Abstract: A combined solar-wind energy conversion system in which the combined effects of solar and wind energy are utilized in raising water from a lower to an upper water storage tank to increase its potential energy for generation of electricity. Incoming solar energy heats water to form steam which is temporarily stored. The stored steam is vented to one of first and second steam storage tanks from which it is coupled to first and second water pumping tanks. When the water enters one of the water pumping tanks, it forces the water temporarily stored therein to flow upwards the first steam storage tank. As soon as the water pumping tank is emptied, the steam condenses forming a partial vacuum in the tank. The vacuum causes water to be drawn from the lower water storage tank into the corresponding water pumping tank and the process repeated. The second water pumping tank is filled while the first water storage tank is emptied. Water flowing from the first water storage tank turns an electrical generator.

Abstract: A cryostat comprises an inner tank to be contacted with a cryogenic fluid and an outer tank surrounding the inner tank. The inner tank is formed of fiber-glass reinforced vinyl polyester resin.

Abstract: A method of preserving an organ which comprises first perfusing step of injecting blood uniformly perfusing choline from an artery or portal vein of the excised organ while gradually lowering its temperature and exhausting it from the vein continuing until the liquid is lowered to the first proximity lowering temperature before its solidifying temperature, second perfusing step of perfusing refrigerating defect preventing dimethyl sulfoxide or glycerin instead of the blood uniformly perfusing liquid while gradually lowering its temperature from the first proximity lowering temperature continuing until the agent becomes the second proximity lowering temperature before its solidifying temperature, third perfusing step of perfusing the final perfusing liquid of low solidifying temperature lower than alcohol or ether instead of the agent while gradually lowering the liquid from the second proximity lowering temperature continuing until the liquid becomes the third proximity lowering temperature before its solidif

Abstract: A drain assembly including a drain pipe and a heater oriented to heat the drain pipe, in combination with a defrosting type refrigeration evaporator intended for use within an enclosure whose temperature is maintained lower than the freezing point of water. The drain pipe has a discontinuity positioned in an upper portion so that defrost meltage traversing the drain tube in the ordinary course will not leak out of the pipe through the discontinuity, but that meltage backing up in the drain pipe because the drain pipe has been plugged by ice or dirt, will flow out of the discontinuity onto the freezer floor rather than backing up further into the drain pan, and the discontinuity will be maintained free of ice because it is heat transfer relation to the heater.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for controlling the volume of a fluid, e.g., air, moving through a duct system, e.g., a ventilating system for a vehicle, comprising the steps of moving the fluid through an inlet of the duct system under dynamic pressure; conducting the fluid through the duct system by means of propulsion system driven by an electric motor, wherein the electric current drawn by said motor varies with changes in the dynamic pressure; and adjusting the amount of fluid admitted into the duct system in response to the current drawn by the motor and thus, also responsive to the dynamic pressure, this adjusting step thereby maintaining a constant volume of fluid moving through the air duct system. Also disclosed is an apparatus for carrying out this method.

Abstract: In an air-conditioning system for a motor vehicle compartment, having first and second air-conditioning units which are arranged to cover mainly first and second zones in the compartment respectively, a seat switch is provided to detect the presence of an occupant in the second zone, and the direction of airflow from the first air-conditioning unit is periodically changed so that the airflow periodically extends to the second zone when the second air-conditioning unit is in off-state in the presence of an occupant in the second zone. The flow rate of the air from the first air-conditioning unit may be increased so that airflow therefrom effectively flows into the second zone. The flow rate of the air from the first and second air-conditioning units may be controlled in accordance with the difference between actual temperature and a setting temperature.

Abstract: A refrigeration system comprises a main circuit including a compressor, a condenser, a main capillary tube, and an evaporator whereby a coolant is circulated through the main circuit to effect a refrigerating cycle, a bypass circuit including an auxiliary capillary tube the inlet side of which is connected to the high pressure side of the compressor, and an electromagnetic valve the inlet side of which is connected to the outlet side of the auxiliary capillary tube and the outlet side of which is connected to the low pressure side of the compressor, a circuit breaker switch acting to disconnect the main circuit when the pressure of the coolant reaches a first preset pressure, and a bypass switch acting to open the electromagnetic valve to cause part of the coolant from the outlet side of the condenser to flow through the auxiliary capillary tube and electromagnetic valve to the low pressure side of the compressor when the pressure of the coolant reaches a second preset pressure lower than the first preset pre

Abstract: A refrigeration system for cooling a beverage as the beverage is drawn from a container filled with water which has an evaporator coil carried adjacent the wall thereof which extends from adjacent the top of the container to the bottom of the container. When a refrigerant is circulated through the evaporator coil, an ice bank is built up on the inner wall of the container. A beverage dispensing coil is centrally located with the container and is connected between a faucet and the container from which the beverage is to be drawn. A helical support coil extends from adjacent the top of the container to the bottom and encircles the beverage dispensing coil. A temperature sensor is threaded inside the helical copper support coil so that any time the ice bank builds up closely adjacent thereto, it will turn off the compressor. A motor driven power paddle is used for circulating the water within the container.

