Abstract: A string member and a string trigger switch mechanism associated with the string member are arranged on an instrument main body. The string member is extended on the instrument main body at a given tension. When the string member is deviated against the tension upon a string displace operation and is then released from its state of tension, a string trigger switch starts a switching operation. While the string member is displaced from its state of rest, the string trigger switch does not start a switching operation. The string trigger switch outputs a tone generation start instruction signal based on the switching operation, and this signal causes a musical tone generating apparatus to start generation of a musical tone. When the string member is plucked while depressing a pitch designating section arranged on the instrument main body, a musical tone at a selectively designated pitch is generated.

Abstract: A noise-cancelling pickup for a stringed instrument uses two transducers to monitor different forces exerted by a vibratable string under tension. The first transducer is responsive to the music vibrations of the vibrating portion of the string but it is also responsive to variations of the string tension which are not related to the music vibrations of the string. The second transducer is mainly subjected to the variations of the string tension which are not related to the desirable music vibrations. The signals from the transducers are combined in and out-of-phase manner to produce a joint signal in which the spurious components corresponding to the variations of the string tension are significantly attenuated and possibly eliminated.

Abstract: Bridge for improving volume, power and sustaining quality in a stringed musical instrument of the type having a hollow body over which are stretched substantially parallel strings, each string being stretched. The string height is raised over the sound board. One end of a string may be anchored to a crossbrace on the underside of the sound board so as to directly vibrate this sound board. It also incorporates a means an adjustment mechanism for string length fine tuning. The result is increased sound, volume and resonance persistence which is without distortion that may result in increased amplification when applied to guitars or other stringed instruments.

Abstract: A musical instrument of substantially conical shape that has a rim and spokes, the rim being substantially circular. The spokes number at least three and are of equal length, emanating from a second rim. The second rim is not in the same plane that is defined by the rim but shares the same axis with the first rim. The instrument can be played by striking it with a stick or another instrument. The sound the instrument gives can be changed by varying the diameter of the rim or the number of spokes, the orientation of the instrument, the material of which the instrument is made, or by loosely attaching a cymbal to the interior of the cone defined by the instrument's configuration.

Abstract: A transducer system for a stringed musical instrument having a bridge for supporting a plurality of string saddles, each having a surface for receiving a transducer member of the system. The transducer member is comprised of one or more ceramic crystals supported between conductive strips and encapsulated by an electrically insulating covering. The crystals are responsive to vibrations of the string by way of a spring support insert in the saddle, but the crytals are not directly coupled to the saddle.

Abstract: A depth charge fuze includes a piston in a cylinder sealingly and displaceably guided to actuate a firing mechanism against atmospheric pressure within the cylinder on one side of the piston. The piston is operatively connected to a balancing device for balancing in axial direction. At the other side of the piston there is provided a pressure chamber connected to the surroundings by means of a number of throttling passages with valves depending on the surrounding water pressure for closing up the passages on different levels of water pressure. A shearing means retains the piston in a rest position up to a predetermined maximum pressure drop over the piston.

Abstract: A rail launcher for suspending different types of flying bodies from a carrier such as a carrier aircraft, is constructed as an elongated, substantilly empty shell with cross-sectional configurations which vary along the length of the shell housing. Different types of rail pairs are provided along a downwardly facing side of the shell housing for accommodating different types of flying bodies of various lengths. All the components required for strapping, retaining, ignition, and control purposes are mounted in cells of the shell housing. Due to the use of modular housing mounting means, the same type of rail launcher can be adapted for attachment to different types of carrier aircraft.

Abstract: A gun tube having an outer sleeve of reduced weight from that of the base d having improved characteristics in firing accuracy. A method of fabrication pertaining to a selected titanium alloy sleeve in combination with a steel base is also disclosed.

Abstract: Composite ceramic armor (10) and a method for making the armor are disclosed as incorporating a plurality of plate-shaped ceramic tiles (12) and cloth (18) wrapped around each tile over each surface (14) and side (16) thereof with a synthetic resin matrix (20) permeating the cloth to encapsulate the tiles such that the resin matrix defines oppositely facing surfaces (22) and a plurality of sides (24) from which the ceramic tiles are spaced by the cloth. The tiles (12) are preferably rectangular and the cloth (18) preferably includes a pair of strips (26,28) wrapped around each tile in perpendicular directions to each other. Woven cloth is preferably utilized and is most preferably made from glass fibers or polyamide plastic fibers such as Kevlar.

