Abstract: Belt clip assembly for use with a portable electronic apparatus includes a mounting bracket used to join a belt clip and a housing member. A mounting bracket is inserted through a pair of slots in a housing member and holds a belt clip in place by means of a pivot pin inserted through apertures in the mounting bracket and the belt clip. A pair of shear cuts adjacent the apertures in the mounting bracket allow the pivot pin to pull through the shear cuts in the event excess forces are applied to the belt clip, thereby destroying the mounting bracket. In this manner an inexpensive mounting bracket is sacrificed to avoid damage to the housing and the belt clip.

Abstract: A ski clip to assist in the carrying of skis is formed by having a two-sectioned, generally "C-shape" for the ski clip, wherein the two sections are spring-loaded to hold the skis therein.

Abstract: Apparatus for manufacturing endless needled paper machine felts comprising at least one ply formed by a plurality of overlapping loops of a sliver web comprises a needling machine having a working width corresponding to the width of the paper machine felt, and a sliver web feeder which is adapted to be reciprocated throughtout the working width of the needling machine. To ensure that the needling can be properly effected without a formation of wrinkles, a needling device having a working width corresponding to that of the feeder is provided between the feeder and the needling machine and is adapted to be reciprocated in unison with the feeder throughout the working width of the needling machine.

Abstract: A method of making a long rod penetrator having a rearward vane section which comprises forming the vane section by stamping a plurality of vanes from sheet metal and welding them to the rear portion of the penetrator.

Abstract: A shutter link (1) for a multi-link overhead shutter or roller blind comprises two sheet metal sheets (7, 8) formed with a cavity (3) between them. The cavity is filled with a heat insulative compound (4) and hinge formations (5, 6) are provided along the longitudinal side of the sheets. Slots (9) are formed along the length of each shutter link on one wide side thereof. The slots are bridged by narrow webs (11) defined by slot interruptions and flanges are provided along the slots on their side facing the cavity with notches (15) formed adjacent to the bending lines and extending parallel to the slots.

Abstract: A process for inserting points (38) in a mandrel (36) and a machine for performing this process. A working head (40) simultaneously ensures the insertion of a point and the making of a perforation (112) in the mandrel by means of a punch (94). The perforation is made in the same longitudinal row as the inserted point and towards the front with respect to the latter, in such a way that it is subsequently possible to guide a point following a rotation of one or more turns of the mandrel. The invention is applicable to the production of members or bodies of revolution made from three-dimensional material.

Abstract: An apparatus and a process for burnishing annular surfaces. The apparatus includes a burnishing tool which is actuated to rotate in one direction and then in the opposite direction. The apparatus is used for the burnishing of annular thrust bearings which have oil wick slots and wick slot oil ramps. A rack and pinion connects a tool mounting spindle to an air cylinder and is used to rotate the tool in one direction and then the other direction. The tool has a convexly shaped burnishing surface. The tool's axis of rotation is coaxially aligned with the central axis of the annular surface. The rotation of the tool in one direction and then in the other direction burnishes the thrust surface and the wick slot oil ramps of the bearings. The opposite ends of the rotational burnishing strokes locates the tool in the wick slots so as to leave no stopping imperfection on the thrust surface of the bearing.

Abstract: Stress relief for the rim of an integrally bladed rotor made from a forging preform is provided by forming a plurality of radially extending circumferentially spaced-apart slots around the periphery of the preform. The slots are forged closed in a subsequent forming step. An oxide layer on the slot surfaces prevents the surfaces from bonding together when forged closed. The blades are formed between slots during the forging or by machining after forging.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of connecting ends of a fastener of the type having a filament portion of a predetermined length, a tubular socket portion connected to one end of the filament portion and a pin portion connected to the other end of the filament portion, as well as a device suitable for carrying out this method. The device comprises a main body, a first arm provided on the front end of the main body, a second arm adapted to be moved towards and away from the first arm, a lever rotatably supported by the main body, a pulley operatively connected to the lever, a flexible member wound up by this pulley and adapted to be moved alternatingly into a first guide groove in the first arm and a second guide groove in the second arm, and a clamper provided on the end of the flexible member. The pin portion of the fastener is inserted into the socket portion thereof to connect the two ends of the fastener to each other by the relative movement of the first and second arms towards and away from each other.

