Abstract: A method of measuring the load in a member subjected to longitudinal stress, a load measuring device and a fastener tightening device using the method of measuring, a load indicating member and a load indicating fastener for use in conjunction with the method of measuring, a method of making the load indicating fastener, a method of tightening the load indicating fastener and a transducer for instrumenting a load bearing member are each disclosed and claimed. A thin piezoelectric sensor consisting of a piezoelectric film sandwiched between two thin electrodes is permanently mechanically and acoustically coupled to the upper surface of a member and is used to determine the length, tensile load, stress, or other tensile load dependent characteristic of the member by ultrasonic techniques.

Abstract: A device for measuring the flow of molten metal through a conduit using the principles involved in generating electricity. A pair of coil wound fingered core members are positioned about a flattened conduit. Each core member having an odd number of fingers. The odd numbered coils are connected in series to a current source and the even numbered coils are connected to an ammeter. Coil turns and core fingers laminations are separated by specially treated mica.

Abstract: An electrode structure for an electromagnetic flowmeter includes a ceramic measuring pipe, an insertion electrode, a press member, and inner and outer gaskets. The electrode has a large-diameter liquid contact end exposed inside the ceramic measuring pipe and an electrode shaft inserted into the electrode insertion hole from the inside of the ceramic measuring pipe. The press member is fitted on the electrode shaft extending outside the ceramic measuring pipe and opposes the electrode liquid contact end through the wall of the ceramic measuring pipe. The press member has a groove adjacent to the insertion electrode on a side which is in contact with the outer surface of the ceramic measuring pipe. The groove is defined by a tapered surface whose diameter is increased toward the ceramic measuring pipe. The inner gasket contacts a surface of the electrode liquid contact end which is in contact with the inner wall surface of the ceramic measuring pipe.

Abstract: A device for measuring at least one force component during cutting operations on workpieces with machine tools, including a dynamometer with measuring elements, integrated in a base module of a modular toolholder so that it is directly engaged with the cutting tool. The base module may be combined with various clamping and mounting modules to allow adaptation to standardized clamping systems of different machine tools, and to standard tools. The integration of the dynamometer in the toolholder and the direct engagement between cutting tool and dynamometer gives a compact unit with only small or no force shunts, making possible precision measurements. The device is therefore suitable for, among other duties, calibrating existing monitoring sensors of machine tools and for comparative functional tests on different machine tools. Measuring and evaluation electronics may be integrated in the device, wholly or in part.

Abstract: A modular dynamometer includes a stator mounted to and disposed within a housing and the combustion of a shaft and a rotor also disposed within the housing. The shaft extends through the housing and is adapted for coupling to a prime mover. The housing is closed and is filled with a liquid coolant, such as water. Lateral panels of the housing may be removed after the coolant is drained out to permit one or more rotor/stator combinations to be positioned within the housing along the rotating shaft in an alternating manner. The rotors are attached to the shaft so as to rotate therewith, while the stators are mounted to the housing in a fixed manner. Rotor/stator modules may be easily added to or removed from the dynamometer to facilitate increasing or decreasing the dynamometer capacity permitting the modular dynamometer to test a wide range of prime mover output power.

Abstract: A universal torque measuring system for hollow drive shafts which automatically compensates for variations in wall thickness exhibited by different drive shafts having the same nominal dimensions. During a calibration procedure, the drive shaft is subjected to a first predetermined torque which causes a certain amount of twist dependent upon its wall thickness. At this time, target indicia are positioned and affixed to the drive shaft to produce an initial phase shift relative to indicia on a reference shaft. Thereafter, when the drive shaft is incorporated into an engine and rotated under load subjecting it to a second predetermined torque less than the first predetermined torque, there is a resulting second phase shift. This second phase shift and the second predetermined torque define a second operating condition of the drive shaft. In turn, the first and second operating conditions define a characteristic relationship between torque and phase shift for the drive shaft.