Abstract: A material 11 is protected from acoustic shock waves generated by impacting projectiles by means of a backing 12. Backing 12 has an acoustic impedance that efficiently couples the acoustic energy out of the material 11.

Abstract: A hydraulically operated swash-plate apparatus includes a cylinder block rotatably supported in a case and having a plurality of axial cylinders arranged in an annular pattern, the case having an end plate for bearing a thrust load from the cylinder block, a plurality of plungers received respectively in the cylinders, a swash plate supported in the case by trunnions and slidably held against the free ends of the plungers, an actuator for tilting the swash plate, the plungers being movable into and out of the respective cylinders by a stroke which is variable according to the angle of inclination of the swash plate, a support member by which the trunnions are rotatably supported, and a tension member coupling the end plate and the support member to each other. The apparatus also includes a stopper mounted in the case for engaging a back of the swash plate to limit the maximum angle of inclination of the swash plate.

Abstract: Rotary piston and barrel machine comprising a thrust plate inclined in relation to its geometrical spin axis which coicides with the geometrical axis of the barrel, the central part of the inclined plate comprising a spherical bearing which revolves freely around a fixed central toggle type joint anchored to the central part of the barrel, whereas the barrel is connected to a rigid peripheral housing, the central toggle type joint being integral with a rigid half shaft connected to the rear part of the housing, characterized by at least one rod connected rigidly to the toggle type joint, as well as to a piston disposed inside a bore of the barrel and subjected to the action of an under-pressure fluid so that at least one part of the axial stresses applied to the toggle type joint is transmitted to the barrel without being applied to the housing.

Abstract: A fire and smoke damper equipped with a thermal responsive electric switch for closing the damper responsive to the elevation of the ambient temperature above a first predetermined level. Control circuitry is provided for permitting selective override of the switch for opening the damper from a remote control panel so that toxic fumes and smoke may be vented through the damper. A second thermal responsive switch operable at a higher predetermined temperature is interposed in the control circuit to insure that the damper may not be opened by the override circuit in the event that such higher ambient temperature has been reached in the location of the damper.

Abstract: A ventilation louver is provided with a contoured flange to provide an intimate fit against a textured exterior wall surface. A plunging groove formed in the louver provides a means for attaching the louver to the interior wall support structure, while allowing the louver and flange to protrude and fit outside exterior sliding on the wall.

Abstract: The infusion beverage maker (1) is composed of a tank (3) supplying water which connects via a water pipe (4) to a continuous flow heater (5). A hot water line (10) emanating from the continuous flow heater (5) terminates into a supply port (11) arranged above the filter unit (12), the said filter unit (12) being detachably mounted on the housing (2) of the infusion beverage maker (1). Fixed to the bottom side (41) of the filter unit (12) is a valve assembly (43) forming a valve (18) and controlling the discharge of the infusion beverage into a storing receptacle (27). For every type of infusion beverage to be prepared, there is provision of one separate filter unit (36) each which, in case of need, can be substituted for the previously used filter unit (12).

Abstract: Cooking apparatus, for example, a pressure fryer having a closed cooking vat, which includes a pressure-control system for terminating pressure introduction into the fryer and for releasing pressure therein slightly before the cooking cycle is complete to deter an operator from opening the cooking vat before pressure is released therefrom.

Abstract: In a rotary stencil printer having a printing drum supported to be rotatable about a central axis thereof and having a cylindrical outer surface adapted to bear a perforated stencil sheet as attached therearound and formed with openings for supplying ink to an inside surface of the perforated stencil sheet, and a back press roller supported to be rotatable about a central axis thereof extending in parallel with the central axis of the printing drum and having a cylindrical outer surface which defines a nip area with the cylindrical outer surface of the printing drum therebetween for nipping and transferring a printing sheet therethrough.

