Abstract: A method and apparatus for applying a hydraulically expandable hub to a shaft by the use of a fixture for mounting the hub square to the end of the shaft as the hub is applied. The fixture comprises a pair of relatively slideable rings, one of which supports the hub as it is applied to the end of the shaft and the other of which slides over a small bearing support end of the shaft and maintains the two rings square relative to the shaft axis as the hub is applied.

Abstract: An installation for manufacturing panels used in building construction which panels comprise a metal framework of two parallel meshes joined by connector wires which obliquely pass through a core of lightweight material between the two parallel meshes to which latter said connector wires are welded, the installation including a conveyor device for entry into the machine, a first section of an intermittent traction and advancing device within the machine, a dispensing device for feeding connector wires to a fastening device for inserting them in the lightweight core, a second section of the intermittent traction and advancing device, a column of electrodes for welding the connector wires, a third section of the intermittent traction and advancing device, a saw device for shaping the resulting panels and automated mechanisms and systems for controlling all these elements.

Abstract: An automatic rotational cutting edge changer for use with a tool tip having a plurality of cutting edges. When a sensor detects wear or chipping in the cutting edge in use, the cutting edge changer moves this cutting edge of the tool tip out of the cutting position of the cutting tip and brings a new cutting edge of the same tool tip to the cutting position by keeping the tool tip supported in position on a rotating member and causing the rotating member to be urged in its rotating direction by a lever operated by an actuating device for the cutting edge changer.

Abstract: A semiconductor device which is provided with a surface channel type or bulk channel type MIS FET. The MIS FET comprises at least a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type, a layer member formed in a predetermined pattern on the major surface of the substrate and having an insulating side surface; an insulating layer formed on the major surface of the substrate to extend from the insulating side surface in a direction opposite from the layer member; a conductive layer formed on the major surface of the insulating layer in contact with the insulating side surface of the layer member; and a first semiconductor region of a second conductivity type formed in the semiconductor substrate having a marginal edge corresponding to that of the conductive layer.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method manufacturing semiconductor devices which minimizes encroachment by utilizing a polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) layer over a grown oxide on the substrate with a nitride layer positioned above the polysilicon layer. A patterned resist is then formed in the active device regions and the device is then etched in the regions where the resist has not been applied to remove the nitride layer, the polysilicon layer and the oxide layer in one embodiment and, in a second embodiment, also removes a portion of the substrate. The silicon substrate portion which is exposed is then oxidized by field oxidation to provide, in the first embodiment, an oxide layer which rises above the level of the polysilicon layer and, in the second embodiment, to a point equal to or slightly above the oxide layer beneath the polysilicon layer. The nitride and polysilicon layer are then stripped or, alternatively, the polysilicon layer can be oxidized.

Abstract: The present method discloses the steps to form metal device contact studs between regions of a semiconductor device, such as an NPN vertical bipolar transistor, and the first level metal, the studs overlapping both a contact region (such as the base or the collector) and an adjacent polyimide-filled trench. The method is comprised of the following steps:(a) applying a lift off mask exposing said contact region and adjacent trench without attacking the polyimide fill,(b) blanket depositing the stud forming metal onto the whole structure,(c) lifting off said mask and the overlying metal,(d) blanket depositing a second dielectric layer onto the whole structure, the thickness of said second layer being approximately the stud height,(e) removing said second dielectric layer until the top surface of the highest contact stud is exposed and(f) polishing both the metal and said second dielectric layer to leave a substantially planarized structure ready for further personalization.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method enabling the use of four or more levels of metal over silicon chips whereby increased wiring density, reduced wiring capacitances and improved interconnection reliability are achieved. Stud vertical wiring and special etching procedures to accommodate differences in stud elevation and in stud size, are features which provide substantial planarity in the successive levels.

Abstract: A method and a device for forming the rotor winding coils of a dynamoelectric machine and for anchoring the ends of the coils in slots provided in a commutator associated with the rotor. The method comprises the steps of winding a copper wire around pairs of rotor slots to form the various coils of the winding, inserting each coil end in a commutator slot, the starting end of each coil being inserted in the same slot as that in which the end of the previously wound coil is inserted, and bending the portion of copper wire that is adjacent the end of the coil and extends between the rotor and the commutator, towards the rotor shaft immediately before the insertion of each coil end in the corresponding commutator slot. The said step of insertion of each coil end in the corresponding commutator slot and the preceding step of bending the portion of copper wire adjacent the end of the coil towards the rotor shaft, are carried out during the winding of the wire in the rotor slots.