Abstract: Bulk products are cooled by feeding them into a substantially horizontal drum that rotates about its axis. The drum is housed within an insulated enclosure and has a perforated cylindrical wall. The enclosure is subdivided by a wall that extends parallel to the axis of the cylinder; and this latter wall is sealed against the cylinder in such a way that access between the two sides of this latter wall can only be through the cylinder. Cooling gas is then forced upwardly through the cylinder by a fan disposed in this latter wall. The holes through the cylinder are in the form of peripherally elongated slots; and a brush in continuous contact with the periphery of the cylinder not only provides a portion of the seal that forces the cooling gas to pass through the cylinder, but also cleans these slots.

Abstract: A dilute solution producing system of an absorption refrigerating apparatus wherein spraying of a solution and absorption of a refrigerant gas into the solution take place in a plurality of stages to produce a solution of low concentration. A solution of high concentration is sprayed in a zone of cooling water of high temperature in an absorber and the refrigerant gas is absorbed into the sprayed solution to produce a solution of intermediate concentration, and the solution of intermediate concentration is sprayed in a zone of cooling water of low temperature and the refrigerant gas is absorbed into the sprayed solution to produce a dilute solution as desired.

Abstract: Freezing of ice on quick connect couplings during transfer of a cryogenic liquid, such as liquid oxygen, from one container to another is prevented by providing a cup-like shield means encircling the body of the coupling. Cold, dry purge gas from the container being filled is introduced into the shield base at a point remote from its open end while the cryogenic liquid is passing through the coupling.

Abstract: A three-compartment, instant hot or cold, reusable cold pack for transferring heat to or from an object. A first compartment contains a predetermined amount of a solvent comprised primarily of water. A second compartment contains a predetermined amount of a solute capable of essentially completely dissolving in the solvent. A third compartment contains a gelling agent capable of gelling with the solvent and solute solution and producing a gel that is relatively soft and moldable when frozen.

Abstract: A fabric dryer is mounted in an elevated posture above a support surface and a washing machine on a support stand. The support stand includes adjustable members by which the support stand and attached fabric dryer can be leveled and adjusted for proper height with respect to the support surface. Each base member of the support stand is formed from a C-shaped channel and the rear of the washing machine cabinet includes a pair of glide plates which are engageable with the lower flanges of the support stand base members to automatically level the washing machine and locate the top of the washing machine below the fabric dryer.

Abstract: An apparatus for supporting a guide roll horizontally within a steamer or like housing wherein the roll is looped partially from the bottom by a length of textile material. The apparatus includes means for suspending the roll at each of its ends via support means that extend through the ceiling of the housing. These support means are vertically controllable to be raised and lowered as required.

Abstract: Improved apparatus for continuously treating moving textile material in staple length fiber form by impregnating the moving fibers with a dye or other chemical, compressing and conveying the impregnated fibers in a continuous compacted mass form through an elongate heating tube to fix or react the dye chemical on the fibers, and periodically discharging in compacted mass sections of the fibers onto a conveyor which transports the fibers while they are being washed. The improvement in such apparatus comprises a pair of agitating rollers and a pin conveyor section disposed in the path of movement of the compacted fiber mass sections to break the sections apart and generally uniformly distribute the fibers on the washing conveyor to facilitate removal of excess dye or chemical therefrom.

Abstract: An apparatus for mercerizing textiles and fabrics of cotton or cotton blends; the textile material, before and during impregnation with lye, is guided between a drum mantle and a synchronous liquid-permeable pressure band; removal of the lye is effected through the textile material while the latter is looped around the drum. The shrinkage of edges, especially of fabrics, is to be avoided both with certainty and also in a lasting manner. Also to be achieved is a complete impregnation of the textile material, as well as a removal and recovery of the strong lye without a dilution thereof by weak lye or water used for removal of lye.