Abstract: The apparatus comprises a cabinet for holding a stack of color-coded screen units for use in applying ink through a numeral stencil onto a garment. Stationary screen-supporting structure is provided for receiving each screen unit to be used and positioning and holding it in the same single operative location. More particularly, the screen-supporting structure and the screen unit have cooperating registration structure. A platen is provided for supporting the garment. The platen is linearly and laterally manually movable between central and left and right offset printing positions. Thus the garment may be positioned so that ink may be applied through the stencil onto the appropriate location on the garment. Registration structure is provided to control the positioning of the platen, to enable the user to accurately position the platen at one of the three printing positions for a numeral of a particular size.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for applying a plurality of color prints onto print material. The method utilizes a silkscreen printer arrangement which includes a plurality of printing tables positioned in a travel path of the print material. A print material transporting arrangement is provided so as to move the print material through the plurality of printing tables. Various colors are applied to the print material in a predetermined order. Activation of gripping devices for gripping the print material and vertical movements of the printing tables are coordinated dependent upon positioning of the print materials with respect to the printing step being performed. Similarly, the gripping devices are released and the printing tables likewise move to a non-printing position subsequent to the movement of the print material from the print table associated with the given silkscreen printing machine.

Abstract: A wiper for use in a high speed cable printer having a rotatably mounted high speed printing wheel includes a wiper blade holder and at least one wiper blade detachably mounted in the holder for wiping at least one of the side surfaces of the printing wheel.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for printing a single image at a time in a flexographic printing environment. The present invention utilizes a flexographic plate cylinder which has been modified by forming a groove in its circumference. The groove extends partially around the circumference of the cylinder, leaving an area approximately equal to the area of a single flexographic plate. A belt having a plurality of flexographic plates mounted thereon is entrained about the printing cylinder coincident with the groove and raised area. The groove prevents transfer of the flexographic image to a film passing between the impression cylinder and printing cylinder. Only when the raised area is adjacent the impression cylinder will an image be transferred from a flexographic plate. In addition, only the plate over the raised area is inked when the flexographic belt passes an anilox inking roller. This prevents the accumulation of ink on plates that are not used for image transfer on a particular rotation of the belt.

Abstract: The cleaner utilizes a screen cleaning head carriage having a freely rotatable wiper roller, solvent ejector for directing solvent at the web before it passes over the wiper roller during motion of the head carriage in a first direction, and a drying gas ejector for directing drying gas at the screen during motion of the head carriage in a second direction opposite the first direction, together with web feed control means for advancing the web about the wiper roller in advancement increments and retracting the web about the wiper roller in lesser retraction increments interspersed with the advancement increments, to produce a two steps forward and one step back" forward intemittent web motion.

Abstract: A lithographic plate for printing without dampening comprising a strong stable substrate, an oleophobic surface layer on the substrate and an oleophilic surface underlying the surface layer, the surface layer being decomposable by spark discharges originating from a non-contacting electrode scanned across the plate surface. A preferred plate embodiment includes a multiplicity of tiny electrically conductive peaks in the plate which point away from the substrate and are in a relatively uniform distribution across the plate surface area.

Abstract: A detonating delay relay for shock or signal tube application so made as to be bidirectional. Comprising a delay detonator having a plug which holds two lengths of shock tube sealed at the ends. The detonation pulse is transmitted from one length of shock tube to the delay detonator. After a suitable delay, initiation of the other length of shock tube takes place.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method of producing charges for cannons with extremely high charge density and favorable burning properties from the standpoints of both wear and pressure vs time characteristics. According to the invention, the charge is formed of mutually parallel, bundled tubular propellant rods which have been provided with specially designed rupture points which cause the charge to be ignited as a pure tubular propellant charge of large length in relation to the diameter of the combustion channels, but finally burns as a pure granular propellant. The disclosure also relates to propellant charges produced according to the disclosed method.

Abstract: A cartridged ammunition for machine weapons, particularly for automatic weapons comprises a combustible casing composed of a casing cover, a cylindrical casing jacket and a casing base, glued to one another at annular contact regions and enclosing a propelling charge. The cartridged ammunition is manufactured by securing the tail section of the projectile in a recess of the casing cover and gluing the tail section thereto, axially inserting the projectile and casing cover into the cylindrical casing jacket through a rear open end thereof and gluing the casing cover to an inwardly extending radial shoulder of the casing jacket, filling the casing with the propelling charge and closing the rear open end of the combustible casing by gluing the casing base to the casing jacket.

Abstract: The invention relates to hunting ammunitions each comprising a projectile actuated by the combustion of a propellant charge and characterized in that it comprises an annular chamber separated from the propellant charge by a partition comprising one or several brittle areas.

