Abstract: A method of removing sulphur from coal prior to burning of the coal is the subject of the present invention. The coal is first comminuted to a size of no more than one inch and preferably one-half inch in diameter. The coal particles are placed in a reaction chamber in an aqueous suspension to which is added an inorganic base capable of reacting with hydrogen sulphide in order to neutralize the latter, such base preferably being calcium hydroxide. A photoelectric catalyst, characterized by structural imperfections to provide active sites for supporting a free radical reaction, is also introduced into the reaction chamber. The coal is then subjected to electromagnetic irradiation of a specific energy level in order to create a free radical reaction which results in removal of the sulphur from the coal. The coal is then cleaned and separated from the aqueous media, and the inorganic base and elemental sulphur are removed from the aqueous media.

Abstract: An improved process for the photochlorination of normal paraffins to prepare mono-chlorinated alkanes, in which the normal paraffin feed stream is only partially chlorinated and the unreacted normal paraffins separated and recycled, the recycled unreacted paraffin being treated with a basic material capable of removing polar impurities therefrom which may hinder the photochlorination reaction.

Abstract: In plasma-treating the inner surface of a plastic tube, the invention provides a treating method which ensures stable treatment under readily operative conditions. The present invention relates to a method comprising the steps of placing a plastic tube inside an electrically insulating tube wherein the difference between the inner diameter of the insulating tube and the outer diameter of the plastic tube is equal to or less than 2 mm, letting a gas into the plastic tube, keeping the inner pressures of both tubes at a reduced pressure, applying a high voltage across electrodes disposed outside the electrically insulating tube to initiate and sustain discharge only inside the plastic tube and thereby plasma-treating the inner surface of the plastic tube.

Abstract: A subcathodic shield for use with Hall-Heroult electrolysis cells. The shield, which is located below the carbonaceous blocks which make up the cathode, and above the cell housing, comprises at least one continuous steel sheet at least 5 mm thick extending substantially over the total area between the base of the cathode and the base of the housing, and which has at least one deformable zone for absorbing thermal stresses caused by differences in temperatures between the shield section situated below the central area of the cathode and the shield section situated below the peripheral areas of the cathode.

Abstract: High-power cathode system for producing multilayers of different target materials on a substrate has at least two different target materials which abut one another at a boundary line in the field of a magnetic field generator thereof. The substrate is transported for coating across the boundary line, preferably perpendicularly.

Abstract: A heavy oil such as an atmospheric pressure residue, a reduced pressure residue of petroleum, etc. is heated to 400.degree. to 500.degree. C. to carry out polycondensation and provide a pitch containing mesophase microspheres. This pitch is once cooled to 200.degree. to 400.degree. C. and a turbulent flow is imparted thereto to cause agglomeration of the mesophase microspheres. The resulting agglomerates are separated to obtain a crystallizable material enriched with quinoline insolubles. Production of the crystallizable material is preferably conducted in a separation tank accommodating the lower part of a heating polycondensation reactor (6) and having a stirring device (12).

Abstract: Partially purified salt containing less than about 00.4 weight percent insolubles is further purified to reduce the insolubles until the milk pad rating is 3 or better for certain industrial uses and 1 for human consumption. The entry salt is washed in clarified brine to dislodge insoluble impurities adhered to the salt surfaces. The washed salt is then scrubbed with fresh water sprays to displace the wash brine from salt surfaces. The washed salt is drained and then dried in a kiln where flowing air blows away some impurities. The dried salt is passed through a magnetic separator, doubly sifted to remove both large and small impurities, and, where food grade salt is required, passed through a color sorter that removes relatively dark impurities.

Abstract: A process for separating scheelite from gange wherein the ore is ground with 0.4 to 10 grams of alkali metal carbonate per kg. of ore, forming a pulp and removing sulfide minerals from pulp liquor. Carrying out froth floatation in the presence of paraffin oil, 0.1-0.4 gram of fatty acid per kg. of ore and 3.2-5.5 grams of sodium silicate per kg. of ore wherein the weight ratio of paraffin oil to fatty acid is 0.5:1 to 2.8:1.