Abstract: A method of forming cooling ducts in the windings of a liquid cooled electrical transformer without adding permanent duct formers to the winding, and without requiring an additional manufacturing step to remove duct formers. Plastic tubes dissolvable in the liquid dielectric are utilized as the duct formers. Thermal siphon flow of the liquid through the tube openings when the transformer is energized dissolves the tubes and enlarges the cooling ducts to the outside dimensions of the tubes.

Abstract: A process for producing iodide-treated manganese dioxide which displays reduced abnormal initial open circuit voltage and decreased undesirable degradative reactions with cell components when employed in electrochemical cells.

Abstract: An automatic film loading device for loading a sheet of film into a cassette wherein the cassette is discharged out of a system with cassette lid closed if the sheet of film is loaded into the cassette, and with the cassette lid kept open when the sheet of film is not loaded into the cassette. An element for detecting the presence of a sheet of film in the cassette is provided. The element consists of an infrared light emitting element and an infrared light receiving element. An element for detecting the size of the cassette inserted into the device is provided. Guide plates supporting both sides of the cassette and movable symmetrically against the both sides of the cassette are provided.

Abstract: The invention is a process of simultaneously making a plurality of jack-type electrical connectors characterized by the steps of molding together a plurality of housings (10); stamping and forming a plurality of groups (20) of electrical conductors (21) in the same spaced relationship as the housings (10); molding to each group of electrical conductors (21) a respective plastic member (50); placing the free ends of each group (20) of electrical conductors (21) through the passages (12) in respective housings (10) so that they extend into the housing cavities (13); forming the remaining portion of the electrical conductors (21) into the grooves (11) in respective housings (10); snapping the plastic members (50) into the recesses (18) in respective housings (10). The housings may then be separated for individual use.

Abstract: A foldable knife is disclosed as including a latching mechanism utilizing a non-circular non-arcuate multi-sided operator which positively locks the knife in its selected positions. The latching mechanism embodies a square shaped operator permitting the knife blade to be locked in each of a closed position, an intermediate position and an open position.

Abstract: A glass cutter and an accessory to allow circular cuts are disclosed. The glass cutter includes a barrel having an axial opening formed of two sections: a smooth and a tapped section, a tapered holder for releasably securing a cutter wheel in the barrel's smooth section, and a spring-biased shaft to be secured within the tapped section and provided with a finger control member. Preferably, the shaft is axiably adjustable. Preferably, the barrel has a knurled outer periphery. Preferably, the holder is formed of stainless steel and the remaining parts are of aluminum.

Abstract: A delimbing shear attachment for a moveable boom mounted on a motorized or self-propelled vehicle having an operator's station such as a cab or platform from which the operator controls movement of the boom and attachment and the application of hydraulic power to an attachment mounted on the boom. The shear attachment comprises a mounting frame detachedly secured to the boom, an anvil member rigidly connected to said mounting frame and a cutting member pivotally connected at one end to the mounting frame and having a cutting edge disposed in cooperating relation with the anvil member. A double-acting hydraulic cylinder is operated in one direction to open the shear to receive a tree limb or other workpiece to be sheared and in the other direction to bring the cutting edge into engagement along its entire length with the anvil to shear off the workpiece.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for transferring alignment (attitude) from a land navigation system (LNS) mounted on a carrier vehicle to another structure such as a missile launcher or a radar station. The invention also embodies a scheme for verifying the accuracy of the transfer concept. The essential feature is a mechanical interface between the protable element of the LNS and the housing of the receiving structure. The interface is accomplished through two rods attached to the LNS portable element and two mating V-groove parts attached to the receiving element housing. The scheme is simple, rugged and inexpensive and is different from other methods in that alignment is transferred mechanically via the rod/V-groove mechanization.

Abstract: A sighting device for a bow which is fixedly mounted on a bow and which is provided with a lever and link arrangements such that a sight unit thereof is tilted at a progressively increasing rate as the sighting device is adjusted for longer distances so as to compensate for gravity effect on arrows. Also, the sight unit is so mounted whereby it tilts relative to the bow in a manner wherein the sight unit generally lies in a plane which is normal to the sighting axis therethrough for all adjustments of the sighting device.

