Abstract: A liquid dispensing apparatus for cooperation with an associated liquid reservoir which includes a first fluid conduit extending into the associated liquid reservoir and a second fluid being disposed at a higher elevation than the first fluid conduit.

Abstract: Animal restraint apparatus for use in restraining domestic animals having an elongate uniformly stretching elastomeric member, a selectively releasable eyelet attached thereto at the distal end adapted for interconnection to a dog collar or the like, and a quick release strap means interconnected at the proximal end of the elastomeric member.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of supplying feedwater to a forced flow boiler or the like as described. A positive displacement pump having a plurality of discrete pumping elements is arranged to pump feedwater from an inlet to the boiler. The pump includes bypass valves which, when open, disable the pumping action of an associated pumping element. Control means responsive to the demand for water in the boiler are arranged to disable a selected number of the pumping elements so that the rate of water supplied by the remaining elements, if operated continuously, would just exceed that required. The control means is further arranged to disable at least one of the remaining pumping elements on a periodic basis so that the ratio of time that the element is enabled to the time for one period multiplied by the water flow rate supplied by said element, if operated continuously, equals the difference between the total demand for water and the rate supplied by the pumping elements enabled on a full-time basis.

Abstract: In a feed water preheater of horizontal type with an integrated desuperheater, the last deflection chamber of the desuperheater is provided with lateral steam outlet ports (13). As a result, the desuperheated steam does not reach the condensation zone directly as hitherto by passing into the free cross-section of the tube bundle but, instead, it passes into the free space surrounding the condensation bundle (2) on which it can then act from the outside inwards at minimum flow velocity.

Abstract: A controlled amount of a fluid (steam or water or a solution of water plus additives) is injected into an internal combustion engine to improve combustion, efficiency, and to reduce emissions. The amount of the fluid injected is controlled in response to engine need. The steam is generated by the heat produced by the engine. Combustion gas temperature is used to control the amount of steam produced by varying the fluid flow through one or more fixed or variable orifice control valves. The steam is injected in a piston engine to cool peak temperatures, to prevent detonation and pre-ignition, to smooth out hot spots, to prevent auto-ignition or dieseling, and to use the vapor energy in the expansion cycle to increase low speed torque and acceleration. The steam is used to cause full retard of the vacuum spark advance during acceleration at full load from low speed, and a large amount of steam is injected at this point in the cycle to prevent pre-ignition and detonation.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for the rapid warmup and thermal regulation of the lubricating oil (18) of an internal combustion engine of the type cooled by a cooling fluid (12) with a high specific heat and slight viscosity such as a water-additives mixture, circulating around the cylinders (6) or liners (8) of this engine. According to the invention, this process consists in a heat exchange between this cooling fluid (12) and lubricating oil (18) at the upper zones of these cylinders or these liners, this oil (18) being able to pick up the calories coming from the cylinder head (2) of this engine to transfer them to this cooling fluid (12).Application: particularly to cooling and lubricating of internal combustion engines.

Abstract: An air guide ring arrangement is disclosed for guiding air flow around an axial fan of a liquid cooled internal combustion engine having a radiator through which air is drawn by the fan. To facilitate construction of a minimal sized air gap between the air guide ring and the fan blades, the air guide ring is supported by a gibbet or bracket arm fixed to the engine and by a spoked support wheel rotatably borne at the outer circumference of the fan hub.

Abstract: Intake and exhaust passages in cylinder heads of an opposed six-cylinder engine. The cylinder heads are disposed on opposite sides of a crankcase including cylinder blocks. Intake valves and exhaust valves in each cylinder are disposed in the same arrangement at every so that the distance between the intake valves are equal to each other, and an intake passage in each cylinder head is so formed as to communicate the intake valves with two openings. The openings are located at a position between adjacent intake valves so that the intake passages for every cylinder are equal in length and exahust passages are exclusively provided for each exhaust valve.

