Abstract: A multistage method of refining a metal containing at least two metallic components in at least two sequential metal vaporization stages substantially horizontally arranged and each having a metal feed thereto, comprises,in each stage, irradiating the metal feed with an electron beam effective to heat the metal to a temperature at which the total vapor pressure of the melt is about 0.5 to 7 torr, and at which the partial vapor pressure of at least one metal component of the melt is different from that of at least one other metal component of the melt, and forming a vapor phase and a melt phase, in which each phase is either enriched or depleted in at least one metal component;wherein the vapor pressure of the condensate of said vapor phase at its condensation point is less than about 10.sup.

Abstract: A decarburization procedure for rapidly decarburizing a steel melt comprising top injection of oxygen and powdered lime and bottom injection of oxygen and inert gas, discontinuance of the top injection at a specified time, and decarburization to the aim carbon content by the bottom injection.

Abstract: A mixture gas containing metallic vapor with oxidizing gas produced by reducing of the oxide of the metal at high temperature is led, at a high enough temperature and a low enough pressure for the reverse oxidization reaction between them to not substantially take place, into a convergent-divergent nozzle, and squirts out from the nozzle, as cooled down rapidly by adiabatic expansion in the nozzle to a low enough temperature for the oxidization reaction between them to not substantially take place, to be led to the surface of a pool of molten retrieving metal, either directly or via deceleration. The retrieving pool metal may be the same kind as the metallic vapor to be retrieved, or may be different. When the metallic vapor to be retrieved is magnesium vapor, the retrieving metal of the different kind may be lead, bismuth, tin, antimony, or a mixture thereof.

Abstract: A method of reducing and recovering volatile metal from metal oxides comprising the steps of injecting metal oxide-containing material into a shaft reactor, simultaneously injecting reducing agent into said reactor, continuously maintaining said reactor substantially filled with coke, supplying thermal energy to the reactor, preferably by means of a plasma burner, such that at least some of the metal oxides are reduced to metal and melted or volatilized depending upon whether the metal is volatile. The melted metal is removed from the bottom of the reactor while the volatilized metal is permitted to flow upwardly through the shaft reactor in the form of metal vapor together with a gas flow. The coke in the shaft reactor through which the volatilized metal passes is maintained at a temperature in excess of 1000.degree. C., thus screening the upper portion of the shaft reactor and the reactor top by means of the coke so as to prevent condensation of the volatilized metal.

Abstract: A hydrogen absorbing and desorbing metal material which comprises elements belonging to the IIa-Va groups having the ability to form metal hydrides, and S at an atomic ratio of 0.004-0.04 in terms of one of the elements.

Abstract: The present publication describes a process for the preparation of lignosulfonate-based mixtures used in particular as additives of concrete. According to the process of the present invention, the sulfite spent liquor is treated with a nitrating reagent, such as nitric acid or nitrogen dioxide, and the reacted lignosulfonate is separated from the reaction product, and, together with the reacted lignosulfonate, the nitrate and nitrite compounds are separated from the reaction product, and the product mixture formed by the reacted lignosulfonate, nitrate compounds and nitrite compounds is purified in a way known per se. The product prepared in accordance with the process is suitable in particular for the liquefaction of concrete, for accelerating the setting of concrete, and for inhibiting corrosion of concrete reinforcement steels contained in concrete, if any.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for making a lightweight silicate aggregate. The process includes the steps of mixing together dry rice hull ash, an alkali metal hydroxide, boric acid, and water; heating the mixture to a temperature sufficient to initiate reaction; curing the composition at a temperature less than the boiling point of water until the reaction is complete; comminuting the cured product and heating the comminuted product to form the expanded aggregate.

Abstract: An ettringite-producing hydraulic cement especially adapted to the high speed production of carbon dioxide resistant cement board produces essentially all of its potential ettringite within about 20 minutes after it is mixed with water. The cement is non-expansive and sets within about 25 minutes at a temperature of from about 65.degree. F. to about 150.degree. F.