Abstract: The biological reactor contains in a vessel (11) a bundle (13) of tubes (15). The bundle (13) is formed by a plurality of plastic tubes (15) being of preferably square cross-section. The walls of the plastic tubes serve as growth surfaces for microorganisms. A distributing device (17) feeds the different ducts (18) evenly with liquid organic refuse. The ducts (18) are not completely filled. The liquid level in the reactor is at a certain distance from the top of the tubes (15). Accordingly, if one of the ducts (18) tends to clog, it is filled more than the remaining ducts so that in the clogging duct a hydrostatic pressure is created having the tendency to free the duct. This freeing of the duct is assisted by the control unit 58 which from time to time lowers the liquid level in the reactor and then increases it again.

Abstract: A one-way filter for use in fluid filtration comprising a housing having inlet and outlet ports, a filter element or elements, free of mobile fibers or filaments, disposed within said housing, and means within said housing for maintaining the filter element or elements in a filtering position during fluid infusion and in a free-flow position during fluid withdrawal.

Abstract: An improved apparatus for magnetically filtering a magnetically susceptible component in a fluid with a matrix of magnetizable material which, when magnetized, provides a multiplicity of regions of high magnetic field gradient. A sequence of time-spaced impulsive magnetic fluxes are produced in an electromagnetic coil by periodically charging and discharging capacitor connected to the coil, the fluxes being concentrated across the magnetic matrix to magnetically collect the magnetically susceptible component in the regions of high field gradient therein. A static magnetic flux may also be provided in the magnetic matrix by a permanent magnet included in a magnetic circuit with the matrix.

Abstract: A sewage system is provided for waste disposal units whose waste is removed by the supply of liquid and subsequent application of partial vacuum, for example vacuum closets. In order to make for the employment of large systems, the units are grouped such that a predetermined maximum partial vacuum transport distance is not exceeded. Each such group is connected to a converter in which the partial vacuum is converted into excess pressure which makes for long distance transport, by the intermediary of an intermediate step at atmospheric pressure. Moreover, the waste can be comminuted and oxygenated in the intermediate step of the converter, at the same time as the requisite partial vacuum is established.

Abstract: An apparatus for removing a radioactive substance from a molten metal which comprises a cold trap for crystallizing an impurity out of the molten metal; a radioactive substance-adsorbing unit which communicates with the cold trap and in which a radioactive substance-adsorbing material is filled with a specific surface area of at least 10 cm.sup.2 /cm.sup.3 to eliminate a radioactive substance from the impurity; means for heating the molten metal conducted from the cold trap to the radioactive substance-adsorbing unit; and means for controlling the temperature of the heating means by measuring the temperature of the cold trap and radioactive substance-adsorbing unit.

Abstract: An arrangement for fastening filter candles and filter apparatus provided therewith includes a collecting pipe which is composed of several T-shaped pipe pieces. Each of the pipe pieces has a substantially horizontal portion and extending therefrom a second portion which has a free end part provided with a groove. Each of the filter candles has an upper part provided with a flange portion which is engageable into the groove to obtain a tight attachment of the filter candle to the collecting pipe.

Abstract: This invention comprehends a new and unique means for preventing the crowns (forward projections of the pleats) of a backflushable filter element from splitting due to the cyclic action that is experienced during cleaning and backflushing. In one embodiment, a plurality of spacers, preferably wedge shape, is positioned between the outwardly projecting pleats of the filter media thereby preventing the splitting thereof. A plurality of spacers may also be placed between the inwardly projecting pleats to provide additional support during the cleaning and backflushing cycle. In another embodiment a ring is placed adjacent the inwardly directed pleats and the inner end cap lip; this also prevents splitting of the crowns when the filter element is subjected to the cyclic action of cleaning and backflushing.

