable monoaxial vibrator intended to be used on the vibrating rollers or similar machines.In order to adjust the peak value of the excitation at various levels, it has three rotary balls (rollers) rolling along the pendular frame rolling path while being driven by a dynamic balanced fork as a rotor.Across the rotor axle there is an obturating rod in order to locate the central ball either in the same compartment or in the opposite one versus the remaining two balls.This allows the steady frequency excitation to be set up either at the maximum peak value or at a value three times lower. By removing the central ball, a medium size excitation is obtained.

Abstract: A mechanical variable authority trim mixer for controlling the flow of fuel to an engine receives a main input from the throttle lever and a second input from a trim actuator motor. The trim mixer combines the inputs to produce a single output operably connected to the fuel metering control of the engine. A programmed cam modifies or neutralizes the effects of the trim input through selected ranges of the main throttle input stroke.

Abstract: Remote control device for outside rearview mirrors adjustable from inside a vehicle by means of a cable transmission, comprising a body in which the cables are guided in parallel to the longitudinal axis of the said body.The body 1 is fitted on the vehicle door with its longitudinal axis XX.sub.1 parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle and the semi-spherical control member 8 is integral with an operating lever 14 perpendicular to the axis of the said semi-spherical member 8 and extending inside the vehicle at right angle with the longitudinal axis of the body 1 when the said semi-spherical member is in the neutral position, the said body being provided with openings 16, 17, 17a the edges of which ensure the guiding of the operating lever and of the semi-spherical control member.The invention is used for the remote control of rearview mirrors.

Abstract: A fluorocarbon composite is provided for use as liners and particularly for use as wire insulation and in extruded tubing for push-pull cable assemblies. The composite has excellent anti-friction and abrasion-resistant properties and can be utilized in environments requiring operation over a wide range of temperatures and load conditions, including high temperature applications. The composition comprises a mixture of a polymer of tetrafluoroethylene and a polymer of arylene sulfide, which mixture may also include a filler.

Abstract: A change speed apparatus for a tractor comprising a combination of frictional stepless change speed means and planetary reduction means. A large diameter gear is used to drive the frictional stepless change speed means by means of engine output, and the frictional stepless change speed means includes a large diameter driven disc which engages an outer periphery of an internal gear of the planetary reduction means to be axially movable but not rotatable relative to the internal gear. The planetary reduction means is located in a space defined by the large diameter gear and the frictional stepless change speed means.

Abstract: A can opener is disclosed for opening the types of closures commonly used on beer and soft drink cans. Those types of closures typically include a ring member operatively connected to the end of the can for engagement with a weakened portion of the end of the can. The can opener of the invention comprises a body portion, a head portion, and a handle. A lower lip member and an upper lip member are connected to the proximal end of the head portion. To open the closure of the can, the lower lip member is inserted under the ring member of the closure. The handle is grasped and the body portion is pivoted on the rim of the can to pull the ring member away from the can to completely remove the weakened portion of the closure from the can thereby producing an opening in the end of the can. A mouth portion is provided within the proximal end of the head portion for receiving the ring member during the opening procedure.

Abstract: A wrench including a handle portion and a wrench head that comprises an insertable flat disk containing an aperture therein for receiving a nut or the head of a bolt and, which further includes a rotatable drive shaft and a series of gears to provide rotation of the disk for turning the nut. The wrench is designed to be used in places where very little room is provided for turning a manual box or open-ended wrench in the necessary side-to-side motion. The wrench of the present invention including the flat nut turning disk is devoid of any protruding components such as is standard in the conventional socket wrenches.