Abstract: A hydraulic cement mix including hydraulic cement, aggregate, sufficient water to effect hydraulic setting of the cement, and an admixture comprising a mixture selected from an olefin sulfonate, an alkylarylsulfonate, an alkyloamide, an ethoxylated fatty amine, an alkanolamine, and a hydrolyzed starch having a dextrose equivalent value in the range of commercial corn syrups, the admixture being present in an amount sufficient to increase the compressive strength of nonplastic cementitious mixes such as those used in making masonry units, pipe and the like. Generally, the additive is present in an amount between 0.005 and 0.5 weight percent based on weight of cement.

Abstract: Collagen, available from domestic animals, is freed of noncollagen proteins, glycosaminoglycans and lipids by enzymatic treatment with a proteolytic enzyme to yield a product which is soluble in dilute acidic aqueous solutions (collagen in solution--CIS). The naturally occurring collagen is modified by removal of certain terminal peptide chains, which are described as telopeptides. The modified collagen, so derived, is described as atelopeptide collagen. Native collagen is immunogenic, while atelopeptide collagen is nonimmunogenic or possessed of a negligibly low level of immunogenicity.The collagen in solution is then treated according to a specific regimen under conditions whereby the collagen slowly separates from solution while exposed to mild shear forces. This procedure results in the formation of a fibrous precipitate composed of regularly ordered fibers of collagen possessed of a rope-like structure. These resulting aggregates are referred to as native fibrous micropolymers (NFM).

Abstract: The sugar content of citrus press liquor is enhanced by separating citrus solids, extracting fructose, glucose, and sucrose from the solids, and recombining the aqueous extract to increase the sugar content thereof. By inversion of the sucrose present in the sugar-enhanced press liquor, a high fructose syrup can be readily obtained which appears indistinguishable from high fructose corn syrup. When separation is effected by centrifugation, a colloidal phase is formed from which limonene and biocidal flavanoids can be extracted, resulting in a press liquor suitable for fermentation to alcohol. The solid residue remaining after extraction can also be recycled with the remaining press cake.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for interrupted quenching of aluminum alloys with structural hardening.It comprises, starting from solution annealing:(a) rapid cooling by quenching until the product reaches a temperature of from 150.degree. to 260.degree. C.;(b) stopping the quenching operation for a period of from a few seconds to some tens of minutes (air cooling), and(c) resuming quenching to ambient temperature.Under these conditions, the result is quenched and tempered products which have mechanical characteristics close to state T6 and better than those of conventional state T73, with a very good degree of resistance to corrosion (flaking corrosion or stress corrosion) and a level of internal stresses which is substantially halved in comparison with conventional state T6.This treatment can be applied to all aluminum alloys of the 2000, 6000 and 7000 series (in accordance with the A.A.).

Abstract: A process for depositing an epitaxial film of a III-V compound onto the surface of a crystallographically compatible substrate which includes contacting said substrate with a vaporous mixture of a group III element and a group V element to effect the deposition of a group III-V compound thereon while simultaneously introducing a flow of hydrogen halide gas during deposition of the group III-V compound.

Abstract: A relatively low-density Nickel based superalloy particularly suitable for use in the form of a single crystal casting comprised by weight percent:Chromium: 7-13%Aluminium: 5-7%Titanium: 2-5%Cobalt: 4-16%Molybdenum and/or Ruthenium: 1-4%Vanadium: 0-2%Carbon: 0-0.05%Balance Nickel plus incidental impurities, the density of the alloy being less than 7.9 kg/dm.sup.3.

Abstract: A cast explosive charge composition comprises trinitrotoluene (TNT) as a fusible component, at least one further energy carrier as solid filler, and a finely pulverized inert solid substance which is present in an amount of from 0.01 to 5% by weight, said inert solid substance having a specific surface of 10 to 1200 m.sup.2 per gram.

Abstract: Mortar is deflected continuously onto a moving carrier sheet from a distributor belt which is moving transversely to the carrier sheet by a plow which shuttles across the length of the distributor belt. An uninterrupted flow of mortar is spread across the sheet. The layer of mortar on the carrier sheet is slightly undulatory in the machine direction but a lateral cross section has a substantially uniform thickness so that a flat broad ribbon of mortar emerges from under a screed downstream from the shuttle plow.