Abstract: A fluid flow suppressor for use with a number of running threadlines comprising a pair of plates which are rotatable about a common axis substantially parallel to the threadlines, the plates being provided with apertures through which the threadlines may be threaded when the apertures are superimposed and a number of slots corresponding to the number of threadlines, the slots in one of the plates opening into the right hand side of the aperture in that plate and the slots in the other of the plates opening into the left hand side of the aperture in that other plate, the slots being so disposed that on rotation of the plates they superimpose on each other.

Abstract: A changeable safe deposit lock, usable in a single key or a double key configuration, having one or a pair of stacks of vertically slidable adjustable fences carried on a bolt plate and held in adjusted positions by a clamping assembly having a changing screw which is accessible at the back of the lock when the bolt plate is in unlocked position. After insertion of a key for which the lock is presently conditioned and rotation of the key to the unlocked condition, the screw may be loosened and the key rotated an additional distance whereby the initial key can be removed from the lock and a second key may be placed in the lock and rotated to return the bolt plate to the locked position and the changing screw tightened down to lock the fences in the new position adapted to the new key.

Abstract: A padlock having a permutation mechanism and a key mechanism, either of which can be operated to actuate a locking mechanism to lock and unlock the padlock, wherein the key mechanism is an integral part of the locking mechanism.

Abstract: A combination lock for luggage cases, comprising a frame, to be mounted on one part of the luggage case, a lock plate provided with a plurality of lock lugs, a plurality of lock wheels each having a slot to be selectively engaged with a corresponding one of the lock lugs, the lock wheels each being provided with a dial wheel, the dial wheels being laid flat side by side on the frame and having an upper surface carrying a group of code figures arranged in a circle. The lock plate is further provided with a hook means for engaging and disengaging a hasp member provided on another part of the luggage case. When the lock wheels are rotated to align the slots with the lock lugs, the lock plate is free to move so that the hook means can be moved toward and away from the hasp member.

Abstract: A detachable guard or cover for preventing access to the keyhole of cylinder type locks in the face of a wall or locked door of a tool cabinet is combined with openings in the wall on each side of said keyhole. The guard comprises a generally U-shaped body having a pair of anchor legs joined at one end by a shouldered rivet. The free terminal end of each leg has a right angular tongue which fits into one of the openings in the wall when the guard straddles the keyhole to anchor the guard against the rear face of the wall. A locking leg journalled on the rivet fixes the guard when in closed position. The anchor legs and the locking leg have holes, which register when in closed position, to receive the shackle of a padlock. Alternatively, a lock set or cylinder lock may be built in to the anchor legs, with its pawl positioned to immobilize the locking leg until turned by a key to unlock.

Abstract: High-strength aluminum alloys and other hot-short-sensitive alloys can be extruded at rapid rates through a cooled, double reduction die (3) without hot-short cracking or scoring caused by die pickup. A primary reduction die (4) has a long, cooled primary land (5) and is followed by a secondary reduction die (6). A metal billet (15) may be extruded through the primary die (4) at about the solidus temperature of its lowest melting phase, then cooled as it passes through the primary die land (5) to reduce or maintain the temperature below the solidus temperature and, finally, the primary extrusion is reduced in cross section in the secondary die (6) by about 2-50%. The temperature, the back pressure caused by the second reduction, and the low friction through the primary land (5) contribute to eliminate hot-short cracks and minimize serious pickup scoring at surprising rates of at least about 18 meters per minute (60 ft/min) for 2024 aluminum rod.

Abstract: A method for threading a closure having cylindrical walls which includes securing the closure in a stationary nest, inserting a threading tool having indentions on the outside thereof into the interior of the closure, moving the closure into a ring having projecting threads on the inside thereof around the outside walls of said closure, moving the threading tool into contact with the interior portion of the closure upon which threads are to be formed, and moving the threading tool around the interior portion of the stationary closure in an orbital path to form threads in the closure without rotating the threading tool about the threading tool axis.

Abstract: A new rolling mill configuration is provided containing fourteen rolls and which may be described as an improved six-high arrangement. The mill contains two substantially identical upper and lower roll clusters. Each roll cluster comprises a floating work roll, a chock mounted intermediate roll and a chock mounted back-up roll. The work roll is supported laterally by a pair of chock mounted side intermediate rolls and each side intermediate roll is supported by a single side backing roller assembly. The chocks of each side intermediate roll and the adjacent side backing roller assembly are supported by an adjustable stationary rigid support beam assembly.