Abstract: A practice projectile has a cylindrical casing having front and rear portions; a bottom section attached to the rear portion of the cylindrical casing; a frontal nose section including at least two subcomponents which have front and rear portions. The subcomponents can assume a closed position in which the projectile has an external configuration identical to that of a live projectile having the same caliber and an open position in which the subcomponents are in a spread-apart state at a given opening angle. The rear portion of the subcomponents is pivotally connected to the front portion of the cylindrical casing. There is further provided a device for holding the subcomponents together in the closed position prior to firing the projectile. The holding device is arranged to be overcome by centrifugal forces derived from a projectile spin subsequent to firing, to thereafter allow the subcomponents to assume the open position.

Abstract: This invention relates to a guided vehicle such as a railway vehicle and is a development or improvement of the invention disclosed in patent specification No. 2 526 387. The vehicle has steerable axles, each of which is steered by a coupling bar connected to the axle mount at a contact point and pivoted on the body of the vehicle at a pivot point. The axle mount is mounted on the body for rotation about an axis of rotation. The distances between the pivot point, the axis of rotation and the contact point, and the length of the coupling bar d are chosen to position the axle radially of a curve, as in the earlier patent specification. The pivot point of the coupling bar on the body is arranged to be substantially on the roll axis of the vehicle. Each drive axle has independently rotatable wheels and a limited slip differential limits the relative slip to 5%. The non-driven axles may also have independently rotating wheels, and anti-skid, anti-wheel-spin electronic control of the wheel brakes.

Abstract: A gondola railway car includes a pair of draft sills and a pair of end panels extending downwardly and terminating in a flat edge portion. The flat edge portion of the end panel is connected to a shear plate by a welded connection. A shed plate is included between the side panel and the shear plate. A support bracket is included between the tub and the draft sill. Gussets are attached between the side panels and the shear plate. A top corner cap is connected to the side top chord by a welded connection and to an end top chord by a bolted connection.

Abstract: An accessory tray (10) for use in the engine compartment of a vehicle. The tray (10) includes an aperture (24) for receiving a mounting stud (14) which extends upwardly from a carburetor (12). A pair of flanges (36) extends outwardly from the sides of the tray, and each flange (36) has a plurality of holes (38) therethrough for receiving spark plugs or tools. Securable to the underside of the accessory tray (10) is at least one inverted cup-shaped retainer (40), the retainer being selected so as to circumscribe the upper portion of the carburetor (12) for supporting the accessory tray (10).

Abstract: A pallet has slope plates provided on a base plate supporting an article thereon for forming a slope when the article is unloaded from the pallet.

Abstract: A collapsible table is comprised of a first table top pivotally mounted on a first support and a second table top pivotally mounted on a second support. Structural members are provided for interconnecting the first and second supports. Those structural members are located to enable the first and second table tops to be pivoted from substantially horizontal to substantially vertical positions. A mechanism, carried by either the first and second supports or the interconnecting members, is provided for enabling the distance between the first and second table tops to be varied. In this manner, the table can be folded thereby greatly reducing the area required by the table while preserving the models secured to the top surface thereof.

Abstract: A compact bench or other support structure assembled from a small number of interconnected parts and having a multiplicity of load bearing surfaces resulting in the maintenance of the structural rigidity of the assembled structure even when supporting weighty loads.

Abstract: An access door system for a narrow profile enclosure for housing an automatic teller machine (ATM) which allows servicing of the teller machine from within the enclosure for enhanced security for the contents of the ATM and service technician safety. The enclosure includes a door that is hinged and pivots along one vertical end surface allowing the opposite vertical edge surface to rotate away from the enclosure side surface through 30 degrees of rotation. The vertical edge surface includes a perpendicular rectilinear end wall of the same height fixedly attached at a location slightly spaced from the vertical edge surface which extends inwardly from and perpendicular thereto. The rectangular end wall is either a solid panel or has a pivotal door for enclosure entry therethrough.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing the residual ash from a cyclonic wood by-products burner utilizes an expanded combustion chamber directly connected to the burner outlet to maintain the exhausted air within chamber at a temperature of 2200 degrees to 2400 degrees F for an extended dwell time as compared to previous devices to complete combustion of the ash residue and lessen deposits on the contents of a downstream kiln.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of and a machine for substantially automatically positioning root control bags in the ground. The method includes the steps of excavating soil to form a trench, positioning root control bags, supported by formers, in the trench or an adjacent trench, and then filling the trench and the bags with soil excavated by the machine. After the bags have been filled the formers are extracted from the filled bags leaving the bags in an erect and filled condition within the filled trench. The invention extends to a machine for performing these operations, the machine including an excavator, bag positioning means, former extractions means, and soil conveying means for conveying soil excavated by the excavator to a position intermediate the bag positioning means and the extraction means. The various components of the machine can be automated to a greater or lesser extent.