Abstract: This invention discloses a plastic film having a non-slip surface comprising spaced random patterns of rigid peaks and ridges formed by a second thermo-plastic layer coextruded with and bonded to the plastic film and rupturing the second layer during expansion.

Abstract: Simulated beveled and leaded glass products which include flat-bottomed, beveled grooves formed in the front surface of a pane of glass or plastic, forming design segments of unrelieved thickness surrounded by beveled grooves, and a plurality of lead strips bonded to the flat bottom walls of the grooves, thus enclosing the design segments and simulating beveled and leaded glass.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process for manufacturing a ceramic heat exchanger wherein a layer of ceramic material is deposited on a fugitive carbon form by chemical vapor deposition. The carbon form is thereafter burned away from the ceramic material to form a heat exchanger element. A plurality of heat exchanger elements are bonded to one another by chemical vapor deposition to form a homogeneous ceramic heat exchanger.

Abstract: A method is described for fabricating long length hose around an internal moving mandrel comprising the steps of forming an inner tube of an elastomeric or thermoplastic material, curing said inner tube, inserting a lubricated mandrel interiorly a portion of said cured tube, applying a first layer of uncured elastomer or thermoplastic tie gum to said cured tube surrounding said mandrel, encircling the layer of uncured tie gum with a reinforcing material under tension, adding multiple layers of uncured elastomer or thermoplastic tie gum and encircling reinforcing material as necessary for the hose strength required, placing an uncured elastomer or thermoplastic tie gum final layer on said reinforcing material, adding an uncured hose covering material layer on top of said tie gum final layer, wrapping under tension a strengthening material onto the hose covering material for consolidation and protection of the hose during vulcanization, moving the mandrel from the portion of the complete hose to the adjacent po

Abstract: A method of producing a succession of lithographically-printed self-adhesive labels on a length of release backing material, which method comprises the steps of:(a) producing by lithographic printing a plurality of sheets carrying a desired image,(b) adhering each of the lithographically-printed sheets successively to a support web comprising a self-adhesive backed material carried on a release material, the printed sheets being adhered to the upper surface of the adhesive backed material,(c) cutting through the adhered lithographic sheets and through the adhesive-backed material as far as the release material thereby to form the required labels, and(d) removing the unwanted portions of the printed sheets and the adhesive-backed material adhered thereto from the release material.

Abstract: This invention comprises pleating a fabric, securing an elastic member in a relaxed state to the pleated fabric and then removing the pleats from the fabric. On removing the pleats, the elastic member is stretched to provide elastic areas in the previously pleated portions and non-elastic areas in the previously unpleated portions of the fabric.

Abstract: A heat sealable film laminate having a first layer of a major amount of a high density polyolefin, a minor proportion of an adhesion promoting ionomer and a heat seal promoting proportion of a metal salt of a fatty acid; and a second layer adhering to the first layer, said layer comprising a polyamide. A food storage and heating bag formed from said laminate and a method of heat sealing said laminate.

Abstract: A labeling mechanism is provided which utilizes a servo motor driven capstan to rapidly accelerate and decelerate label stock through the mechanism. Rapid acceleration is permitted because a secondary motor is provided to a label stock supply reel to reduce system inertia. Rapid deceleration is possible because a one-way bearing and clutch assembly is provided which prevents reverse motion of the label stock. A label shear is also provided which permits the use of continuous label stock rather than die cut, spaced labels.

Abstract: Apparatus for securing a synthetic thermoplastic strap in a band-like form around an object includes a strap support with a clamping device, a stretching device, and a welding device cooperating with the strap support for holding, stretching, welding and cutting the strap. These various devices can be displaced from the surface of the strap support so that the strap can be inserted laterally onto the support. Strap guidance members are provided at the opposite ends of the strap support. One strap guidance member forms a part of the welding device and includes a guide member. The guide member is retractable away from the surface of the strap support during the welding operation so that it does not interfere with the movement of the strap parts being joined together.