Abstract: A torque sensor comprising a magnetic amorphous film whose magnetostrictive characteristics vary with the amount of torque applied thereto and coils for detecting magnetostrictive variation disposed opposite the magnetic member. The torque sensor is constituted as an independent unit separate from the shaft whose torque is to be measured. The independent unit comprises a tubular or a shaft member having the magnetic amorphous film attached thereto and a housing with the coils at its inner wall. The housing covers the tubular or shaft member and is rotatable about the same axis as the member. The tubular member is easily mounted on the shaft through spline fittings in one embodiment and the short shaft member via spline fittings and flange couplings.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for sensing torque applied to a shaft. In the field on contactless torque sensing, magnetic flux is induced into magnetostrictive material on a shaft whose torque is to be measured. The magnetic permeability of the magnetostrictive material changes in response to torque. The change in magnetic permeability alters the magnetic flux in the magnetostrictive material, and can be sensed by non-contacting inductive coils in close proximity to the magnetostrictive material. However, the amount of flux penetration into the shaft effects the sensed magnetic flux, and thus effects the accuracy of the torque measurement. As a solution, a magnetostrictive material sheet is bonded to a nonferromagnetic sheet which is bonded to a shaft. The nonferromagnetic sheet limits the amount of flux penetration into the shaft to produce better torque measurements.

Abstract: A strain sensor device for measuring tension on a web or strand member including a frame member, a shaft member extending from the frame member and having a web or strand engaging member mounted thereon, the strain sensor device supporting one portion of the shaft on the frame member.

Abstract: A compact force transducer has at least one flexible beam mounted at one or both its ends to a force summing member or members. The force-to-be-measured is applied to the force summing member along a first axis generally transverse to the beams to deform the beam elastically, without overstressing, through a displacement d. A sensor member carries a conductive surface and is coupled to the beam member. In a parallelogram form, there are a parallel pair of beam members extending between two force summing members and a sensor member is secured to each beam member at or near its point of inflection. One sensor member includes multiple arms that sandwich the other sensor member to produce a linear, push-pull mode of operation. In a low cost cantilevered beam form, the sensor is coupled to the beam at the force summing member in a parallel, spaced relationship.

Abstract: A sample collector for collecting a sample of a gas-charged liquid such as a carbonated beverage from an exteriorly accessible transmission line through which the liquid is flowing. The collector comprises a cylindrical chamber for receiving and storing a liquid sample. A tube has a first end which extends inside the chamber and is positioned and configured so that liquid flowing therefrom is angularly directed against the inside wall of the chamber to create a downwardly-directed spiral flow of liquid along the inside wall. The second end of the tube has attached thereto a valve housing having a flow control valve and a forward end to which a bored needle is releasably secured. The needle bore and the tube bore are aligned and are in communication when the valve is open.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an indicator for monitoring the position of a piston rod of a linear actuator utilized in robotic mechanisms. The indicator includes a precision toothed chain which is pulled by an extending piston rod and drawn in by a coil spring to maintain tension in the chain and a non-slipping relation with a sprocket wheel driven by the chain. A shaft encoder mounted on a shaft of the sprocket wheel delivers digitized quantities representative of the degree of rotation of the shaft and sprocket wheel and of the linear position of an actuating, linearly-movable end of the piston rod.

Abstract: In an overhung type starting electric motor, a pinion part of a movable pinion cylinder is made smaller in inside diameter than a clutch inner part and a cylindrical part thereof, and a stepped part is provided between a helical spline part and the small diameter part of a rotary shaft in such a manner that a very small gap is formed between the stepped part and the inner cylindrical wall of the clutch inner part of the movable pinion cylinder, and a very small gap is formed also between the small diameter part of the rotary shaft and the inner cylindrical wall of the pinion part of the movable piston cylinder. A misalignment preventing ring is fitted in the clutch outer of an overrunning clutch to be slidable on the stepped part.