Abstract: An improved two cycle engine is disclosed which includes a subchamber which is in communication with the exhaust port with a cylindrical valve rotatably disposed therebetween. A reed valve unit is turnably supported in the inlet port to open and close the latter. The cylindrical valve is operatively connected to the reed valve unit by way of a linkage mechanism. Either of the cylindrical valve and the reed valve unit is actuated by a servomotor and the other one is actuated by the linkage mechanism. The servomotor is controlled with the aid of a control circuit so as to allow the engine to be operated at a predetermined number of revolutions.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine comprising four valves for each cylinder consisting of a first pair of continuously operable intake and exhaust valves and a second pair of additional, optionally disconnectible intake and exhaust valves, the valve lift curve of the first pair being intended for torque in the partial load range and the second pair for power in the full load range, the engine including two overhead camshafts for actuating the four valves per cylinder, with the valves arranged so that in each case the disconnectible valves of two adjacent cylinders are adjacent to one another and may be actuated by cams on a sleeveshaft which is freely rotatable on the camshaft but may be coupled rotationally rigidly at the correct angle to the camshaft by way of an axially slidable shift collar.

Abstract: A sealed type oil rush adjuster for the valve of a 4-cycle engine, having a liquid seal formed of a diaphragm which is mounted over the outer surface of the plunger, partitioning off a reservoir chamber. The diaphragm is pressure fitted by means of a perforated retainer plate having a flange which extends downwardly beyond the lower edge of the diaphragm and is pressed directly against the plunger body.

Abstract: A hydraulic lifter for an internal combustion engine which includes a cylindrical body installed horizontally or nearly horizontally, having an oil inlet port on the surface of the body; a plunger slidably inserted into the body; a push rod seat inserted into one end of the body in contact with the plunger, having an oil outlet port; an oil reservoir formed by the plunger and a push rod seat; a pressure chamber formed by the internal wall of the body and the end face of the plunger in the other end of the body; a hole for the oil to flow in and out of the reservoir, provided in the vicinity of the junction between the plunger and the push rod seat; a first groove provided on the other surface of the plunger forming at least one turn around the plunger, to connect the oil inlet port mounted on the body with the hole for the oil to flow in and out of the reservoir; and a second groove provided on the outer surface of the push rod seat forming at least one turn around the push rod seat, to connect the hole for t

Abstract: An auxiliary transfer passage is offset from the trajectory along which fuel is injected so as to be located downstream of the trajectory with respect to the direction of swirl within the swirl chamber and which is sized to have a cross-sectional area with respect to the main transfer passage and the cylinder bore in which the main combustion chamber is defined so as to simultaneously minimize smoke and NO.sub.x formation.

Abstract: Spark ignited internal combustion engine of the reciprocal piston type, having inlet means 7 for substantially tangentially introducing a combustible mixture into a combustion chamber 6 to generate a swirling motion of the mixture and provided with means 16 for breaking up the swirling motion so as to produce turbulence at or near the end of the compression stroke of the piston 3.

Abstract: An improved dome-shaped piston head is disclosed characterized by a plurality of channels, depressions, and recesses which enhance the flow of an air-fuel mixture around the piston head in a combustion chamber and the flow of exhaust gases from the chamber. Specifically, the dome-shaped head portion includes a pair of depressions in its intake and exhaust side portions for increasing swirl of the air-fuel mixture. The intake side portion of the piston head also includes first and second channels which cooperate with the intake depression to direct the incoming air-fuel mixture around the piston dome and upwardly into the combustion chamber with swirling turbulence. The exhaust side portion of the piston head includes a pair of tapered recesses on opposite sides of the exhaust depression for directing exhaust gases toward the exhaust opening.