Abstract: A seed boot for air seeders includes a cast hollow body having a relatively narrow cylindrical upper end intake into which a seed tube may be clamped. Vertically spaced apart transverse ribs or steps are situated one on the front wall and one on the rear wall of the interior of the body to equal distribution of the seed regardless of the angle at which the tube enters the boot. Spreaders may be secured to the bottom or discharge end of the boot and can be used to adjust the spread pattern of the seed and an air release slot or vent is provided in the rear wall of the body to reduce air pressure thus reducing the speed at which the seed strikes the ground thereby reducing bounce. A rear strut may be provided at the rear of the boot to accommodate a banding knife if desired, to permit seeding and fertilizer banding in one operation.

Abstract: To attach a strip of cloth provided with a zip-fastener component to each of two trouser foreparts, the edge of the trouser forepart is folded over before being joined to the strip of cloth. The trouser forepart with the folded-over edge and the strip of cloth are positioned relative to one another in a position which they occupy after being sewn together. Subsequently, this sewing takes place in a clamping fixture in a single sewing operation. The purpose of this measure is to attach the strip of cloth and zip-fastener component to a trouser forepart with the minimum possible effort.

Abstract: A hemmer seamer assembly comprising an apparatus for positioning a chain of stitches for stitching onto fabric having a needle and a throat plate, including a device for positioning the chain of stitches forwardly of the needle, and a device for moving the fabric to the throat plate for sewing the chain onto the fabric.

Abstract: A rigging and sail system for a sailboat including a rotatable mast having mounted thereon for rotation therewith, a pair of upper and lower booms extending transversely of the mast. The booms are connected to the mast through upper and lower tension members extending between the mast and the outer ends of the booms respectively and vertical fore and aft tension members extending between outer end portions of the booms on opposite sides of the mast. A pair of sails such as a main and jib are sheeted to and between the booms on opposite sides of the mast to be movable with the booms relative to the hull, and with the jib being movable relative to the booms to allow self-tacking during use merely upon steering the sailboat across the wind.

Abstract: A float tube and a separate power unit floater combination wherein the power unit floater includes a toroidal shaped float tube and a power unit shaped to fit in a central cavity of the float tube. The power unit further includes a battery and electric motor for turning the propeller. A switchbox, used to control both the speed and direction of the propeller is placed forward on the fisherman's float tube at a location convenient for the fisherman to manipulate. The power unit being attached to the float tube behind the fisherman to allow the fisherman to have a clear area in front of him.

Abstract: A collapsible boat having a pair of side panels and a pair of bottom panels with contiguous edges of adjacent side and bottom panels being hingedly coupled together so that the panels can move from collapsed positions in which they are in side-by-side relationship to expanded positions in which they form the boat with an open rear end. A transom panel is removably mounted on the boat in closing relationship to the open rear end of the boat. Mounting of the transom panel can be accomplished by the use of channel members which receive the side margins of the transom panel. A flexible sealing sheet of plastic or other water impervious material is provided to seal the open rear end of the boat. Thus, there will be no leakage of water into the boat, and the boat will be water-tight, notwithstanding the removability of the transom panel from the boat. The transom panel, when so mounted, can be used to mount an outboard motor on the boat.

Abstract: A mark indicator comprises a transparent substrate; a recessed portion formed on a rear face of the transparent substrate and having a tapered shape widened on an open side thereof and having the shape of an indicating medium; and an indicating layer of the indicating medium disposed within the recessed portion. An alternative embodiment comprises an indicating substrate composed of a transparent material; and an indicating layer member disposed on a rear face of the indicating substrate and including an indicating layer having the shape of an indicating medium and substantially a trapezoidal shape in cross section, and a transparent layer disposed in a portion of the indicating layer member except for the indicating layer and substantially having the same thickness as that of the indicating layer.