Abstract: Wastewater containing phosphorus values and BOD is initially admixed with recycled sludge containing activated biomass under anaerobic conditions, then contacted with oxygen-containing gas, followed by separation of a dense sludge layer from the mixed liquor. A portion of the sludge layer, containing the activated biomass, is held under non-aeration conditions for sufficient time to reduce any nitrates and/or nitrites contained therein, before admixture of the recycled sludge with the wastewater influent.

Abstract: The treatment of wastewater with activated biomass to remove BOD and phosphorus values in a system in which the wastewater influent is initially mixed with recycled active biomass in an anaerobic zone and then subjected to aeration in an oxic zone, wherein the residence time of the mixed liquor in the oxic zone is reduced. At least part of the biomass-containing sludge separated from the mixed liquor subjected to further oxidation in a separate zone before admixture with the wastewater influent.

Abstract: A self-supporting fibrous matrix containing immobilized therein at least about 5% by weight of microparticulate, with an average diameter less than 1 micron, preferably fumed silica, or alumina, and flocculating amounts of an organic polycationic resin and an organic polyanionic resin, is useful for fluid treatment and filtration processes, especially delipidization and depyrogenation of fluids such as serum.

Abstract: An improved negative pressure type diesel fuel monitor system that determines a specified level of water trapped in a component of the system and disposed of said water, said water having been separated from the fuel being pumped in the engine fuel line hookup. The system consists of a device to monitor the accumulated water level as it rises in the device, said device also being the facility for separating said water from said fuel and for disposing of said water, said system includes an electrical wiring circuit, connected to the engine run circuit, to operate said device and including a motorized valve to eject collected water therein, a set of logic circuits as part of said electrical wiring circuit, and a combined visual and audio monitor console to record current status of operation of said system.

Abstract: A method for forming a uniform distribution of a substance in calcium hydroxide to obtain pulverulent preparations. The substances are those particularly in a fluid stage such as a solvent, emulsion or suspension.

Abstract: Bentonite agglomerates are made which are suitable for use as a particulate fabric softener for softening washed laundry, especially when incorporated in detergent compositions by mixing with spray dried beads containing essential detergent composition components. Such agglomerates are in the Nos. 10-100 sieve range and are agglomerates of finely divided bentonite. The agglomerates are of a bulk density in the range of 0.7 to 0.9 g./ml., a moisture content of 8 to 13% and a frangibility less than 30, and include 1 to 5% of a binder (sodium silicate). Also disclosed is a method for making the bentonite agglomerates by spraying an aqueous solution of the binder onto moving surfaces of finely divided bentonite until the moisture content thereof is elevated and the amount of binder for the agglomerate is sufficient, and drying the agglomerated particles to their "equilibrium moisture range".

Abstract: Described is a process for imparting an "air dried cloth" aroma to cloth, synthetic or natural, previously dried using a clothes drier, comprising the step of contacting the cloth prior to drying with an aroma augmenting or enhancing quantity of either (i) a mixture consisting essentially of:(a) from about 0.5 up to about 5% by weight of said composition of n-hexanal;(b) from about 2 up to about 12% by weight of said composition of n-heptanal;(c) from about 5 up to about 15% by weight of said composition of n-octanal;(d) from about 40 up to about 70% by weight of said composition of n-nonanal;(e) from about 10 up to about 30% by weight of said composition of n-decanal;(f) from about 0.5 up to about 5% by weight of said composition of n-undecanal;(g) from about 0.5 up to about 5% by weight of said composition of n-dodecanal;(h) from about 0.

Abstract: A softener emulsion for making textiles water-repellent and improving their handle is prepared by melting a mixture ofR--NH--CO--NH--CH.sub.2 --(O--CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2).sub.n --OR.sup.1,R.sup.2 --CO--NH--CH.sub.2 --(O--CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2).sub.n --OR.sup.1,R--NH--CO--NH--CH.sub.2 OH andR.sup.2 --CO--NH--CH.sub.2 OHtogether with an anionic emulsifier and emulsifying the melt into an emulsion with water and alkaline earth metal ions.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fracturing fluid composition and method for fracturing substerranean formations penetrated by a well bore. The fracturing fluid comprises an aqueous fluid, a gelling agent, a crosslinking agent comprising a zirconium chelate or an aluminum chelate and a sufficient quantity of carbon dioxide to reduce the pH of the fracturing fluid to a level below about 5.5. The fluid is injected into the formation through the well bore at a rate and pressure sufficient to create at least one fracture in the formation.