Abstract: A drawing tool comprises a pair of light transmitting screens, a ground beneath each screen, and a former or tip under each screen adapted to either add material to the ground or subtract material from the ground to create a design thereon. The designs are viewed as a composite three-dimensional image and can be permanently fixed on a removable plate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a transducer for the micrometric measurement of linear quantities comprising a support rule, a scale in the form of a very thin continuous metal tape which is kept suspended at its ends under a predetermined constant tension and on which the measurement notches are directly engraved, and a reading head comprising a tape guide groove in which the tape slides freely during the movement of the head relative to the support rule.

Abstract: The measuring device comprises a carrying frame (7) guided by the rails (2, 2') and driven along it through a railroad vehicle to which it is connected through the intermediary of hinges enabling a vertical and lateral displacement of said frame (7) with respect to the vehicle. The carrying frame (7) is provided with a plurality of feelers, cooperating with the surface of the head (12) of the rail (2) transversally spaced apart the ones from the other. The carrying frame (7) comprises a guiding dihedral used as reference base, the edge of which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the rail (2), applied against the upper part of the rolling surface of the rail (2) and the lower part of the internal face of the head (12) of the rail.

Abstract: A device for assisting the driver of a towing vehicle to maneuver the vehicle toward a vehicle to be towed to position the hitch members of the vehicles in precise alignment. The device includes a vertically extending sighting rod carried by an articulating arm assembly mounted on the towed vehicle and a stop member mounted on the towing vehicle. The sighting rod is aligned with the vertical axis of the cooperating hitches and is viewed by the driver during backing with respect to an index marker so that the cooperating hitches can be maneuvered into precise alignment. Additionally, the sighting rod permits the driver to accurately judge the closing distance between the vehicles.

Abstract: An insole includes an abrasion-resistant fabric top covering adhered to a layer of molded modified dense polyurethane contoured to provide maximum shock absorption under those areas of the foot most subject to impact loading and a minimum thickness of polyurethane under the remaining portions of the foot. In addition, a series of grooves extending primarily parallel to the axis of the foot are formed in the lowermost surface of the shock absorbing polyurethane. These grooves provide volume into which the polyurethane may deform during impact, thereby enhancing the shock absorbing qualities of the material.

Abstract: A game shoe having a novel outsole which includes, a skirt adhesion member located on the bottom surface of the forepart of the outsole, first projections and second projections provided on the bottom surface of the rearpart of the outsole and the bottom surface surrounded by the skirt adhesion member. The first projections are cylindrical, different in size and are formed in such a manner that the greater the height is, the smaller the diameter will be. The second projections are provided with skirt adhesion bottom ends respectively to contact the floor surface.

Abstract: A lightweight, flexible gymnastic shoe is disclosed. The shoe includes an upper formed of a lightweight synthetic fabric. A relatively broad closure strap has a first end fixed to a medial inside surface of the upper in the area of the arch and a second free end for detachable attachment to the medial outside of the upper. A hook and pile fastener selectively fastens the second end of the closure strap to the upper. A sole is attached to an outer bottom surface of the upper, and is formed of a relatively thin resilient material located only below the toe, ball and heel areas. A liner is located inside the upper and extends along substantially the entire length of the inside top surface of the upper. The liner is formed of a relatively low density cushioning material. A metatarsal pad is located along the liner only in the area of the first and second metatarsal heads of a wearer's foot, and a heel pad is located along the liner in the heel area.

Abstract: An improved snowblower apparatus having a housing unit (11), a power unit (12), a handle unit (13), a blade unit (14), a discharge unit (16) and a supplemental air inlet unit (17). The supplemental air inlet unit (17) comprises one or more holes disposed through the housing unit (11) to allow supplemental air to be introduced into the housing unit (11) so that it may be mixed with snow prior to being discharged. The housing unit (11) further includes a cutaway bottom section (26) to allow snow to engage the blade unit (14) without being first contacted by the bottom surface of the housing unit (11). The blade unit (14) can be easily removed from the housing unit (11) for ease of manufacture, replacement or repair.