Abstract: Arrangement for the coating of a running web (2), for instance a paper, a cardboard or a like web, by means of a so-called short dwell applicator (18), in which the paste supply, the paste doctoring and levelling of the supplied coating layer are carried out in the same arrangement and the amount of the excess supplied paste is collected for a recirculation. The arrangement comprises a rear edge seal (9, 12) and fore distributor (6, 15) so arranged that the coating paste is supplied on the web there, where the last quoted arrives in the arrangement, and then the paste flows mainly in the direction (22) of the material web (2) until it meets a doctor (3). The amount of supplied paste (1) is big compared to the amount of paste, which attached and levelled follows along with the running material web (2).

Abstract: This invention relates to an automatic staining apparatus for staining many slide specimens such as tissue specimens by dipping them sequentially into a large number of chemical solution containers while they are mounted in a slide holder basket.Conventional automatic staining apparatuses have a problem in the staining efficiency because a basket is attached manually to a clamp member of the apparatus, and also have another problem that remaining chemical solution cannot be sufficiently removed from slide specimens.In order to solve these problems, an automatic staining apparatus according to the first present invention has the clamp member which can automatically engage with, and disengage from a basket, so that the staining efficiency is much improved. Preferred embodiment of the invention has a tilting mechanism for the clamp member, so that chemical solution is sufficiently removed from slide specimens.

Abstract: A painting system for painting a finned-tube heat exchanger suspended from a conveyor line so as to be conveyed thereby, comprises: (i) means for spraying on said heat exchanger with a water-soluble paint; (ii) means for air-blowing on said heat exchanger; and (iii) means for electrostatic spraying on said heat exchanger with a solvent-soluble paint. Each of spray nozzle assemblies and air-blow nozzle assemblies of said means issues paint spray or air blow to fins of said heat exchanger in a direction parallel to said fins. This painting system further comprises a scraper means for recovering said water-soluble paint sprayed and reached a wall member during spraying and air blow.

Abstract: A developing apparatus has a rotatable, non-magnetic sleeve positioned opposite to an electrostatic latent image-bearing member moving in one direction; a magnet member having a plurality of magnetic poles, one of which serves as a main magnetic pole positioned in a developing area, and being stationary in the sleeve; and a container for a magnetic developer which is supplied onto the sleeve, the magnet member generating near the main magnetic pole on the sleeve a magnetic attraction force having a circumferential distribution which shows (a) a minimum value F.sub.1 near the center of the main magnetic pole and (b) a maximum value F.sub.2 downstream of a position at which the image-bearing member is the closest to the sleeve, with respect to the rotational direction of the sleeve.

Abstract: The invention relates to apparatus for epitaxial processing using metal organic molecular beams. The MOMBE apparatus employs a manifold for supplying metal organic vapor to a reactor which is operated under vacuum. The manifold includes a bubbler in which MO vapor is formed and mixed with a carrier gas. The bubbler provides flexible, three parameter control of the MO reagent permitting use with MO reagents of low vapor pressure. A compensation flow is provided parallelling the reagent flow and employing four valves which are ganged and switched so as to supply the MO carrier gas mixture either to the reactor line or to the vent line and maintain equal flows and pressures during this switching operation. The apparatus is capable of forming very thin reproducible epitaxial layers.

Abstract: A process and apparatus, whereby in the process of vapor growth of a gallium nitride group semiconductor (Al.sub.x Ga.sub.1-x N; inclusive of x=0) thin film using an organometallic compound gas, a reactant gas which grows Al.sub.x Ga.sub.1-x N and a reactant gas containing a doping element are separately introduced near to a susceptor and mixed in the vicinity of a substrate held by the susceptor to grow an I-type Al.sub.x Ga.sub.1-x N thin film, are disclosed. Also, a process of vapor growth and apparatus having a mixing tube and a process and apparatus for inclining the susceptor relative to the reactant gas flow are disclosed. Moreover, a process and apparatus, whereby the Al.sub.x Ga.sub.1-x N thin film is subjected to the crystal growth using a plasma of the reactant gas under reduced pressure, under the irradiation of ultraviolet rays or laser beams, are disclosed.