Abstract: In producing compound plates, such as compound glass panes, two individual plates are held in opposed spaced parallel relation with a frame located between them and extending along the edges of the plates so that the frame connects the plates together. In assembling the compound plates, the frame is formed by removing a flat strip from a supply source and conveying it to a bending station. While the strip is moved to the bending station or in the bending station a number of miter cuts are formed spaced apart in the long direction of the strip so that the miter cuts separate the strip into connected subsections. The miter cuts are located to correspond to the intersecting edges of the plates. The strip is bent or folded along lines extending in its long direction into a hollow section. Subsequently, the hollow section is formed into a frame by bending the connected subsections at the miter cuts.

Abstract: A method for increasing strength and/or hardness of a preshaped metal specimen by cold working is disclosed. Compressive force is applied to the specimen slowly so that the yield strength of the specimen progressively increases and the specimen exhibits squirming instability as its diameter increases.

Abstract: A method is provided of making a collar (10') having an annular flat outer surface (118) and an inner surface having an inwardly tapering first portion (120) and peripheral outwardly tapering notch portion (122). The method includes the steps of providing a die assembly including a die cavity having an annular seating surface (130) with an opening (132) therethrough and an annular side wall (134) and a reciprocating forming die (136). The die (136) includes a shoulder portion (138) closely fitting against the side wall (134) of the cavity (128) and a cylindrical portion (140) and a frustoconical portion (142) therebetween. The forming die (136) enters the die cavity (128) whereby the cylindrical portion (140) enters the opening (132) of the seating surface (130) so that the cylindrical portion is spaced therefrom.

Abstract: A hydraulic gun for installing inserts in which the hydraulic mechanism becomes inoperative after the mandrel of the gun travels a predetermined distance. The gun includes a means for adjusting the predetermined distance of mandrel movement.

Abstract: A mount is provided having a central portion defining first and second sides and provided with a plurality of openings formed therethrough for support of the mount from a vehicle hub wheel mounting portion with the first side of the mount opposing the hub. The mount includes remote lever arm portions extending outwardly from the central portion in opposite directions generally normal to a ray normal to the first side of the mount and an anchor arm is carried by one of the lever arm portions and projects outwardly of the second side of the mount. An elongated lever arm is also provided and has one end portion pivotally supported from the anchor arm outer end for oscillation about an axis transverse to the lever on end of the anchor arm and the other end portion of the lever arm spaced laterally outwardly from the second side of the mount in registry with the other lever arm portion.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to the construction and method of using synthetic diamond dies for drawing wire through a land or throat of a passage through the diamond die with the land or throat located midway between the opposite sides of the synthetic diamond and with approach passages located at opposite ends of the land so that the wire can be pulled through the die in either direction. This increases the useful life of the die before it becomes necessary to resize the die. The object of the invention is to reduce the cost of wire drawing through synthetic diamond dies.

Abstract: A tool holder bracket is provided having a pair of parallel legs connected by a web which offsets the legs. One leg of the tool holder has a pair of anchor pins with enlarged heads for securing the bracket to a work support platform by inserting the anchor pins through keyhole-shaped openings and locking the bracket to the platform by engaging the heads under the platform. A pin is inserted through the other leg of the tool holder and an aligned opening in the platform to attach a tool to the bracket between the leg and the platform surface.

Abstract: An apparatus (10,10') for in situ testing of a smoke detector (12,12') is set forth. A structure (14,14') has either first (28) and second (30) openings (28,30) or a single opening (28') to an interior chamber (22,22'). Air is impelled through the first opening (28) or the single opening (28') into the chamber (22,22') where it is thoroughly mixed with aerosol particles from a spray can (56,56'). The air-aerosol mixture exits the chamber (22,22') via the second opening (30) or the single opening (28') and travels via a wand structure (38,38') to the vicinity of the smoke detector (12,12').

Abstract: Apparatus for testing the abrasion resistance of a printed area on a carton which is also subjected to flexing during the abrasion process. The apparatus includes means for holding the two carton samples in proximity to each other while one sample is oscillated over and abraded with the other. One of the samples is provided with a raised center portion to simulate flexing of the carton samples as they are abraded.

Abstract: A gauge measuring percent oxygen by simultaneously measuring oxygen partial pressure and ambient atmospheric pressure with solid state transducers. Two electrical signals obtained from the transducers are combined in a summing amplifier in accord with an empirically determined relation to yield a percent oxygen value which is displayed. The gauge has provisions for using an internal oxygen partial pressure transducer or an external probe connected to the gauge by a cable.