Abstract: A throttle control device for an internal combustion engine comprising an acceleration sensor for generating an output signal corresponding to the amount of depression of an accelerator pedal, a vacuum sensor for varying an output in response to change in negative pressure in an air intake passage between in a fully closed position of a throttle valve upon release of the accelerator pedal and in an open position of the throttle valve upon depression of the accelerator pedal, a throttle valve driving motor for driving the throttle valve against a biasing force of a back spring normally biasing the throttle valve in its fully closing direction, and an electric control circuit for receiving output signals from the acceleration sensor and the vacuum sensor and the vacuum sensor to control the throttle valve driving motor in response to the output signal from the acceleration sensor, and acting to cut off current to the throttle valve driving motor when the output signal from the vacuum sensor upon release of the

Abstract: A valve arrangement for regulating the idling speed of internal combustion engines by control of the quantity of air on the intake side of an intake manifold 1 leading to the combustion engine. It has an electromagnetic control member which has a solenoid 7 by which a closure member 4 is movable, via a control element, against the force of a return spring 8. A valve 11 which can be opened in the closed position of the closure member 4 is arranged within a connection 10 of given cross section from the inlet side to the outlet side of the closure member 4.

Abstract: In an electronically controlled fuel injection apparatus which is controlled in accordance with the signal from a sensor for providing a signal concerning the operational condition of the associated engine, there are provided a generator for generating a stand-by signal by which the apparatus is able to continue the control operation thereof without the normal output signal from the sensor and a switching circuit for applying the stand-by signal instead of the signal from the sensor to a control section for electronically controlling the apparatus in response to detecting the occurrence of trouble in the sensor.

Abstract: A system for controlling the ignition timing of an engine provided with a supercharger. The system comprises a vacuum advance device comprising two chambers defined by a diaphragm and a rod connecting the diaphragm to an advance mechanism of a distributor of the engine. The vacuum advance device is operated by the difference between the pressure at a signal port in the intake passage at an upstream side of the throttle valve of the engine and the pressure at a signal port provided in the wall of the intake passage at a position just above the throttle valve, the pressure thereat varying with the variation of the opening degree of the throttle valve. The vacuum advance device is so arranged as to retard the ignition timing at high engine speed by the pressure difference.

Abstract: Ignition timing for an internal combustion engine is controlled by subtracting a retard correction amount from a basic ignition timing. When engine knocking is detected, the retard correction amount is retarded from the basic ignition timing, but not so that the controlled timing drops below a predetermined limit. If knocking is not detected, the retard correction amount is advanced to thereby control the ignition timing towards, but not exceeding, a knocking limit.

Abstract: The invention relates to method of, and apparatus for, operating an internal combustion engine on low knock-rated fuels as the primary fuel system in which engine knock is anticipated and suppressed by simultaneously detecting actual engine load conditions that may induce such knock and knock condition that actually are occurring in at least one combustion chamber of the engine. In response to such simultaneous conditions, a small but effective amount of anti-knock fluid is supplied to the engine combustion chambers in an amount and for a time sufficient only to suppress knock to a satisfactory level. Such a system permits the use of more economic fuels, such as gasoline, having a substantially lower knock rating than those normally used in automotive equipment and only small but sufficient anti-knock fluid is added solely when the engine is knocking.

Abstract: A system for controlling the air-fuel ratio for an engine comprises a valve provided in an inlet of an air bleed of a carburetor of the engine. An actuator comprises a diaphragm operatively connected to the valve and first and second chambers defined by the diaphragm. An opening is provided for communicating the first chamber with the intake passage at the upstream side of a throttle valve of the engine, and a passage is provided for communicating the second chamber with the intake passage at the downstream side of the throttle valve. The actuator is so arranged that the valve closes when the difference between the pressures in the first and second chambers exceeds a predetermined value, thereby supplying a rich air-fuel mixture.

Abstract: A fuel injection system (FIG. 1) provided with pump/nozzles is proposed, which has a central fuel metering device which functions with a deviation or metering piston and a distributor or multi-way valve as a metering control member.