Abstract: A steam foam drive process for displacing oil within a subterranean reservoir is improved by injecting into the reservoir a steam-foam-forming mixture of steam, and an olefin sulfonate-containing surfactant component.

Abstract: The invention utilizes the ductility of a metal such as gold or silver or other suitably ductile metal having a relatively high fusion temperature, for self-lubrication of a bearing having a coating including exceedingly small particles of such metal in a mixture with load-bearing particles, also exceedingly small, such as tungsten or nickel or a metallic oxide in a coating on a load-bearing surface of such bearing.The invention contemplates not only such a bearing surface but also a method of producing such surface on one element of a bearing.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of calcium acetate pellets suitable for surface deicing, which comprises slow addition of water to dried calcium acetate or to calcium acetate freshly prepared from reaction of hydrated or unslaked lime with concentrated acetic acid, in an agitated vessel designed to produce pellets. Pellets are dried to a critical residual water level to avoid their embrittlement. The relative amount of water used in the pelletizing process is highly critical, and depends upon the source of calcium acetate as well as the amount of magnesium ion in the pellet formulation.

Abstract: A hydraulic fluid which contains 100 parts by weight of polyisobutylene, 3 to 15 parts by weight of butylstearate and 0.5 to 5 parts by weight of palm seed oil. It shows good compatibility with newly rolled aluminum surfaces and is therefore particularly suitable for feeding hydrostatic means of supporting rolls for roll-forming aluminum and aluminum alloys.

Abstract: Built detergent bleach compositions are disclosed comprising a surface-active agent, a peroxide compound bleach (e.g. sodium perborate), a manganese compound which delivers manganese (II) ions in aqueous solution (e.g. manganous sulphate or manganous chloride) and a builder mixture comprising a condensed phosphate and an alkalimetal orthophosphate in a weight ratio of from 10:1 to 1:60, preferably from 5:1 to 1:30. The composition is particularly effective for washing fabrics at low temperature, e.g. from 20.degree.-60.degree. C., but is also usable at higher temperatures.

Abstract: Lower alkyl glycosides are added to aqueous liquid detergents to reduce their viscosity and to prevent phase separation. The glycosides are represented by the formula R--O--(G).sub.n where "R" is a lower alkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, "O" is an oxygen atom, "G" is a saccharide unit, and "n" is a number from 1 to 10. The glycosides comprise about 1 to 10 weight percent of the detergents.

Abstract: Improved surfactants and functional fluids are prepared by reacting a monofunctional initiator with an alkylene carbonate or with an alkylene oxide and carbon dioxide to form polyether polycarbonate materials. As surfactants, the resulting materials exhibit reduced foaming characteristics as compared to other nonionic surfactants. The viscosity-temperature relationships, flash points and pour points make them useful as functional fluids.

Abstract: A process is provided for preparing lanthanum bismuth oxychloride phosphors of formula La.sub.1-x-y Bi.sub.x RE.sub.y OCl, where RE is a rare earth element, x is 0.001 to about 0.25, and y is 0 to 0.005. The process is characterized by a single firing step, and comprises (a) forming an intimate mixture of stoichiometric quantities of La.sub.2 O.sub.3, Bi.sub.2 O.sub.3, and a rare earth oxide of formula RE.sub.2 O.sub.3, together with NH.sub.4 Cl and a flux comprising BaCl.sub.2, where quantities of NH.sub.4 Cl and BaCl.sub.2, by weight, can be independently chosen from between about one-third to about one-half that of the combined weights of the oxides; (b) firing said mixture, in an inert container and in air, according to a time-temperature sequence in which the mixture is heated (1) from 1 to about 4 hours at about 275.degree. C. to 325.degree. C., followed by (2) from 2 to about 4 hours at about 275.degree. C. to 500.degree. C., and concluded by (3) from about 8 to 10 hours at about 800.degree. C.