Abstract: A pin inserter for inserting a plastic pin (7) through overlapped areas of shade cloth. The pin inserter has a handle (2) and a curved needle (3), with the pin having one end received in a recess (8) in the handle and its other end resting on the needle so it is slightly stressed to form a chord across the curvature of the needle.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for handling any desired length of flexible material such as tubing in any desired mass production operation or in any simple operation where various lengths of flexible material such as flexible tubing must be handled and/or cut to any desired length. The present invention also relates to a method and apparatus for mounting attachments onto a length of flexible material such as tubing wherein any desired number of attachments can be quickly and efficiently mounted onto the tubing at any desired location or multiplicity of locations along the length of the flexible material including but not limited to at or adjacent the material ends.

Abstract: A method of forming a brake drum includes the steps of casting an iron cylindrical braking drum with a flange end and an opened end to include a plurality of generally axially extending fins around an exterior surface thereof. The casting includes providing the fins with radially extending side walls which diverge along a length thereof from the opened end to a widest distance therebetween at a predetermined location from the opened end and converge along the length thereof from the predetermined location to the flange end. Accordingly, adjacent side walls of adjacent fins define a space therebetween having its narrowest portion at the predetermined location. A braking surface is machined about an interior of the cylindrical braking drum. A top of the fins is machined at either side of the predetermined location to include a shoulder at the end thereof away from the opened end.

Abstract: The invention represents an auto bumper with an exterior part which can be seen from the outside. The exterior part is made of stainless steel plate and an interior part is made of fiber reinforced plastics via a layer of aluminum or aluminum alloy.

Abstract: A process is described for the production of solid alkali metal strands, whereby molten alkali metal is introduced to an extrusion apparatus and is continuously cooled down as the metal travels along a section of the extrusion apparatus by means of a worm. There is a temperature gradient between the point at which the molten alkali metal enters the extruder down to a temperature below its solidification point near the nozzle, at which the metal is still sufficiently ductile for extrusion, and is then fed to a nozzle for shaping into the stands.

Abstract: A tool (20) is provided for terminating an end of a telephone cord or inside wiring with a modular plug (21). The tool includes a housing (81) having a cord or inside wiring-receiving opening at one of its ends and a plug-receiving nest (122) at an opposite end. The tool also includes a rocker (82) which is mounted pivotally in the housing and which has a first end adjacent to the cord-receiving end of the housing and a second end adjacent to the nest. After and end portion of a cord, for example, is inserted into the cord-receiving end of the housing, a user depresses the adjacent first end of the rocker to cause jacket-stripping facilities of the rocker to cut the cord jacket. When the cord is withdrawn, the jacket is removed from the end portion to expose individually insulated conductors. Then the end portion of the cord is inserted into a modular plug body which has been armed with blade-like terminals (30-30) and the plug inserted into the nest at the other end of the housing.

Abstract: A buried heterostructure laser which obtains lowest mode operation by larger differences in loss between the lowest and higher order modes is described. The loss is achieved by interface scattering between the mesa and the burying layer. The scattering losses increases with refractive index discontinuity, interface roughness and decreasing mesa width. Stabilization results because scattering losses increase rapidly with the order of the transverse modes.

Abstract: A dynamic read/write memory cell of the one transistor N-channel silicon gate type is made by a triple-level polysilicon process which allows the bit lines to be formed by metal strips which have low resistance and which can cover the storage capacitors for alpha particle protection. Metal-to-silicon contacts are made through an intervening polysilicon segment which allows the underlying N+ silicon region to be much smaller than in prior cells. The polysilicon segment also prevents the occurrance of problems with spiking of metal through shallow implanted N+ regions.

Abstract: A method of fabricating MESFET devices having a T-shaped gate electrode is disclosed. The method includes the formation of a single layer of resist material on a semiconductor surface; formation of a resist cavity through optical lithography, the cavity exposing a selected portion of the semiconductor surface; depositing by way of dual-angle evaporation gate walls within said resist cavity, the gate walls defining a T-shaped gate cavity; depositing gate electrode material within the gate cavity, removing the resist material, and removing the gate walls from the gate electrode material.

Abstract: In a method of forming electrodes or wiring structures in a semiconductor device, metal and metal silicide are used for electrodes and lead wires, impurities are doped into the interface of a semiconductor substrate from the surface by gas diffusion or solid diffusion irrespective of the thickness, and in the case where the base material is an insulating material, the impurities are not doped into the semiconductor region side by self-alignment.