Abstract: An abnormality detecting apparatus for detecting abnormality in sensing means for sensing a value of an operating parameter of an internal combustion engine in synchronism with generation of pulses of a signal indicative of predetermined rotational angle positions of said engine. When the sensed value of the operating parameter lies outside a predetermined range, first timer means measures time elapsed from the instant at which the sensed value of the operating parameter falls outside the predetermined range, and decision means decides that the operating parameter sensing means is faulty when the elapsed time measured by the first timer means exceeds a first predetermined period of time.

Abstract: A system for controlling fuel injection for a multiple-displacement engine in which the number of operating cylinder changes according to the load on the engine by cutting off fuel to some of cylinders. The engine has solenoid-operated fuel injection valves and a switch is provided for rendering each solenoid-operated fuel injection valve inoperative. A sensor is provided for detecting load on the engine and for producing an output dependent on the load. A fuel injection control circuit is responsive to the output of the sensor for operating the switches to cut off the fuel to the corresponding cylinder. The fuel injection control circuit is so arranged to cut off the fuel to cylinders in accordance with idle cylinder patterns which are such that particular cylinders are not repeatedly idled and such that the number of idling cylinders by the fuel cut-off decreases with an increase of the load on the engine.

Abstract: This invention relates to a fuel injection timing control unit for an electronic controlled fuel injection apparatus mounted on an internal combustion engine. The fuel injection timing of a fuel injection valve is first calculated and subsequently adjusted or modified due to an amount of throttle opening or an engine speed, thereby improving the engine response when a rapid acceleration of a vehicle is necessary.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a current regulator for an electromagnetic load used in conjunction with an internal combustion engine. The regulator produces positive and/or negative currents flowing through an electromagnetic load. In this arrangement, the two potentials present at a precision resistor that is connected in series with the load are adjusted to freely selectable values. To obtain both positive and negative currents, the current defined by the voltage drop occurring along the precision resistor is provided by a bridge circuit made up of four current-controlling arrangements. Allowance can be made for particular operating conditions of the current regulator simply by presetting desired values.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for determining an injection moment during a start process of the internal combustion engine, in which the time point of controlling of the injection valve is shifted for a period of time depending upon the number of revolutions of the crank shaft so that the electromagnetically actuated injection valve is controlled when the battery voltage reaches the maximum value.

Abstract: Fuel injection apparatuses are used to inject fuel into the combustion chambers of compression ignition engines. The known mechanical drive arrangements for driving the distributor rotor and controlling beginning moment of fuel injection are complex, bulky and expensive to manufacture. The subject timing control for fuel injection apparatus includes a planetary gear arrangement driven by a pumping section and drivingly connected to a distributor rotor. A ring gear controls the timing phase relationship between the rotor and a delivery passage communicating the pumping section with the rotor. A riser of a flyweight assembly is mechanically connected to the ring gear so that the ring gear is positioned in accordance with the engine speed. The planetary gear arrangement is of simple construction requiring a minimum of space and is relatively inexpensive to manufacture.

Abstract: A fuel injection control device suited to use in automotive diesel engines. The device comprises sensors for producing signals upon sensing various states of operation of the engine, including a temperature sensor adapted to produce a temperature signal upon sensing the temperature of a coolant for cooling the engine, a first arithmetic operation means for determining the rate of fuel injection in accordance with the signals delivered by the sensors, and a second arithmetic operation means for determining the timing of fuel injection in accordance with the signals delivered by the sensors.

Abstract: A fuel injection timing control apparatus is disclosed, which comprises a fuel injection timing control mechanism including an input and an output shaft respectively with a first and a fourth gear, at least one of these gears being a helical gear, and an axially movable shaft with a second and a third gear respectively in mesh with the first and fourth gears, a piston-cylinder assembly with a piston rod coupled to the axially movable shaft, and a piston-cylinder assembly control mechanism having detector means for detecting the phases of the first and fourth gears. The phase relation between the first and fourth gears is varied with displacement of the second and third gears caused through control of the piston-cylinder assembly according to the difference between a reference phase angle and a detected phase angle.