Abstract: An aqueous antimony sol composition useful in restoring the activity of metal contaminated molecular sieve cracking catalysts which comprises a major portion of an aqueous antimony sol containing between 1-50% by weight of antimony oxide as Sb.sub.2 O.sub.5 and between 0.1-10% by weight of a compatible water-soluble surfactant which is capable of producing an oil-in-water emulsion and having an HLB of at least 8.0.

Abstract: Novel phosphoramidates of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R, R' and R" represent certain specified substituent groups, are useful as stabilizing agents for organic materials, such as natural and synthetic rubbers and lubricating oils. The combined use of these compounds with certain sulfur-containing compounds shows a surprising synergistic effect.

Abstract: Electrically conductive polymeric systems having electrical conductivities greater than 10.sup.-4 S/cm are prepared by a method wherein a polyarylene compound which contains one or more chain members of the formula ##STR1## where n is greater than 1, preferably from 5 to 50, R is a nitrile, acid amide, carboxyl or ester group, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each hydrogen or a nitrile, acid amide, carboxyl or ester group, with the proviso that in each case one of the radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is hydrogen and the other is a nitrile, acid amide, carboxyl or ester group, and Y is an aromatic radical, preferably phenylene, is doped, in the absence of moisture and oxygen, with from 0.03 to 0.9 mole percent of an electron-attracting or electron-donating complexing agent.

Abstract: Increasing the electrical conductivity of conjugated polymers by partial oxidation (doping) with a compound of tetravalent titanium or tetravalent tin.

Abstract: Described is the methyl carbonate of .alpha.,3,3-trimethyl cyclohexane methanol defined according to the structure: ##STR1## and uses thereof in augmenting or enhancing the aroma of perfume compositions, colognes and perfumed articles such as solid or liquid anionic, cationic, nonionic or zwitterionic detergents, fabric softeners, fabric softener articles as well as hair sprays, shampoos and bath oils and perfumed polymers. Also described is a process for preparing the methyl carbonate of .alpha.

Abstract: An aqueous composition, particularly a liquid detergent composition comprising urea as a hydrotrope, of improved storage stability which further comprises certain esters, e.g., methyl and ethyl lactates which hydrolyze at a rate comparable to that of the hydrolysis of urea to ultimately form ammonium salts whereby said detergent composition is maintained at a stable overall pH level. In an alternative, competing, but nonetheless beneficial mode of operation the ammonia generated by the hydrolysis of urea may react directly with the esters of the invention by ammonolysis. The acid from which said ester is derived has a pK.sub.a in the range of about 2 to about 4.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for stabilizing glass which contains nuclear waste by coating the glass with synthetic monazite. The synthetic monazite has a composition of about 30 to about 35% Ce.sub.2 O.sub.3, about 31 to about 36% La.sub.2 O.sub.3, about 27 to about 35% P.sub.2 O.sub.5, and about 2 to about 5% Nd.sub.2 O.sub.3, where the percentage of La.sub.2 O.sub.3 is about 0.5 to about 1.5 percentage points greater than the percentage of Ce.sub.2 O.sub.3. The coating can be applied by detonation gun or by chemical vapor deposition. Chemical vapor deposition can be accomplished by heating halides of La, Ce, Nd, and P or PO and bringing the vapors by carrier gas to the glass where they are contacted by an oxidizing gas such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, steam, or air.

Abstract: ADP-Ribosylating toxins are rendered enzymatically inactive by reactions with photolabile affinity reagents. The toxoids retain the antigenic and immunogenic properties of the original toxins. These bacterial toxoids can be used as immunogens to protect against the specific disease that the precursor toxins cause or, in the case of P. aeruginosa, the toxoid can be used in combination with E. coli J-5 vaccine to protect against gram-negative bacteremia in general.