Abstract: An apparatus for C-folding a running length of a covering web such as a polyethylene ribbon about a longitudinally flexible article such as a running length of a core web for making disposable diapers or a stream of longitudinally spaced discrete core segments of such a core web; i.e., a stream of absorbent cores for disposable diapers. The apparatus effects folding each longitudinal edge portion of a covering web downwardly and inwardly about an adjacent longitudinal edge region of the article as the web and the article are forwarded through the apparatus. Each longitudinal edge portion is so folded intermediate a transverse turning member which it passes under, and an oblique turning edge disposed downstream therefrom and over which it passes; and the longitudinal edge portions of the running web and the adjacent longitudinal edge regions of the article become juxtaposed upon passing over their respective oblique folding edges.

Abstract: Improved method and apparatus for forming soft, bulky absorbent webs including thermoplastic fibers. The web is bonded under conditions that heat the thermoplastic fibers to produce web bonding while avoiding direct contact with the heat source. The apparatus includes a pair of foraminous belts or wires between which the web or webs to be bonded are enclosed. The construction of the foraminous wires and belts is selected to produce the desired degree of bonding and yet maintain separation between the subsequently applied heat source and the web or webs. The combination of the web and belts or wires is then directed under tension to a heat source which may be, for example, a series of heated cans, and the opposite sides of the combination are alternately contacted by the surfaces. After heating, the web is allowed to cool and retains its bonded configuration determined by the structure of the wires or belts and the content of the web.

Abstract: A composite material consisting of at least three layers joined by welds, wherein, in order to prevent the intrusion of cold, as well as to improve the hand, the points of fusion do not join all layers, but in each case only a part thereof. It is especially suitable for the manufacture of clothing and bedding. A new process and apparatus for its manufacture is also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for producing a circular gallium arsenide wafer including the steps of growing a gallium arsenide single-crystal boule in the form of a longitudinal half of a cylinder by the boat method in such a manner that the intersection of the flat surface produced by the boat method and the plane vertical to the direction of crystal growth extends in a <110> direction, slicing the boule into wafers to expose a (100) plane or a plane inclined within 0.5 to 5 degress with respect to the (100) plane, assembling the resulting triangular-like wafers into a triangular-like prism, grinding the opposite edges of the flat surface of the outer periphery of the triangular-like prism of wafers in a direction in which the wafers are assembled; and separating the triangular-like prism into discrete circular wafers.

Abstract: On a substrate of monocrystalline silicon there are formed, one after another, a first oxide layer, a first polycrystalline silicon layer, a second intermediate oxide layer and a second polycrystalline silicon layer which is thicker than the first. In the second polycrystalline silicon layer there is defined a structure having the desired circuit configuration. Using this polycrystalline silicon structure as a mask, the exposed parts of the intermediate oxide layer are etched until they are completely eliminated and, subsequently, an oxidation process is carried out long enough to completely convert the exposed parts of the first polycrystalline silicon layer into an oxide. Thus, from this layer is obtained a circuit structure which is self-aligned with the first structure defined in the second polycrystalline silicon layer.

Abstract: Fibrous webs of improved bulk and softness are produced by subjecting hydrophilic papermaking fibers to mechanical deformation, e.g. hammermilling, sufficient to deform the fibers without substantial fiber breakage, dispersing the resulting curled or kinked fibers, preferably in admixture with conventional papermaking fibers, in an aqueous foam with minimal agitation and holding time and forming a wet laid web from the resulting fiber furnish.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process and apparatus for safely distilling relatively small batches of organic compounds such as paint solvents by directly and safely heating the compounds in a vessel having a relatively thick bottom with electrical heating units cast in it and a relatively thick side wall integrally attached to the bottom. The side wall may be integrally attached to the bottom by a weld that penetrates the joint between the side wall and bottom preferably by 100% in order to provide a complete heat transfer from the bottom to the side wall. The vessel is so designed so as to provide a relatively uniform temperature throughout the inner periphery of the vessel thereby avoiding hot spots and insuring that the hottest spot of the inner periphery of the vessel does not exceed the auto ignition temperature of the compound being processed.