Abstract: A fuel injection pump of the radial plunger, spill port type includes electromagnetic means for opening and closing the spill port to control the pressurization of fuel for injection of fuel to the individual engine cylinders; a single solenoid assembly controlling the flow of fuel to and from a pair of pumping plungers in response to the movement of a shuttle valve mechanism; in one embodiment, a single retraction type delivery valve is used in connection with each pumping plunger and, in a separate embodiment, a single retraction type delivery valve is integrated with the shuttle valve mechanism which controls the individual delivery of fuel to a pair of engine cylinders.

Abstract: A pressure regulator for liquid pumping systems, and particularly fuel supply systems for use in vehicles, is disclosed. The regulator is designed with an inlet from the fuel pump, an outlet to the engine fuel inlet, and a drain outlet for draining fuel, in excess of that required by the engine, back to the fuel tank. During engine operation, fuel flow is continuous from the tank to the fuel pump, and from the fuel pump to the regulator. In most cases, fuel is continuously flowing from the regulator back to the fuel tank. Constant fuel flow through the regulator replenishes, in the regulator, the fuel drawn by the engine. A consistent fuel pressure is presented to the engine fuel inlet. The regulator and its systems are disclosed, as are methods of use of the regulator and the systems.

Abstract: A control system for evaporated fuel in a supercharged internal combustion engine having a canister including a reservoir for temporarily accommodating evaporated fuel by adsorption, an intake manifold downstream from a throttle valve and an intake duct upstream from the throttle valve, the intake manifold being communicated with the canister through a first evaporated fuel supply passage having a first purge control valve and the intake duct being communicated with the canister through a second evaporated fuel supply passage having a second purge control valve, wherein the second purge control valve is opened to urge the canister in communication with the intake duct through the second evaporated fuel supply passage when the negative pressure within the intake duct has reached a predetermined value or more.

Abstract: In a gaseous fuel carburetion system in which air and gaseous fuel are mixed in a mixer prior to induction into an internal combustion engine, and in which the rate of flow of the induction air is controlled by throttling the intake of the air/fuel mixture, and in which gaseous fuel is supplied to the system from a pressurized source, an improved method and apparatus for regulating the supply of gaseous fuel to the air/fuel mixer is provided. The method comprises the steps of; sensing at least one operating parameter of the engine which is a function of the induction air flow rate and generating a control signal which varies in response to changes in the induction air flow rate, controlling the rate of flow of the gaseous fuel from the source to the mixer by means of said control signal whereby the rate of flow of the gaseous fuel varies in response to the sensed changes in the parameters related to the air flow rate.

Abstract: A method of controlling an exhaust gas recirculation quantity in an internal combustion engine. The method is adapted to detect, by means of valve opening detecting means, the actual valve opening of an exhaust gas recirculating valve arranged across an exhaust gas recirculating passageway communicating the exhaust passage of the engine with the intake passage thereof, determine the difference between the detected actual valve opening value and a desired valve opening value calculated in response to operating conditions of the engine, and operate a valve actuator means to close or open the exhaust gas recirculating valve so as to minimize the above difference. When the calculated desired valve opening value exceeds a maximum possible valve opening value, the desired valve opening value is set to the maximum possible valve opening value.

Abstract: A V-type internal combustion engine having cam shafts respectively provided in first spaces defined between cylinder heads and head covers of a pair of upwardly diverging cylinder banks and a breather arrangement which includes a pressure buffer chamber provided between the cylinder banks of a cylinder block and having side walls constituted by cylinder block walls of said cylinder banks so as to be closed at its upper portion and communicated with an interior of a crankcase, and a communicating passage for communicating said pressure buffer chamber with an intake passage at a downstream of a throttle valve, and a baffle plate provided in said pressure buffer chamber to confront the open end of said communicating passage.