Abstract: A disperse dye of the formula, ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is an alkyl group having 5 to 6 carbon atoms, R.sub.2 is an alkyl group having 5 to 6 carbon atoms, a cyano-ethyl group, R.sub.3 is a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl, amino or phenyl group, and Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 represent independently a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a thiocyanate group or an alkylsulfonyl group, provided that both Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are not hydrogen at the same time and Y.sub.1 is located at the 4- or 5-position, which is useful for dyeing hydrophobic fibers in brilliant red to violet shade with good fastnesses.

Abstract: Novel phenylamidinourea compounds and processes for their preparation are described. These compounds have an effective degree of anti-hypertensive properties and exert activities on the cardiovascular system. A method for the treatment of hypertensive disorders is also described.

Abstract: 6'-Acylaminopenicillanoyloxymethyl esters of penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide are useful as antibacterial agents. The 6'-aminopenicillanoyloxymethyl ester, halomethyl esters, alkylsulfonyloxymethyl esters and arylsulfonyloxymethyl esters of penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide are all useful intermediates for the aforesaid antibacterial agents.

Abstract: Antiinflammatory activity is exhibited by steroids having the structural formula ##STR1## or a 1,2-dihydro derivative thereof, wherein R is alkyl;R.sub.1 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl;R.sub.2 is carbonyl or .beta.-hydroxymethylene;R.sub.3 is hydrogen or halogen; andR.sub.4 is hydrogen, methyl or fluorine.

Abstract: Isopropenyl esters are prepared rapidly by reacting for about ten minutes at about 120.degree. C. and a pressure of about 400 pounds per square inch a fatty acid and propyne in the presence of loaded zeolite catalyst.

Abstract: Antimony tricarboxylates of higher carboxylic acids can be prepared by(a) reacting antimony oxide with an anhydride of a lower organic acid,(b) reacting the product from (a) with at least one higher carboxylic acid at a temperature sufficient to vaporize volatile material and removing said volatile material, and(c) recovering the antimony tricarboxylate of said higher carboxylic acid.

Abstract: Antimony tricarboxylates of higher carboxylic acids can be prepared in high yields by(a) reacting antimony oxide with an anhydride of a lower organic acid,(b) reacting the product from (a) with at least one higher carboxylic acid at a temperature sufficient to vaporize volatile material and removing the vaporized volatile material,(c) simultaneously passing a stream of an inert gas through the reaction mixture, and(d) recovering the antimony tricarboxylate of said higher carboxylic acid.

Abstract: In a process for the recovery of cobalt oxalate and/or manganese oxalate, the solutions or extracts containing cobalt and/or manganese are treated with sodium, potassium or ammonium oxalate. To obtain an easily filtrable cobalt and/or manganese oxalate precipitate, the precipitation is performed at temperatures of 50.degree. to 160.degree. C. with 1 to 2 moles of solid alkali oxalate or ammonium oxalate. When sodium oxalate is used, the water content of the solutions or extracts is from 5 to 90% by weight, when potassium oxalate is used it is from 2 to 15% by weight, and when ammonium oxalate is used it is from 1 to 12% by weight.

Abstract: A process is provided for preparing ceric alkoxides, which comprises reacting ceric ammonium nitrate with an alcohol, including a lower aliphatic alcohol, under anhydrous conditions in the presence of an anhydrous base at a temperature within the range from about -30.degree. C. to about 200.degree. C. but preferably from 0.degree. to about 150.degree. C. until ceric alkoxide and the nitrate salt of the base are formed; ceric alkoxides of higher alcohols can be prepared by transetherification of the resulting ceric alkoxide with the higher alcohol, either simultaneously or sequentially, at a temperature within the range from about -30.degree. C. to about 200.degree. C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel compounds which are derivatives of acidic phallotoxins and correspond to the formula: ##STR1## (NBD-acid phallotoxins) their preparation, and their use in fluorescent staining of F-actin.