Abstract: The process sequence is disclosed which applies a polycrystalline silicon gate material, then applies a chemical vapor deposition oxide over all surfaces, forming an effective sidewall on each of the polycrystalline silicon gate structures. An ion implantation step is then carried out to implant source and drain regions whose proximate edges are not aligned with the edges of the polycrystalline silicon gate material itself, due to the masking effect of the sidewall portion of the chemical vapor deposition oxide layer. Thereafter, the chemical vapor deposition oxide sidewall material is selectively removed for those FET device locations where an active FET device is desired to be formed in the operation of personalizing the read only storage or PLA product. Those locations are then ion implanted for source and drain extensions which are then self-aligned with the respective edges of the respective polycrystalline silicon gate electrodes.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for making CMOS transistors in combination with self-aligned fully oxide isolated Schottky clamped bipolar transistors.

Abstract: A semiconductor photodetector, and a process for producing a semiconductor photodetector, having a shielding gate region isolated from drain or source regions with only a small junction capacitance therebetween. The photodetector is implemented with a vertical static induction transistor. In the static induction transistor, a control gate region is formed on a first principal surface of a silicon wafer. The shielding gate region is formed on the principal surface surrounding the control gate region. At least one first principal electrode region is formed on the first principal surface between the control region and the shielding gate region. A second principal electrode region is formed on a second principal surface of the wafer on the side thereof opposite the first principal electrode region. The shielding gate region is formed in the silicon wafer at a position deeper than the first principal electrode region.

Abstract: A CMOS process is described which is particularly suited for forming dynamic memory cells. The cells are formed in an n-well and a single plate member formed from a first layer of polysilicon is used for the entire array. Unique etching of the first polysilicon layer prevents stringers from occurring when the second layer of polysilicon is deposited. A tri-layer dielectric is used for the capacitors in the array. Novel "rear-end" processing is disclosed using a phosphorus doped glass.

Abstract: A blowable fuse is provided over a part of its length separately from the walls of an enveloping cavity and separated from a supporting member. As a result of this the fuse is readily thermally isolated so that it fuses more rapidly and with less energy. In addition, a semiconductor circuit element, for example a Schottky diode, can be realized below a bridging part of a conductor which serves as an upper wall of the cavity, which results in a high bit density.

Abstract: A programmable integrated circuit has multi-layer wiring with openings over fuses, and a fabrication method forms the openings for each fuse, to avoid damage due to the blowing off of the fuses. The forming of the openings is performed by etching each insulating layer on the fuses after it is formed over the pre-formed wiring-layers. This results in shorter etching time as compared to the prior art etching method where the openings are etched in all the layers for the whole depth in one process step. Because of the shorter time necessary for each etching, overetching and side-etching are reduced, thus providing the openings with more accurately determined dimensions, which provides higher yield for manufacturing the device. The contact holes and the windows for the bonding pads in each insulating layer are etched in the same fabrication step for forming the openings for the fuses in the same insulating layer.

Abstract: In making a vertical bipolar transistors, after forming by diffusion process a region to become inactive base region an oxide film is selectively formed on the region, thereafter an ion implantation is carried out to produce regions which become the active base region and emitter region by using the oxide film; thereby such a configuration is formed so that defect part (108) induced at the time of the ion implantation is confined in the emitter region, thereby minimizing the leakage current at the PN junction, and hence assuring production of high performance and high reliability semiconductor devices; further, a high integration is attained by adopting self-alignment in forming emitter contact.

Abstract: A method of forming a layered structure, which method comprises depositing a first metal layer on a substrate, depositing a barrier layer on the first metal layer, depositing a second metal layer on the barrier layer, forming a first masking pattern on the second metal layer, etching the first and second metal layers and the barrier layer in accordance with the first masking pattern, removing the first masking pattern, forming a second masking pattern on the second metal layer, etching the second metal layer in accordance with the second masking pattern, removing the second masking pattern, depositing a dielectric layer having a thickness sufficient to cover the second metal layer, etching the dielectric layer to expose the second metal layer, and depositing on the etched dielectric layer and exposed second metal layer a further metal layer to contact the exposed second metal layer.