Abstract: A reflective audio assembly and picture frame defines a personalized audio visual combination. The frame displays a picture and a housing supports the frame in a substantially upright condition on a planar surface such as a table. The housing includes a sound receiving enclosure for receiving the sound from a speaker of a tape sound reproducing assembly which may also be contained in the housing. The sound receiving enclosure includes a front wall having an opening therein which is directed towards the front of the picture and downwardly to deflect the sound toward the planar surface upon which the combination is supported to enhance the tonal and directional qualities of the sound.

Abstract: A matrix display device includes an array of display elements each comprising a member (12) rotatable between two states and an array of bearing elements (13) associated with said rotatable members manufactured as a single piece, such as a frame (11).This allows an improved method of manufacture of such display devices in that a matrix sheet (1) having display apertures (2) and bearing members (3) is produced with spacing such that the frame (11) of display element members (12) aligns with the matrix sheet and the respective bearing elements (13) and members (3) can interengage simultaneously, resulting in saving of time and simplification of the assembly procedure. Once interengaged, the residual parts of the frame (11) are severed and discarded. Matrix sheet (1) is also made as a single piece, enabling a whole matrix of hinged display elements to be made from only two or three parts.

Abstract: A foldable, collapsible traffic display is storable in the flat, folded state and can be erected to form a three dimensional hollow triangle or box. The apparatus includes three rectangular panels connected together by two folding hinge portions and a holding means for locking the display in its erected state. According to one embodiment, the display includes a balast pocket in the central panel and a Velcro.RTM.-like holding means. An alternative embodiment employs tabs having a special geometry and male and female snap fasteners to lock the display in position. Warning indicia are printed on the panels and the erected display is preferrably oriented during use so that the appropriate warning is visible to oncoming traffic. The display may be turned inside-out and locked in the reverse mode so that the warning indicia on all six panels can be made visible to other motorists.

Abstract: Described is a weapon including a utilization recorder having a detector for detecting activation of the weapon and producing an activation signal upon detection, a control module for generating a time signal representative of elapsed time and for causing the time signal to be sent to a recording module upon receipt by the control module of an activation signal, and a recording module having multiple memories for recording the time signal.

Abstract: A hinge device for break-open type firearm comprises two pair of arcuate ridges on the breech slidably received in complementary grooves formed in parallel sidewalls of a receiver. One pair of ridges and complementary grooves is located forwardly of the hinge axis, with one ridge and its associated groove on each side of the ridge, and the other pair of the ridges and complementary grooves is located rearwardly of the hinge axis. In the closed position of the firearm, the ridges and grooves are generally upright, so that their flanks or sidewalls include a large angle with the line of action of the recoil forces.

Abstract: An improved cylinder and extractor assembly for use in a revolver comprising a cylinder having a central longitudinal chamber and a plurality of longitudinal cartridge chambers at uniformly spaced intervals thereabout and including radial slots at the rear of the cylinder providing communication between the central chamber and each of the cartridge chambers. An extractor assembly, centrally disposed in the central chamber, includes an extractor member having circumferentially spaced radial projections each one of which may be disposed in one of the radial slots at the rear of the cylinder for engagement with the groove of a cartridge. The extractor member is axially movable from a first position, within the central chamber to a second position substantially rearwardly of the central chamber, to force cartridges from the cartridge chambers.

Abstract: The present invention provides the swimmer and or diver with protection against a shark. A probe held by the user can be deliberately armed before use. When armed the probe has protruding from its front end a dart. The dart is provided with a trigger restrained from operating by a trigger washer. When the dart is plunged into the shark's body it penetrates the skin and enters the body. The trigger washer no longer restrains the trigger which then allows a gas from a cartridge to enter the shark's body cavity. The gas bloats the shark's body causing the shark to rise in the water having lost the ability to maneuver.

Abstract: An improved balanced fishing rod is disclosed having line-tension-responsive indicating means operable to produce a visual indication when tension on the fishing line exceeds a predetermined value. The indicating means includes a rechargeable direct-current voltage source having a pair of terminals sealed to the fishing rod, a charging diode enabling the voltage source to be recharged while remaining sealed to said fishing rod, and a light-emitting diode connected in parallel with the charging diode. The charging diode is reversely positioned with respect to the light-emitting diode so that an electric current emanating from the voltage source will pass through and light the light-emitting diode and not pass through the charging diode, while an electric current emanating from a charging battery will pass through the charging diode and not the light-emitting diode to recharge the voltage source without lighting the light-emitting diode.