Abstract: Free oil, often an objectionable impurity in synthetic organic detergents, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, is removed from aqueous solutions by extraction thereof with hexane in the presence of lower alkanol, with the proportion of the alkanol present being in a relatively narrow range with respect to the sodium lauryl sulfate, in which range it helps to promote efficient extraction of the free oil by the hexane without solubilizing the hexane in the aqueous medium to such an extent as to result in an extracted detergent containing an unacceptably high proportion of hexane. Separation of the free oil from the aqueous detergent solution is effected in an extractor, to which the hexane is added, in mixture with a minor proportion of lower alkanol, normally isopropanol, and extraction of the free oil takes place after a preliminary mixing of isopropanol with detergent acid or neutralized base in a neutralization vessel and/or in a mixer upstream of the extractor.

Abstract: An apparatus for the distillation of a fluid containing at least two constituent components is disclosed. The apparatus includes a microwave energy source and a solar energy collector, both of which may be used to heat a subject fluid to a greater temperature for the purpose of distillation of same. Further, the disclosed invention combines a vacuum within the apparatus to facilitate operation and enhance the overall energy efficiency of the apparatus.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are provided controlling the heat input of an extractive distillation column. The bottom of the column is heated with a major stream of thermal energy which is either slowly varying in time or controlled by the amount of starting material mixture and with a minor stream of thermal energy which is controlled by sensing the thermodynamic state in the upper half of the column during the process. The major stream can provide about 90 percent and the minor stream about 10 percent of the heat fed to the column. The minor stream can be controlled by the temperature at one point in the upper half of the column, by the temperature difference at two points in the upper half of the column or by gas chromatographic analysis of the extract material concentration near the top of the column. The process allows one to keep a low concentration of the extract material in the raffinate.

Abstract: m-Xylene is difficult to separate from o-xylene by conventional rectification or distillation because of the close proximity of their boiling points. m-Xylene can be readily separated from o-xylene by using extractive distillation in which the extractive agent is ethyl-2-hydroxybenzoate; propoxypropanol puls 1,4-butanediol; sulfolane plus dimethylsulfoxide plus ethyl benzoate.

Abstract: The thicknesses of metallic coatings on a surface is coulometrically measured employing a probe for storing electrolyte solution provided with a power supply and indicating and controlling circuits. The probe comprises a cylinder defining a chamber for storage of electrolyte and having at one end a nozzle of capillary size surrounded by a gasket or cuff adapted to be placed in abutment against the surface to be tested. The opposite end of the cylinder is connected to a source of oscillating pressure which imposes on the electrolyte a corresponding movement against the working surface.

Abstract: A vapor corrosion rate monitoring probe having test, reference and auxiliary electrodes mounted flush on an electrically insulating body for exposure along a plane with a condensate of a corrosive vapor environment thereon, a front plate being mounted on said body a distance therefrom to define a crevice of predetermined characteristics in front of said exposed electrodes.

Abstract: For the production of dental replacement parts, a mold is produced from a starting model which mold is used for pouring a cast of the model with a low melting metal. After removal of the casting mold, this cast is inserted into a galvanic bath according to which the surfaces that are not to be coated, are covered up. At the exposed surfaces, a galvanic coating in the desired thickness is applied, whereupon the low melting metal is melted out. Dental replacement parts may be produced in this manner with a very high precision and considerable savings in material and operating time.

Abstract: A tantalum wire is coated along part of its length with a high-surface-area electro deposit of tantalum from a molten K-salt. This process is relatively very simple and produces an openly porous tantalum sponge having exceptionally high purity for use as an anode in a tantalum capacitor.

Abstract: An aqueous bath suitable for electrodepositing zinc and alloys of zinc including zinc-nickel, zinc-cobalt, zinc-nickel-cobalt, zinc-iron, zinc-iron-nickel, and zinc-iron-cobalt containing a brightening amount of an AB-type polyamide brightener in an amount effective to produce an electrodeposit of the desired brightness. The invention further contemplates the process of electrodepositing zinc and zinc alloys of the foregoing types on a conductive substrate employing the aqueous electrolyte.