Abstract: A laminated iron core of an electric device is prepared by stamping a strip having a width smaller than an outer diameter of the laminated iron core to form iron core discs having one or more straight edges and also to form segmented circular pieces from excess fragments of the strip and processing the iron core discs to form iron core ring plates having straight edges and assembling the iron core ring plates and the segmented circular pieces to form the laminated iron core.

Abstract: A slide-type electrical switching mechanism has a contact plate with a plurality of frangible portions interconnecting discrete electrical contacts. The plate is securred to the non-conducting slider housing by deforming portions of the housing over the plate. The frangible portions are then punched out to form a plurality of discrete contacts for switching. The plate has contact connectors formed integrally therewith.

Abstract: A method of inserting coils into the slots of a stator iron core by moving a pressing piece and a blade supporter which are formed as separate bodies comprises a step of holding said coils by first blades fixed to said pressing piece and second blades fixed to said blade supporter, a step of moving forward said pressing piece and said blade supporter together to insert said coils into the slots of said iron core by means of said first and second blades, and a step of moving backward only said blade supporter for a predetermined distance followed by causing said pressing piece to move backward together with said blade supporter whereby said second blades are firstly retracted while keeping said first blades momentarily at a position.

Abstract: The device incorporates a support member (1) for the circuit package (13); a plurality of contact elements (4) for connection with the conductive terminations mounted on the support member each of the contact elements being resiliently biassed away from its associated conductive terminations (16) and means (12) for selectively exerting pressure upon the contact elements so as to urge them into contact with their associated conductive terminations to facilitate soldering and after such soldering to facilitate the removal of the circuit package (13) if and when desired, by allowing the pressure to be removed so that on de-soldering the resilient loading on a contact (4) will cause it automatically to spring away from the associated conductive terminations.

Abstract: A cutter reciprocatingly drivable in opposite directions and adapted to co-operate with the shear foil of a dry-shaving apparatus comprises support means and a plurality of pairs of arcuate cutter lamellae mounted on such support means. The distance between the two cutter lamellae of each pair is smaller than the distance between either cutter lamella of such pair and the adjacent cutter lamella of the adjacent pair at the location of the top of the cutter lamellae. The two cutter lamellae of each pair respectively include angular portions oriented towards each other at the location of the top of the cutter lamellae, the angular portions of the two cutter lamellae of each pair being urged against each other under pre-load.

Abstract: A cable splitter is disclosed for splitting the outside sheath of a cable containing one or more inner conductors. The cable splitter comprises an elongated member having a trough disposed along the entire longitudinal length thereof. A handle is connected to the distal end of the elongated member. A cutting element is positioned through a boss connected to the proximal end of the elongated member such that the cutting edge of the cutting element extends into the trough. The amount by which the cutting edge extends into the trough is made adjustable by means of set screws threadably disposed through the boss to engage the cutting element. Preferably the trough comprises a cross-sectional configuration substantially identical to the cross-sectional configuration of the cable to be slit. This enables the cable splitter of this invention to slit the sheath of the cable along the edge thereof, rather than along the flat, mid-portion of the cable.

Abstract: A tool, particularly a nut-cracker, consisting of two twin elements each having at one end a projection shaped as a cylinder sector surrounded by an annular element forming an eyelet and by a circle sector shaped tongue, concentrical with respect to said cylinder sector shaped projection, so as to attain, by inserting said projection of one element into the eyelet formed by the annular portion of the other one element, a tool with two elements or movable hinged arms, with a rotational axis coincident with the geometrical axis of said cylinder sector projections.

Abstract: A folding knife including a blade and a handle which are joined together by a pivot at a forward end of the handle, an axis of the pivot is in the same plane as the blade and the handle and joins same to a tang portion of the blade so that the blade can pivot laterally from an extended position through about 180.degree. to a second position where the blade lies within the confines of the handle. The top and/or bottom of the tang is generally rectangular in section and engages in a similarly shaped recess formed in upper and/or bottom arms of the handle, the upper and/or bottom arms of the handle incorporate a mechanism for moving the arms apart to enable the tang to be disengaged from the recess to swing the blade laterally either to its open or closed position. The top of the tang can have locking surfaces associated therewith which engage with a recess in the arm of the handle adjacent thereto to lock the blade in its open or closed position.