Abstract: An electrical signalling device for a fishing rod holder having an open topped rod support channel spaced forwardly of a rod handle receiving rim portion, includes a switch housing adapted for support on the rod holder, an electrical circuit in the housing including an electrically actuated signal means, a power source and an electrical connection therebetween including a normally open switch, a switch lever adapted for engagement by the handle of a rod supported in the fishing rod holder and bias means urging the lever downwardly whereby the switch is closed in response to upward movement of the switch lever against the urging of the bias means when a fish strikes on the line of the fishing rod. The switch lever may include a depending flange having a pair of downwardly and outwardly flaring inclined contact surfaces so that even lateral forces will result in upward movement of the switch lever to actuate the signalling device.

Abstract: A novel telescoping fishing rod comprises a handle having means for releasably attaching a fishing reel and a hollow pole to the handle. The pole has telescoping sections, each of which has an internal grommet which holds a line passing through the pole off the inner surface, allowing greater feel for the angler. A novel locking means allows interchange of poles and handles. The means has a plug and receptacle. The plug follows a keyway in the receptacle and is rotated into a second keyway, where its retraction is limited.

Abstract: A tamper proof rodent bait station that is spill proof, tamper-proof and one in which the design and construction provides the user with a highly safe device for the placement of rodent poisons in areas in which they might come in contact with children, pets, wildlife and food products. The bait station may be made of colored plastic to simulate night and dim lighting in the interior, and can be mounted in an independent tray.

Abstract: In a swing-tilt fitting for mounting the wing of a window or door to its frame, an arresting means is provided which is operatively associated with the locking rod linkage which controls the operational mode of the wing. Since between every two of the three positions (closure, swinging, tilting) of the operating linkage a lost motion is present, the locking rod linkage can be utilized for actuating the arresting means. Said arresting means can be disposed either laterally between the wing and frame of a window or a door or between tilt shears and members disposed in the upper locking rod channel. The tilt position, which can be stepwise or infinitely variable, is secured by actuating the operating grip of the linkage out of the tilt position into one of the two other positions, closure or swinging. The tilt arrest is effected either by engagement of tooth members or by turning a brake member guided in a hollow rod.

Abstract: A sealing structure for an automotive sliding door comprising a lower seal attached to the lower edge of the sliding door. The lower seal is adapted to contact a lower vertical edge portion of a lower guide rail upon which the sliding door is slidably suspended to establish a water-tight seal between the guide rail and the lower edge of the sliding door. The guide rail is mounted on a lower side frame of the automotive vehicle, and a weatherstrip is also installed on the vehicle body lower side frame. The weatherstrip is adapted to contact the inner surface of the sliding door to establish another water-tight seal. In this way a double seal is obtained around the lower edge of the sliding door, and the lower guide rail is satisfactorily isolated from leaking moisture.

Abstract: A sliding door operator comprises a tubular housing adapted to receive first and second elongated bars in a spaced apart and parallel arrangement. Both bars include a gear-toothed rack engaged by a single motor driven gear. An end of one bar is secured to the door and an end of the other bar is secured to a wall structure. A bracket secured to the door includes registering apertures adapted to mate with a bore in the end of one of the bars so that the bar can be detachably locked to the door by a locking pin. The other bar also includes a bore adapted to mate with the aperture in a channel bracket secured to the stationary wall structure to receive a removable locking pin therethrough. In addition, the operator includes a locking mechanism for locking the bars in a fixed position with respect to each other.

Abstract: A gasket arrangement for a two-panel door or observation window of a high temperture oven has, preferably, two gaskets disposed one on each side of one panel of the door or window around its periphery so as to provide a seal between the panels and to allow sealing of the door or window against a further member, for example frame, of the oven. A layer of vapor impermeable material extends between the gaskets so as to prevent escape of fumes from the oven. The gaskets are preferably of glass fibre, and the vapor impermeable material a metallic foil.

Abstract: An apparatus for machining spherical objects to a high degree of roundness. The apparatus includes rotating a work piece about a first axis and concurrently rotating a grinding device about a second axis perpendicular to the first axis to engage the work piece. The grinding device includes a plurality of grinding wheels which rotate about a third axis radially extending from second axis.