Abstract: An air intake side secondary air supply system for an internal combustion engine includes an air control valve for controlling the amount of the secondary air and first and second pressure supply passages for respectively supplying a first control pressure for opening the air control valve and a second control pressure for closing the air control valve. A surge tank is provided in the first pressure supply passage for reducing the pulsation of pressure level and further the first and second pressure supply passages are made so that only the first control pressure is supplied through the first pressure supply passage and only the second control pressure is supplied through the second pressure supply passage. Thus, the delay of the closure of the air control valve which might cause unstable engine operation when the engine is decelerating is alleviated.

Abstract: An archer's compound shooting bow has rigging cables and pulleys arranged to eliminate torque on the limbs when the bow is fully drawn and to permit an arrow to fly true past the rigging when the bow approaches its rest condition. Each pulley has two grooves receiving an adjacent rigging cable. The grooves have variable separation at different locations along the pulley rim. Each pulley is mounted on a limb alongside the opposite rigging cable dead end. As to each limb, the connection of the opposite cable dead end and the location of the adjacent cable tensions are arranged, in respect to their magnitudes at full draw, to apply no net torsional moment to the limb about its torsional axis.The separation between the pulley grooves corresponding to the rest condition permits arrow feathers to pass the rigging cables without contact, which is not true at full draw. The groove for the shooting string is normal to the pulley rotational axis. The other groove is substantially helical to the first groove.

Abstract: A flat tag has a marking on an outside surface, and adhesive on an inside surface that will adhere the tag to an animal. The tag is mounted on a dart with the outside surface against a disc and an end of the dart. A gun, preferably spring actuated, propels the dart, disc first, 10 to 30 feet to impact on a target animal. After the tag is adhered to the animal, the dart disengages from the tag. The tag is mounted on the disc with tabs of the tag folded around the disc, or with adhesive.

Abstract: A quiver is attachable to a conventional bow to position a series of arrows in rapidly following succession for discharge by the bowman. Disclosed is an attachment which can be bodily adjusted to operative and inoperative positions upon the bow, and when operatively positioned, will position an arrow directly upon the bowstring, as a response to discharge of another, preceding arrow. Discharge of an arrow causes the bowstring to shift an operating plunger in a direction to momentarily disengage a latch device from a spring loaded, rotatable magazine. The magazine, thus freed for rotation, turns through a predetermined angular distance to laterally displace the next arrow to be discharged. The nock of the laterally shifted arrow is caused to be positioned upon the bowstring. At the same time, the latching device returns to a position latching the magazine against further rotation, leaving it in proper position for displacement of yet another arrow to a ready-for-discharge position.

Abstract: Tile cutting apparatus having a work table to support a tile and support means for a cut-off saw, wherein the support means comprises a cantilever arm extending upwardly from one side of the table and then across part of the table, the arm being mounted on a carriage running in a downwardly facing track beneath the table.

Abstract: A machine for cutting a block of stone so as to form a precision straight edge about its perimeter. The machine comprises a stationary base which supports a back-up member which serves as an anvil. Reciprocally mounted on the base is an inside upright assembly which may be raised or lowered by a suitable drive mechanism. Pivotally secured to the inside upright assembly above the anvil is a head member supporting an elongated blade assembly, the blade assembly adapted to be actuated by one or more hydraulic rams disposed in the head assembly and at generally opposite ends of the blade assembly. A block of stone to be cut is positioned on the anvil. The tiltable head assembly is then rotated about its pivot line to direct the action of the upper blade. The blade assembly is lowered so as to be positioned slightly above the upper surface of the stone. By selectively activating one or the other of the power rams, the blade is made to pass through the block of stone in a scissors-like action.

Abstract: A portable grill comprising a base frame constructed from angle iron or other suitable material having two pair of folding legs running from the front to the back on opposite sides of the base, having two grill support frames each with a sliding guide extending upward at the longitudinal center axis of a base frame, a removable coal tray resting inside the base, a grill rack substantially equal to but less than the width and length of the tray, where the grill rack has a plurality of V-shaped laterally running top bars pitched at an angle to allow grease to drain into a grease catcher located at the lower end of the grill rack, and a means for raising and lowering the grill rack.