Abstract: A knock detecting apparatus for detecting the occurrence of knocking in an internal combustion engine by detecting variations in the pressure of engine cooling water. A sealed double diaphragm structure is formed by a first diaphragm which is directly responsive to variations in the cooling water pressure and not resonant at the knock frequencies and a second diaphragm which is resonant at the knock frequencies. A noncompressible fluid is contained in the sealed double diaphragm structure between the two diaphragms. Pulsations of the second diaphragm, resonant at the knock frequencies, are detected by a magnetic device or a piezoelectric device operative to output an ac signal.

Abstract: A device for the determination of the gas permeability of a material such as paper includes a holder 1 for holding a sample across a gas flow passage of predetermined cross section and a pump 2 for drawing air through the passageway via one or more constant flow device C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 arranged in parallel. Each constant flow device has a closable control valve V.sub.1 -V.sub.6 respectively. A first pressure transducer measures the pressure drop across the sample and a second pressure transducer, in cooperation with a lamina flow element measures the rate of air flow through the sample. A by-pass by-passes selectively three of the control valves of the constant flow devices. The by-pass has valves B.sub.1 -B.sub.3 arranged in parallel and operable to close the by-pass to gas flow therethrough to the respective constant flow devices C.sub.1 -C.sub.6.The by-pass also includes an atmospheric bleed 11 and a valve B.sub.4 closable to stop the flow of air into the by-pass.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting perforations in an underground fuel storage tank, employs the creation of a partial vacuum in the tank and a pressure difference across the tank wall, to cause air to pass through the perforation, and a hydrophone to sense the acoustic waves produced by the formation of air bubbles in the fuel. The acoustic waves of the bubbles caused by the air passage are sensed by a hydrophone and processed to provide an electrical signal indicative of the presence of the perforation. A water level sensor is also used to detect the level of water beneath hydrocarbon fuel in the tank. The method and apparatus can also be used with above ground fuel storage tanks and other types of above and below ground storage tanks.

Abstract: A grain moisture meter and/or a meter for measuring grain bin temperatures, comprises a half-wave pulse oscillator with pulses connecting to the outer shell of a grain container. Pulses pass through the grain and through a central electrode and the signals are amplified and fed to a meter to read the moisture content. A thermistor is in circuit to adjust for variations in temperature of the grain. The device can be adjusted to test grain by three methods. Firstly, it can given an indication of dryness, toughness and dampness to a farmer in the field when combining. Secondly, by use of charts or graphs, it can be used to identify each point on the scale giving an accurate determination of the moisture content of any grade above number four grade and thirdly, by the use of other charts or graphs, accurate readings of any grain grade can be ascertained.

Abstract: A control device is proposed for the burnoff procedure of a hot wire in a constant-temperature anemometer. The control device ascertains temperature increases elapsing in an uncontrolled manner at the hot wire, for instance occurring as a result of a spontaneous ignition of gasoline fumes, and terminates a burnoff procedure, once begun, upon the occurrence of these uncontrolled temperature increases. These events are ascertained via the signal behavior of the hot wire current and are related to a computer-controlled realization and to an analog circuit layout.

Abstract: A trunk dynamometer measures isometric and concentric strength and muscular endurance of the extensors and flexors of the lumbar and thoracic spine. A stabilization seat assembly immobilizes the pelvis, thighs, knees, and feet of the subject and is movable relative to a mainframe to permit the subject's axis of spinal flexion and extension to be aligned with the rotation axis of a torque transducer shaft. A laser alignment arrangement cooperates with a sacral stabilizer pad to assure proper alignment of the axes. Anterior and posterior trunk pads are adjustable in height and are linked to the torque transducer shaft to transmit the subject's spinal flexion and extension efforts as torque to the transducer shaft. An accessory shaft, also linked to the trunk pads and aligned with the transducer shaft axis, has a counterweight rigidly suspended therefrom to compensate for torque applied to the transducer by the trunk pads alone.

Abstract: An apparatus for accurately centering a wheel on the spindle of a balancer is disclosed. The apparatus has mounting pins resiliently disposed in recesses in the surface of a disk member. The mounting pins have locations that correspond to the mounting holes in a wheel, and engage the mounting holes in the wheel when a means for securing retains the wheel against a planar surface of the disk member.

Abstract: A low-cost, two-axis acceleration sensor utilizing piezoelectric generator elements affixed to the rotating housing of an inside-out synchronous motor. Signals generated by the piezoelectric bender elements are amplified, compensated, balanced, and converted to FM signals for transmission off the rotating assembly.