Abstract: A starter motor comprising a housing, an electric motor having an output rotary shaft and mounted within the housing, an over-running clutch axially slidably mounted on the output rotary shaft, a solenoid switch for shifting the over-running clutch, and a pinion shifter assembly. The pinion shifter assembly comprises a hollow cylindrical shifter main body placed between the output rotary shaft and the housing in a slidable and rotatable engagement therewith a pinion mounted on one end of the shifter main body for rotation therewith. The shifter main body is connected at the other end thereof to the over-running clutch, and the pinion is a member assembled on the one end of the shifter main body. The pinion may be connected to the shifter main body by splines and a compression spring may be disposed between the pinion and the shifter main body for allowing an axial movement of the pinion relative to the shifter main body.

Abstract: In a starter having a planet gear speed reducer in which the front frame is secured to the end face of the motor with penetrating bolts, a cylindrical packing with ears is mounted on an internal gear with the penetrating bolts inserted into the ears so that, when the penetrating bolts are tightened, the ears of the packing are inscribed in the front frame, while sealingly holding the penetrating bolts, and the packing is compressed between the end face of the motor and the flange of the internal gear, thus eliminating the difficulty that water flows down the penetrating bolts into the motor.

Abstract: A multiple-step cyclical ram advancing apparatus. In a three step configuration linear motion is imparted to a moving axis as revolution therearound translates said axis to provide a first linear push to a slide ram to abut articles, then a partial retraction of the slide ram during a period of dwell, followed by a second linear push to discharge the assembled articles. In other configurations, the ram is alternately advanced and retracted a varying number of times depending on the integer ratio of the number of revolutions of the pinion gear in half revolutions to the number of revolutions of the flywheel.

Abstract: An electrically controlled, fluidly actuated X-Y type shifting mechanism (30) for cooperation with a mechanical change gear transmission shift bar housing assembly (10) normally controlled by a manual shift lever is provided. The mechanism (30) includes a housing (32) having a single pressurized fluid connection (52) and a single electrical connection assembly (50) which is mounted to a shift bar housing assembly normally receiving a shift lever lower. A shift finger (38) extends into the shift bar housing for cooperation with the shift rail (12, 14, 16) shift blocks (24, 26, 28) and is positioned by two transversely mounted, axially movable shafts (68, 110). Each of shafts is axially positioned in a selected one of three selectable axial position by piston/cylinder assemblies (46, 42) controlled by six three-way, two-position electrically operated valves (150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160).

Abstract: In a gear arrangement whose output shaft (5) is rotatably mounted in a gear box (6) and which corotates by means of a dog plate (3) via an axially interposed cushioning disk (2) with a gear (4) driven by a worm shaft (7) and, further, which output shaft is axially supported directly and/or indirectly, via the cushioning disk (2) and the gear (4), by the gear box (6), it is intended to provide, despite design related axial length tolerances, a tolerance play compensation in a manner which is considerably simplified from a production and assembly engineering viewpoint. Towards this end, the elastic cushioning disk (2) is provided with axially projecting spring lips (21 to 23), distributed over its circumference, for the development of a defined preloading pressure upon the components supported by the gear box (6).

Abstract: The gears according to the present invention have a unique tooth-profile in which the radius of curvature repeatedly increases and decreases from the pitch line in the direction of addendum and deddendum of a tooth without monotonously changing, and at the point where the relative of curvature is minimum, the center of the radius of curvature is positioned on the pitch line. Specifically, the curvature of the tooth-profile curve is a function which is not monotonously varied, is continuous and is capable of being differentiated, and a locus of the center of curvature forms a series of continuous curves which exist near the pitch circle. Forming the tooth-profile thus enables the relative of curvature to be brought from the value in the involute gear near that of a Wildhaver-Novikov type, with the contact interval being more than one.

Abstract: A throttle control lever for a vehicle, and in particular for a recreational vehicle such as a snowmobile, has a two-stage lever action. In the first stage, which includes throttle openings corresponding to normal cruising speeds of the vehicle, the throttle lever turns about a first pivot axis wherein the mechanical advantage of the manual actuating force is relatively high. In a second range the throttle lever pivots about a second pivot axis wherein the mechanical advantage of the manual actuating force is relatively much smaller. Operator fatigue is reduced because of the reduction in force required at normal cruising speeds of the vehicle.