Abstract: An abrasive wheel assembly for use on a grinding or cut-off machine is described. A hub includes a mounting for releasably mounting the hub on the machine and securing structure for securing the hub to the center of the abrasive wheel so as to prevent axial movement of the hub relative to the abrasive wheel. A transverse key and mating keyway comprise a mechanical interlock to prevent rotation between the hub and the abrasive wheel. The keyway may be formed by imbedding a bushing in the abrasive wheel and may be used with epoxy to further secure the hub to the abrasive wheel rotationally.

Abstract: A fixture for holding an optical lens during processing which includes a first lens holder having a lens-covering surface and an exterior surface and a second lens holder with a lens-covering surface and an exterior surface. The lens-covering surfaces are placed over the confronting surface of a lens, and the entire assembly is clipped together so that it may be subjected to the manufacturing processes, for example abrasive tumbling to round the exposed edges of the lens.

Abstract: A pull-apart mounting hub for mounting a scrubbing pad or the like to a drive disc on a power-driven scrubbing machine or the like. The hub has two parts: a base mounted to the drive disc, the base having a cylindrical collar and an annular shoulder; and a split-ring retainer. The split-ring retainer is resilient and generally cylindrical, and includes a retaining flange extending radially outwardly for retaining the pad, an annular lip engageable with the annular shoulder of the collar to lock the two pieces together, and a tab adjacent the split for urging the lip adjacent the split out of engagement with the annular shoulder of the collar to enable the retainer to be removed from the collar.

Abstract: An insulating cover is disclosed for enclosing an opening in a building floor containing a folding stairs which has a pair of tracks mounted adjacent the opening. An inverted box-like structure of sufficient size to cover the opening has sides which fit and are movable in the tracks to enable the box-like structure to be slid horizontally and/or pivoted to cover or expose the openings.

Abstract: This invention provides a convenient apparatus and method for mounting equipment in an underground vault to provide convenient access to the equipment whenever such access is necessary. The vault mount includes a frame having one end thereof permanently pivotally mounted to the frame releasably attached to a second wall of the vault. Suitable springs are mounted between the first wall of the vault and the frame to urge the frame to pivot about the mounting to the first wall. When the second end of the frame is released from its wall mount, the frame and the apparatus mounted thereon pivots from a generally horizontal position in the vault to a generally vertical position with the equipment mounted on the frame extending out of the vault.

Abstract: A cover and erection method for a tank, sedimentation device or building cover constructed over or within a generally continuous upstanding circular side wall (30), made up of a series of concentric spaced thrust rings (11, 12, 21) having multiple short curved radial beams (14, 19) bridging the annuli between the rings and cover plates (17, 21) extending across the spaces between adjacent ones of the beams between each of the spaced rings. Erection may be from the wall inwardly or from the center to the wall. In either event an intermediate thrust ring is temporarily supported at an elevation above and within the side wall and the beams set across the rings in relatively short radial spans prior to welding of beams and plates to the respective rings. By this technique, small lightweight beams can be utilized for building large-diameter covers or domes with each rise span being of relatively small length.

Abstract: An insulated concrete wall having a centrally disposed layer of insulation and utilizing a unitary means for simultaneously maintaining form panels in a predetermined spaced relationship, and for maintaining the insulation in a predetermined spaced relationship between the form panels such that a permanent and reinforced mechanical connection is provided between said concrete walls and said interposed insulation.

Abstract: This invention is an adjustable frame member or jamb for a wall opening and a method for making it. It consists of two side-by-side jamb members, a spring and a stop. The stop is attached to one jamb member in an overhanging or step-like relationship. The spring is inserted into the back of this member so that an elongated portion defines a slot with the overhanging portion of the stop. Narrow kerfs are appropriately let into the back of the jamb and the door stop for anchoring the arm portions of the spring. The second jamb member is slid into the slot defined by the stop and spring, where it is firmly gripped by the spring. By forming one mounting point for the spring in the back of the stop, a short lever arm is maintained to better resist any prying or dislodging forces applied against the spring caused by the other jamb member. The artical can conveniently be made by first attaching one edge of the stop to a jamb of the narrowest width expected in use.