Abstract: The invention is an improved calipers that is arranged for reading at a remote distance from the object being measured, for either inside or outside diameters. The need for a calipers capable of being read at a remote distance is experienced when an item to be measured, such as a pipe, is below ground level in a manhole or drain catch basin, or at some elevated location above ground or floor level that is not readily accessible. The present invention of a calipers eliminates climbing down into a manhole or a drain opening where a ladder may be absent or not readily available or where dangerous gases may be present, or at an elevation above floor or ground level when a ladder is not readily available. The invention consists of a pair of sliding rod members to define the dimensional reading, a pair of dimensional point indicators, a plurality of sliding rod combined coupler-guides, and a plurality of affixing members for connections. The sliding rod members may be in a plurality of sections.

Abstract: A measuring device is disclosed which contains a sensor fastened to sensor holding elements (4, 5, 6, 7, 8) and suspended so as to be displaceable in relation to a frame (1) in three orthogonal directions (x, y, z).For each direction of displacement, two parallel moving bridges (11 and 12, 20 and 21, 28 and 24) are provided which are hinged on rigid connecting elements (13, 14, 22, 25). The device permits the return of the sensor to its reference position in the first two directions of displacement (x, y) by gravity or by centering elements provided for that purpose.

Abstract: A motor vehicle datum locating fixture includes a base adapted to be secured in one of a plurality of discrete locations on a frame which supports the vehicle and first, second and third bars. A first clap is mounted on the base to fix the first bar in any one of an indefinite number of perpendicular and rotational positions relative to the base. A second clamp is disposed adjacent the end of the first bar for securing the second bar in any one of an indefinite number of perpendicular and angular position relative to the first bar. The second bar also includes a support for supporting the third bar at a fixed perpendicular position relative to the second bar.

Abstract: A digital indication type measuring machine comprising: a main body having a spindle displaceable in the axial direction thereof and a digital indication portion; a plurality of measuring heads detachably mounted to the main body, being different in size from one another, and each incorporating therein cone, in each of which a displacement value of the spindle is converted into a radial projection value of each of measuring elements at conversion rates equal to one another; an encoder for sensing the displacement value of the spindle; and a circuit for processing an output from the encoder and digitally indicating the resultant value.

Abstract: A pipe thread gauge for measuring the pitch diameter of threaded pipe and determining the taper on the inner and outer sides of the threaded ends of the pipe comprising: an elongated rail, a fixed blade block assembly mounted on the rail, a second blade block assembly slidably mounted on the rail and movable relative to the fixed blade block assembly, thread-engaging blades mounted on both the fixed and sliding blade block assemblies, set screws mounted in the second blade block assembly for engaging apertures provided in the rail at selected locations therealong for locking the slidable blade box assembly at such locations, and a digital read-out to visually display measurements of pitch diameter and/or taper.

Abstract: An optical aiming device with a front sight and a rear sight. The front sight is in the form of an upstanding needle-like element or an illuminated fine spot. To prevent repeated accommodation movements of the lens of the eye during aiming of the weapon the rear sight comprises two prisms disposed at each side of the front sight. Each prism will produce an image of the front sight, said image lying at the same distance from the shot's eye as is the eye-front sight-distance.

Abstract: A rear sight for a gun comprises a bolt shaped element with a radial slot of preselected depth and width. By the threading of the threaded end of the bolt shaped element in and/or out of a threaded sight ear of the gun, the recess is alignable crosswise.

Abstract: An electrolytic type level sensor is secured atop spaced posts of a ceramic pedestal by applying epoxy only about the periphery of each post where it contacts the glass container of the level sensor and so that the glass container otherwise rests upon the posts. A thermal shunt of flexible braided copper is disposed about the glass container and is urged snuggly thereagainst by heat shrinking a plastic tube about the thermal shunt. The ceramic pedestal is received in an opening of a mounting plate and is urged by a spring pin against a "v" block type seat formed in the opening to establish points-of-contact therebetween. Epoxy is applied between the pedestal and opening to secure same together except at said points-of-contact. Plastic insulation is disposed about the sensor and pedestal and otherwise fills spaces in a housing for same and attached to said mounting plate.