Abstract: A device for the correct positioning of the lower steering shaft on the steering-box pinion and on the upper steering shaft respectively comprises a bush with a reference tooth which, as well as ensuring the correct positioning of the clamping screw, also simultaneously ensures the secure clamping of the screw for the correct connection of the aforementioned members. The reference tooth on the bush may be replaced by a bracket welded to the fork of the universal joint of the lower steering shaft.

Abstract: A cover sleeve for the protective covering of a clearance for the passage of a steering column of a motor vehicle through a dashboard is disclosed. To accommodate adjustment of the steering column as to its inclination and length, the cover sleeve is fastened by one end to the dashboard and by the other end to a steering column casing. The cover sleeve is braced between its fastening ends by a displaceable frame which is mounted on the casing and is acted upon in its direction of displacement by a resilient tensioning element.

Abstract: A steering wheel assembly with an air bag unit, which comprises a hub releasably secured onto a steering shaft, one or more connecting members attached to the hub, a steering wheel connected to the hub by the one or more connecting members, the air bag unit including a casing substantially centrally arranged on the hub, a gas generator mounted in the casing and having a squib protecting substantially centrally downwardly from its lower surface, an air bag attached to the casing and communicating with the gas generator, the air bag being inflated by gas fed from the gas generator, and a cover adapted to cover the casing. Each of the gas generator and the squib has a central axis offset from an axis of rotation of the steering shaft, and the steering wheel has a center of gravity diametrically opposite to a center of gravity of the gas generator with respect to the axis of rotation of said steering shaft.

Abstract: To facilitate the assembly work of a pedal pad (e.g. accelerator pad) to a pedal arm and further to increase the strength of the pedal arm, the pedal pad comprises an arm end holding portion formed integral with the pedal base plate for holding an end of the pedal arm; and an arm clasping portion composed of a U-shaped arm clasping base portion formed integral with the base plate for clasping the pedal arm and a bow-shaped arm securing cover portion for covering the arm clasping base portion to further secure the pedal arm, in cooperation with the U-shaped arm clasping base portion, into hooking engagement with said arm clasping base portion. The arm securing cover portion can be formed integral with or separate from the pedal base plate.

Abstract: A cam member is formed with an axial bore slightly larger than the outer diameter of a cam shaft so as to enable easy insertion of the cam shaft therein when forming an assembly. A recess is provided between the axial bore and the cam shaft and a joinder piece is inserted in the recess with solder being retained in the joinder piece so that upon heating of the solder with the joinder piece located within the recess means, the cam member and the shaft member may be affixed together.

Abstract: A press with a stroke control device has a drive shaft having an eccentric member mounting portion with an eccentric member thereon, the eccentric member is at an eccentricity with respect to the drive shaft and has sliding surfaces which are in sliding engagement with the eccentric mounting portion, a cross slide supporting the eccentric member, and a slide which surrounds and supports the cross slide therein, the slide being slidable while supporting the cross slide which moves laterally when the eccentric member rotates with the drive shaft.

Abstract: A rotary drive transmitting mechanism comprises a drive plate, a driven plate operably connected to a flywheel, and coil damping springs operably interposed between the drive and driven plates. Each end of the coil spring carries a seat which engages the drive plate or driven plate. Each seat has a surface which impacts against the respective plate. The surface includes concave and convex portions which mate with respective convex and concave portions of the drive plate or driven plate. The concave and convex portions include elastic layers for suppressing noise. Elastic layers are also provided on other surfaces of the seats which face each other through the spring.