Abstract: A cooking station for gas ranges whose burner works with super-stoichiometric combustion air premixing. The burner head arranged in a burner tray is connected with a mixing pipe via a ceramic insulating ring. Between the burner head bottom and the burner head lid with the flat topside, we have two perforated flame opening rings which are arranged concentrically with respect to the burner axis, which are resistant to heat and which are resistant to oxidizing and reducing atmospheres. The perforation of the inner flame-opening ring is so dimensioned that the flames cannot backfire. Below the burner tray there is arranged a reflector. The cooking station can be covered with a glass ceramics plate. The invention achieves stable flame performance, perfect combustion, and waste gas poor in harmful substances at nominal load and at small adjustment heat load within a vast utilization field of gases with differing Wobbe indexes as well as a start-up cooking efficiency improvement compared to known burners.

Abstract: A device is provided for heating a room by convection using the heat from a conventional radiation heat source. The heating device further acts as a fireplace guard when the heat source is a fire to substantially prevent sparks or other small particles of combustion from entering the room in which the fireplace is located. The device includes a threshold unit and a plurality of spaced pipes. The pipes are supported by the threshold unit while a screen member such as metal gauze is connected between the pipes. An opening in the threshold unit is adjacent the floor surface of the room in which the heat source is located. The radiation from the heat source raises the temperature of the pipes while relatively cool air enters the opening in the threshold unit and passes into the pipes. The temperature of the air is increased by the heated pipes and exits from the top thereof to heat the room by convection.

Abstract: A backshelf compensating exhaust hood includes an upper wall passageway for forming and redirecting an induction air stream into and through an exhaust chamber to an exhaust passageway, the upper wall passageway extends through the upper wall to a smooth curved reverse passageway redirects the air into a short slot which discharges a stream into the upper end of the exhaust chamber. A forward tilted filter is located in the exhaust chamber to form the back wall of the exhaust chamber and with the lower end spaced inwardly of the upper end and with the upper portion aligned with the induction air stream. The filter is oriented to define an essentially right angle with the interior upper wall of the exhaust chamber. The top wall of the exhaust chamber extends inwardly and upwardly slightly to the filter. The induction air supply passageway is a relatively large passageway which has a depth which is a multiple of the depth of the slot.

Abstract: An apparatus is described capable of functioning as a high-efficiency water heater. This apparatus passes a combustible mixture of gas and air from an impeller into the hollow interior of a cylindrical gas burner. The combustible mixture flows out through apertures in the cylindrical walls of the gas burner and is burned on a cylindrical flame as it emerges from the gas burner; the size of the apertures prevents flash-back of the flames of the combustible mixture into the gas burner. Heat is transferred from the flame to the walls of a cylindrical combustion chamber surrounding the gas burner and the combustion products generated pass to a heat exchanger comprising a vertical riser and a downwardly extending helical section which ensures maximum heat transfer to liquid in the tank surround the combustion chamber and heat exchanger. The apparatus may be used solely as a water heater or may serve as a combined gas furnace and water heating system.

Abstract: Multi-ply cookware having inner and outer plies of aluminum or stainless steel encasing an intermediate ply of a graphite material. The graphite material, which has thermally anisotropic properties, is oriented so that its thermal conductivity is higher in the plane parallel to the surface of the cookware than in the direction perpendicular to the surface. Accordingly, when the cookware is placed over a localized heat source, the intermediate graphite ply effectively conducts and distributes the heat provided by the burner throughout the plane parallel to the surface of the cookware before the heat propagates in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the cookware, thus minimizing hot spots on the inner surface.

Abstract: A freeze protection system allows the working fluid contained in the communicating tubes of the solar collector to drain from both the input and output tubes of the collector when a first predetermined temperature of the working fluid is detected and to fill the collector via both the input and output tubes when a second predetermined temperature is detected. The invention includes valve mechanism, of the spool valve variety, that communicate the working fluid to be heated to the collector and therefrom to a storage tank, a valve actuator and a sensor.