Abstract: An ultrasonic scanning system is provided in which an ultrasonic transducer is oscillated for scanning purposes by a piezoelectric bender. One end of the bender is fixedly mounted in a sector scanner head, while the other end is connected to the ultrasonic transducer. The bender is deflected through the application of a drive voltage to electrodes plated on the piezoelectric material, causing the bender to deflect by a distance which is proportional to the applied voltage. The transducer is thereby caused to oscillate or rock by the motion of the bender.

Abstract: A broadband angle-beam transducer system for producing and/or receiving Reigh waves on the surface of a metal medium comprising a thickness mode piezoelectric polymer transducer element embedded within and impedance matched to a plastic wedge. The transducer element is oriented at an angle determined to be the critical angle for Rayleigh waves in the metal structure to be tested. As a transmitter, the transducer element generates discrete dilatational wave pulses, one of which propagates within the plastic wedge to the plastic face in contact with the metal structure. At this face some of the wave energy is reflected as dilatational and shear waves within the wedge and the remainder of the wave energy passes through a coupling medium into the metal structure producing a Rayleigh wave traveling along the surface of the structure.

Abstract: A novel transducer able to detect ultrasonic surface waves over a wide frency band. The transducer is essentially a grid or series of bars connected in parallel or series. The sensitivity of the transducer increases proportionally with frequency for constant surface wave amplitude. The transducer detects surface waves by providing a resistance change across the transducer output terminal proportional to the surface wave strain. The output voltage can be calibrated to give a direct reading of the surface wave amplitude. The coupling problems which are inherent in most transducer configurations are drastically reduced for this strain sensitive detector. The modulation of the grid excitation voltage provides a means for mixing two signals by giving the direct product of the signals in time. Complicated filtering functions can be built into the grid detector by varying the bar spacing in a manner analogous to the piezoelectric interdigital grid transducer.

Abstract: A fluid pressure sensing device for a fluid-containing vessel, and a method of assembling said device, is disclosed. A metallic diaphragm is preferably laser-fused to one end of the sensing device to define the end surface thereof. The sensing device is preferably mounted and sealed with the wall of the vessel such that the diaphragm and such sealing engagement is substantially flush or coplanar with the inside surface of the wall. A passageway extending through the sensing device admits an indicator fluid to one side of the diaphragm for measuring the pressure of the fluid in the vessel. The passageway also includes an adjustable nozzle for pre-calibrating the sensing device.

Abstract: A pressure transducer of the manometer type comprises two interconnected columns of liquid with means for applying differential pressure across the columns. The liquid is a magnetic liquid and a magnetic field is impressed on the columns to attract the liquid by magnetic force to a reference position. The applied differential pressure acts counter to the magnetic force to shift the columns so that their difference in lengths reflects the pressure. By using capacitor plates to define the walls for the liquid columns and a magnetic liquid which is a dielectric, the capacitance between the plates is a function of the column lengths and therefore is a function of the applied differential pressure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a crack in a tube.The tube is placed in a groove made in a support, a load is applied by means of a plate disposed along a generatrix of the tube in order to start a crack and permit the propagation thereof. Load application is stopped when the crack has reached the desired dimensions.Application is to the production of faults having a controlled size in a tubular member.

Abstract: A device is disclosed for measuring the mass and velocity of a fluid flowing in a conduit, in a flow direction, which comprises a pair of signal transducer arrays each disposed at planes extending through the conduit and spaced in the flow direction. Each transducer of each array is adapted to transmit a signal and receive all signals of all other transducers so that a variety of signal paths are established through the flow both transversely to the flow and in the flow direction. Differences in transit times between arrays are used to measure velocity and attenuation of the signal within an array are used to determine density. The density and velocity measurements are combined to determine mass flow.

Abstract: A system for detecting changes in the electrical conductivity or capacitance of a fluid occasioned by the passage of a follower element is disclosed which includes a hollow fluid passage such as a flowmeter through which a fluid is caused to pass and is provided with at least one follower element of similar cross sectional shape to that of the passage and of a size slightly smaller than the passage which is free to move along the passage and has electrical conductance or capacitance properties substantially different from the fluid. At least one electrically-conductive sensor is disposed in the passage in electrical communication with the fluid. A detector circuit is utilized to sense changes in conductance or capacitance through said fluid in accordance with the presence of said follower element in the conductive path.