Abstract: A pedaling unit for a bicycle, including a footplate which includes two lateral guides in a V-shaped open toward the rear and which is fastened to a support mounted on the pedal crank of the crankset, as well as a special shoe which includes lateral grooves working with the guides of the footplate, this unit further including a system for locking the shoe with respect to the footplate in the longitudinal direction. The pedaling unit is characterized in that its footplate is made in two parts, each of which includes only one of guides of the footplates and which can mutually pivot while staying in the same plane, in opposition to elastic return device and with the opening of the branches of the V formed by the guides. the unit has application in the field of racing bicycles.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for manually shifting an electronically control automated transmission. The device includes a series of mechanical linkage elements and gear transelements connected between the solenoid-operated valves of the automatic transmission and a control lever in the driver's compartment of the vehicle. One of the mechanical linkage elements is a cam shaft whose rotational position determines which subset of the solenoid operated valves will be actuated.

Abstract: Two worms of a worm extruder are connected to drive shafts of different lengths journaled in a transmission housing. For driving one of the worms, a first gear is keyed to the longer drive shaft and is driven by the motor gear and the electric motor. The second worm is driven by a further shaft, one end of which has a gear meshing with the second gear keyed to the short drive shaft so that the gear of this further shaft and the gears of the two drive shafts lie in a common plane. The further shaft is driven by a gear meshing with the motor shaft or by a separate motor. With this apparatus torque distribution is improved and the number of gears and components of the transmission is reduced.

Abstract: An automatic transmission for motor vehicles, including a first shaft rotatably supported by the automatic transmission case and consisting of an input shaft coupled with the engine output shaft through a joint like a fluid joint or a friction clutch and an output shaft disposed in series and coaxially with the input shaft and mounting an output gear; a second shaft consisting of a long shaft rotatably supported by the transmission case parallel with the first shaft and a short shaft rotatably mounted on the long shaft, one of the long and short shafts having an input gear connected to the output gear of the first shaft by direct meshing engagement therewith or through a chain or an idler gear while the other one having an output gear mounted thereon; a differential having a large drive gear connected to the output gear of the second shaft by direct meshing engagement therewith or through a chain or an idler gear; a first speed-changing planetary gear mechanism provided between the input and output shafts of

Abstract: An automatic transmission of a trans-axle type in which an input shaft is disposed above a differential across an axle of a vehicle. A case for the transmission is divided into a differential case for mounting a differential and a transmission case for an automatic transmission device. A bearing plate is disposed between the differential case and the transmission case. A drive pinion formed on an end of a drive pinion shaft is engaged with a ring gear of the differential. The drive pinion shaft is rotatably mounted in the bearing plate by a bearing, and an oil pump is provided in the bearing plate around the input shaft.

Abstract: A control system for an internal combustion engine comprises an electronic controller unit (3) which evaluates signals of a speed transmitter (8) and, upon reaching a predetermined maximum speed, displaces, via a controlling element (4), a displacement device (7) which is provided for the regulating of the engine output. In order to make the intermediate giving of gas possible even upon reaching the maximum speed and thus upon the downward regulation of the engine output, there is provided a neutral position recognition switch (10) which in the neutral position of the transmission (9) feeds a signal to the controller unit (3), which signal is so processed in a recognition circuit of said controller unit that the speed limitation is placed out of operation.

Abstract: A hydraulic control system for an automatic transmission including a pressure regulating valve responsive to a pilot pressure to produce a regulated line pressure which is applied through a switching valve to an actuator of a clutch. The switching valve is also responsive to the pilot pressure to allow the pilot pressure to be introduced to the actuator when the pilot pressure is below the predetermined value and passes the line pressure to the actuator when the pilot pressure is above the predetermined value.

Abstract: A wrench suited for retaining a wheel lug nut in place during removal of a broken wheel stud or lug bolt of a vehicle. The tool comprises an elongated wrench body with upper and lower opposing faces. A polygonal opening is provided at one end to receive the nut and extends all the way from the lower to the upper face of the tool. The tool includes a retaining head located at the opposite end of the tool from the opening. The retaining head is secured to the lower face of the tool and has at least one upwardly facing laterally extending shoulder. Each such shoulder has an upwardly directed face adapted to underlie the inner edge of the wheel rim when the tool is in use with the opening mounted upon the wheel lug nut to help hold retain the tool in place during use.