Abstract: There is disclosed a polymer blend of a highly conductive polymer and a solid polymer electrolyte that is designed to achieve better charge transfer across the conductive film/polymer electrolyte interface of the electrochemical photovoltaic cell. The highly conductive polymer is preferably polypyrrole or poly-N-p-nitrophenylpyrrole and the solid polymer electrolyte is preferably polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide.

Abstract: Dicarboxylic acids are prepared by oxidation of (poly)alkylene glycols with electrochemically generated nickel-oxide hydroxide.

Abstract: In a process for the electrolysis of sea water to produce hypochlorite in at least one electrolysis cell equipped with anodes and cathodes forming interelectrodic spaces, the improvement comprising admixing sea water before electrolysis with sufficient hypochlorite solution to substantially oxidize bromine, iodine and sulfur ion impurities to their elemental forms and an apparatus for said process. Preferably, the hypochlorite solution is recycled from an electrolysis cell and the ratio of recycle liquid to sea water is adjusted to increase the temperature of the sea water mixture to at least 9.6.degree. C.

Abstract: Unitary, cast structural element for filter press electrolysis cell which incorporates into a single unit the central barrier between the peripheral boundaries for the adjacent anolyte compartment and adjacent catholyte compartment of two electrolysis cells located on opposite sides of the central barrier. Also incorporated into the single cast structural element are anode bosses and cathode bosses extending outwardly from opposite sides of the central barrier. These bosses not only serve as mechanical support for their respective flat plate anode and cathode, but also they serve as stand-off means and electrical current collectors and disperses from the cathode of one electrolysis cell to the anode of the next cell. Simplicity of design coupled with incorporation of many functional elements into one part eliminates many cell warpage problems, inherent high voltage problems and membrane "hot spot" problems.

Abstract: An improved process for the electrolysis of an aqueous electrolyte in an electrolytic membrane cell is provided. The membrane cell is comprised of an anode compartment having at least one anode and containing the aqueous electrolyte and a cathode compartment containing at least one cathode and a concentrated catholyte liquor. A vertically positioned cation exchange membrane separates the anode compartment from the cathode compartment. The process improvement comprises exposing a substantial portion of the cathode to a gaseous atmosphere, this substantial portion of the cathode is not immersed in the concentrated catholyte liquor produced. The concentrated aqueous catholyte liquor is removed from the cathode compartment to prevent a substantial accumulation of catholyte liquor in the cathode compartment.

Abstract: A cathode assembly for use in an electrolyzer cell is provided which comprises at least one separating means adjacent to a face of said cathode assembly and comprising a fluid-impervious material and extending diagonally upwards from a point on a first side of said cathode to a point short of a second side opposite the first side of said cathode, said first separating means having a positive monotonic slope with reference to said first side and to a third side adjacent to said first side and thereby separating said face into at least two interconnected regions. The preferred embodiment of the cathode assembly comprises two separating means equipped with downwardly disposed flanges affixed to an edge of said separating means and extending substantially along the full length of said separating means. A process employing the cathode assembly is also disclosed.

Abstract: Macroporous cation exchange resins with sulfonic acid functional groups having polymeric hydrous zirconium oxide and polyacrylic acid contained therein are useful in substantially removing sulfate, borate, bicarbonate and/or phosphate ions from alkali metal salt solutions.

Abstract: Copper-bearing waste, e.g. brass works flue dust (71% Zn, 31/2% Pb, 14% Cu) was mixed with dendritic zinc, and 80 g of the mixture was leached in 1 liter of 10M hot NaOH for 20 minutes. Dissolution of the copper was successfully held down to under 1%, while all the lead and most of the zinc were dissolved. The dendritic zinc was added as 2 parts by mass per 98 parts of the dust, and had a surface area of 5-10 m.sup.2 /g; it was made by electrolysing a zincate solution.

Abstract: The integrated electrochemical/chemical oxygen generating system of the invention includes a water electrolyzer combined with a chemical oxygen generating subsystem which converts hydrogen from the electrolyzer to a decomposable oxygen source such as hydrogen peroxide. The total oxygen output of such a system is greater than that possible from the electrolyzer alone while safely disposing of the electrochemically generated hydrogen.