Abstract: An adjustable water level device which may be used to match an unknown level to a reference level. The reference level may be easily adjusted by sliding a transparent cylinder inside an outer foam lined cylinder. An additional biasing spring is provided to assure safe movement of the transparent cylinder. The adjustable water level device may be attached to a vertical surface by driving nails or screws through openings in a supporting bracket or may be attached using hook and loop pile fastener type material. An offset bracket is provided so that the adjustable water level device may be mounted in the presence of obstacles such as wall moldings.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for the dehydration of low rank coal, such as lignite, utilizing hot water. Particles of low rank coal are preheated, entrained in liquid, fed to a high pressure feeder, and transferred into a high pressure loop leading to a heat exchange vessel, and at a pressure of about 500-1,000 psi. Particles discharged from the bottom of the heat exchange vessel pass to the top of a dehydration vessel. Water at a temperature (e.g. 250.degree.-260.degree. C. at 700 psi) sufficient to facilitate dehydration of the coal is fed to the bottom of the heat exchange vessel, and to the particles as they pass from the heat exchange vessel to the dehydration vessel. For particles withdrawn from the bottom of the dehydration vessel the pressure is gradually reduced so that they do not explode, and then the liquid and particles are separated while still at a temperature of about 180.degree.-200.degree. F. utilizing a vibrating dewatering screen, Vortex sieve, and vibratory centrifuge.

Abstract: A procedure for boosting the ventilation in drying sections of paper machines provided with a closed hood (1). In the procedure, air is blown on such surfaces which are susceptible to condensate precipitation. Air jets (F.sub.1,F.sub.2) are blown mainly obliquely downward through air ducts (11A,11B) disposed adjacent to both side walls (7A,7B) of the hood (1), above all towards the inner surfaces of the door, hatch and/or window structures (12A,12B,16,17) in association with the lower part of the walls (7A,7B) of the hood (1). The blowing air is taken to the air ducts (11A,11B) from the air within the hood (1) or as a mixture of air within the hood (1) and of dry replacement air. For air ducts (11A,11B) are used horizontal air ducts (11A,11B) extending the length of the hood (1) and on which have been disposed blowing nozzles (8A,8B), of which the blowing direction is obliquely towards the inner surfaces of doors (12A,12B) or equivalent of the hood (1) adjacent to them or below them.

Abstract: An air-permeability measuring apparatus for textiles includes a measuring fork having first and second rigid legs disposed in parallel overlying relations. A first double pipe stub is displacably mounted to the first leg and has inner and outer stub parts providing an inner flow channel and an annular flow channel. A second double pipe stub is mounted into the second leg and includes inner and outer stub parts providing a second inner flow channel and a second annular flow channel. The double pipe stubs are coaxial and the first double pipe stub is adapted for being displaced between an insert position and a clamping position and in the clamping position the inner and annular flow channels are aligned and communicate. A pipe extends from each of the second inner and annular flow channels and the pipes are connected to an exhauster which exerts a vacuum on the inner and annular flow channels and thereby induces air flow therethrough.

Abstract: Upper shelves supported within a tall vacuum drying chamber of freeze drying apparatus are positioned above eye level sighting of an operator of average height, rendering loading of vials upon these upper shelves and unloading therefrom, a difficult task. Typically, the vials, containing pharmaceutical or biological liquid, have stoppers loosely engaged therein. Means are provided for stacking the upper shelves to an appropriate sighting level for sequential loading which returns the shelves to their initial position. The loaded shelves are again lowered to a comfortable height for unloading thereof after all vials on lower and upper shelves have their loosely fitted stoppers fully engaged within their vials by stoppering means.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for reducing the water content of honey is disclosed. The apparatus includes a housing for the honey, a rotatable high surface area body upon which the honey forms a thin film and means for supplying a nonturbulent stream of ambient pressure 40.degree. C. to 75.degree. C. air to said housing so as to reduce the water content of the thin film of honey. The method involves rotating the rotatable body so as to form a thin film of honey and passing a nonturbulent stream of ambient pressure 40.degree. C. to 75.degree. C. air over said honey to reduce its water content.

Abstract: A shoe containing a plurality of pairs of transverse ribs provided between the mid-sole and the outer sole. All of the ribs are provided with at least one bowed or convex surface running the length of the rib. When weight is placed upon the sole, each of the ribs initially begins to deflect and then the ribs are compressed. The ribs begin to become compressed when one of each pair of the ribs would intrude upon an adjacent rib of a second pair of ribs.