Abstract: The invention provides a bolt or stud mounting and extracting tool having a tool body with a stud receiving recess therein that includes a longitudinal axis which is parallel during operation with the stud that is being removed. The recess has an oval interior which is smoothly contoured internally. The recess is free from multiple diverging pockets separated from one another by centrally projecting shoulders, making it easy to manufacture. The oval interior of the tool is elongated transversely on a lateral axis perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. The recess has a concave stud-engaging contact surface at one end of the lateral axis that engages an extended portion of the stud and a second concave roller-engaging surface at the other end of the lateral axis to engage a gripping roll aligned with the stud in the recess. The roll-engaging surface is contoured to force the gripping roll against the stud when the tool is rotated about the stud. The recess is closed at one end.

Abstract: An arrangement for centering and clamping of work pieces comprises tension levers swingably supported on a base plate, the tension levers of which are arranged coaxially on a pivot, while the other tension lever is supported on a second pivot which has the same distance to the center of the arrangement as the hinge pin. The contact surfaces with which the tension levers grasp a work piece, are designed so that the perpendicular line extends on the particular tangent at the contact point between contact surface and work piece through the center of the arrangement. This forces the work piece, independently of its diameter, continuously into the center in the clamping process and, consequently, centers it. Due to the arrangement of the tension levers, inserting work pieces transversely to the chuck axis is possible in spite of the center clamping process.

Abstract: A dynamically compensating counterbalance enables a numerically controlled contouring head to maintain proper balance through large slide travels, cutting tool radial travels, and weight changes in the cutting tool at high speeds. A counterweight within the contouring head moves oppositely to the slide direction by means of a pair of interconnected fluid cylinders. Slide reciprocation under numerical control pumps the first cylinder to slave the second cylinder and the counterweight connected thereto. The counterweight is of a high density material, thereby enabling the counterweight to have lesser and proportional travel than the corresponding slide travel while maintaining proper counterbalance. Proportional slide and counterweight travels are accomplished by employing cylinders of an unequal areas. The invention includes a servo operated third cylinder in fluid communication with the first and second cylinders.

Abstract: A method for discarding sheets of used photosensitive material from an image or the like wherein the amount of discarded sheets which can be held in a storage box is increased. Used photosensitive sheets are conveyed to a discarding section where they are cut off in lengths sufficiency short that the sheets cannot fold on themselves when placed in the storage box but sufficiently long that they can be conveyed in the apparatus.

Abstract: A slitting apparatus including a frame, a rotary shaft mounted on the frame, a plurality of laterally stationary circular blades secured to the rotary shaft, and a plurality of laterally movable circular blades movable in the direction along which the stationary blades are disposed and rotatable in slidable contact with the stationary blades so that a sheet passing through between the stationary blades and the movable blades is slit therewith into plural strips each having a width being adjusted by moving the movable blades. A stationary rack extends in parallel with the rotary shaft. A carrier is movable back and forth along the rack.

Abstract: A keyboard system for an electronic musical instrument of the keyboard type, such as a synthesizer, electronic piano, organ or controller keyboard. The keyboard includes an electromechanical key actuation and sensing element that in combination with electronic processing allows the performer to adjust both tactile and tone control parameters associated with keyboard touch response. The tactile response can be tuned over a broad range and is capable of simulating a light organ touch, heavier "piano key feel" or stiff percussive action. Since any of these features can be selected and adjusted while the performer is playing the keyboard, the keyboard system also has a desirable "real time" capability that does not interfere with musical performance.

Abstract: The multi-recording apparatus of an electronic musical instrument pre-records performance information designated by event data representative of events of depressed or released keys and generation timings of the events. The performance information is recorded in a memory having a plurality of channels. When newly inputted performance information is supplied from the electronic musical instrument to this multi-recording apparatus in a recording mode, the pre-recorded performance information is reproduced from a selected channel, so that a player can listen to musical tones corresponding to the pre-recorded performance information. At the same time, the newly inputted performance information is over-recorded with the pre-recorded performance information on the same selected channel, whereby a multi-recording can be done.

Abstract: A triggering apparatus for triggering an acoustic drum synthesizer includes(a) a body attachable to the frame of an acoustic drum to transmit acoustic vibrations from the drum frame or shell, the body configured to pass a drum receiver rod,(b) dual transducer structures carried by the body to be responsive to the transmitted vibrations, to produce signals,(c) and circuitry connected to the dual transducer structures to process the signals, passing only a selected high frequency band of such signals to the synthesizer, to trigger same.

Abstract: A bridge for a stringed musical instrument comprises a thin wooden body having a bottom base portion adapted to be supported upon a resonant body member of the instrument and a top crown portion that is formed with grooves for holding individual strings. The base and crown portions have opposed edges that are generally parallel with respect to each other. The crown is formed with baffle slits located adjacent the grooves that are oriented obliquely with respect to the crown edge for redirecting sound waves emitting from strings back to the grooves to produce a ringing tonal effect or to the base to reduce sound attenuation within the bridge.

Abstract: A drum mute for eliminating overtones and ringing that occurs when a drum head to which the mute is affixed is struck. The drum mute has a thin, flexible, resilient sheet which may be adhered to the drum head. The undersurface of the sheet includes an adhesive to adhere it to the drum head and an area of felt. Preferably, the sheet has an angled bend to resiliently hold the felt against the drum head.

Abstract: A tuning apparatus comprises a piezoelectric element provided on a tuner case, and a mounting member which enable the tuning apparatus to be mounted on a musical instrument to be tuned. The piezoelectric element converts vibration provided by the musical instrument through the tuner case into an electric signal, and outputs the electric signal to a pitch calculation circuit. The tuning apparatus prevents the detection error due to a harmonic component having a larger amplitude than that of fundamental wave component by making the resonance frequency of the tuner case lower than the frequency of the lowest note of the musical instrument to be tuned.

Abstract: A rotary actuator includes a shaft rotatably mounted on a body, and a servovalve arranged to operate a vane motor for selectively rotating the shaft relative to the body. A portion of the shaft extends beyond the body. Supply and return passages are provided to the body and shaft so that fluid power supplied to the body is supplied to the servovalve and is also available at the end of the shaft beyond the body. Two or more such rotary actuators may be connected by intermediate brackets to provide a wrist actuator capable of movement about axes.

Abstract: An automatically-reversing, fluid-actuated piston-and-cylinder unit includes a cylinder with a first section reciprocably receiving a piston and a second section reciprocably receiving a spool valve member. The piston is connected to a piston rod that extends slidably through the valve member. The valve member includes a plurality of lands that subdivide the cylinder second section into a plurality of fluid chambers. In a first position the valve member directs fluid to one side of the piston and in a second position it directs fluid to the other side of the piston. The valve member is automatically shifted between its first and second positions when the piston reaches its limits of travel.

Abstract: A switchover valve has a pair of levers on the valve piston which can be displaced against spring force through deadcenter positions to engage stops on brackets connected to the valve housing and traversed by the levers. A switching member in lost motion connection with a control rod connected to a working piston is articulated to the levers.

Abstract: A hydraulic booster has a boost piston (19) which receives the thrust of boost pressure generated in a boost chamber (15) to move the boost piston for urging a master piston (12) of a master cylinder in a brake applying direction. An input member (17) is relatively movably with respect to the boost piston (19). A pressure regulating device has an input directional control valve (22, 45) for allowing or cutting off communication between the boost chamber (15) and an auxiliary power source (14). An output directional control valve (24, 46) establishes or cuts off communication between the boost chamber (15) and a reserve tank (9). The boost piston (19), the input member (17) and the pressure regulating device are arranged inside a housing (1). An input member positioning device brings the rear end of the input member (17) into contact with a stop member (51) which is anchored to the housing (1), when a pedal force is zero for stopping a rearward movement of the input member.