Abstract: An electrically heated toolbox for heating hand tools that have been stored or used in a cold environment. The toolbox is a multiple drawer container which has installed therein heating sheets integrally connected to an outside electrical power source, alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC). The heating sheets warm the hand tools by radiated heat or direct heat when the heating sheets are connected to the outside power source. A desired temperature may be obtained by using the rheostat temperature setting device. The toolbox may be connected to a standard AC plug connection, a DC vehicle battery or, if desired, a cigarette lighter outlet of a vehicle.

Abstract: In connection with a system for simplifying the use of a plurality of credit cards, check cards, customer cards, or the like, it is proposed to provide an electronic multi-function card comprising a storage accommodating a plurality of individual data sets representing individual single-purpose cards, and comprising at least two display boxes in which data can be displayed by electronic activation, and further contact means accessible from the outside which enable the data sets stored at any time to be paged through successively and the individual data of each single-purpose card to be displayed in the display boxes, and permitting further the entry of a secret code and, finally, the data sets and/or individual parts thereof to be entered and read out, respectively.

Abstract: A wagering system for random drawing lotteries has a central data processor managing acceptance of player entries and payout authorization. Remote agent terminals receive player entry data from players and process authorized payouts. Portable agent data modules having an on-board memory and security provisions are issued to the agents and carry data in both directions between the central data processor and the terminals. Preferably the agent modules are integrated circuit cards or "smartcards". Available player entries are downloaded from the central data processor to the agent data modules, stored on the agent data modules for transport to the agent data terminals, and uploaded under security protection to the agent data terminals when processing a wager. The agent data modules record assignment of the available player entries to players for reporting to the central processor and can obtain payout authorizations or credits.

Abstract: A radiographical image reader for photoelectrically reading a radiographical image of an object. The image reader comprises a radioactive ray irradiator; a radiographical image converting panel which is a radioactive ray absorbent for absorbing the radioactive ray transmitted through through the object so that a radiographical image information is obtained; a scanner to scan the converting panel with exciting light so that the converting panel is subjected to stimulated emission; a reader to read the stimulated emission of the converting panel so that the radiographical image is obtained; a first memory to store at least one of a radioactive ray irradiating condition, object information, and image identification code; a second memory to store a radiographical image information; and a circuit to control the functions of the reader, the first memory, and the second memory in accordance with said irradiation of the radioactive ray by the irradiator.

Abstract: A mechanism for an automated system to allow a user of the system to demonstrate his legitimacy by demonstration of secret knowledge. The mechanism is resistant to compromise by observation of its use. An array of symbols is presented to the user and the user is required to manipulate several symbols at once until assigned key symbols are manipulated into predetermined states. Doing so effectively prevents an observer from determining which symbols are the ones of interest. For example, pushing a button might cause several symbols in the array to exchange their positions. The user continues to do this, having, perhaps, to use several different buttons, until a certain subset of the symbols appears in certain locations within the array. (In this example, the arrangement of this subset of symbols is the user's password or PIN.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for processing a two dimensional digital image representative of a bar code symbol. The bar code symbol is oriented in a bar direction. The system includes means for dividing the two dimensional image into a plurality of two dimensional sections perpendicular to the bar direction. Means for determining information representative of the intensity of a plurality of such sections is also provided. A one dimensional intensity projection signal is formed from the determined information. The system also includes means for calculating the areas of a plurality of regions described by the projection signal. The widths of a plurality of bars in the bar code symbol are determined from the calculated areas.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for decoding data read from a bar code label which includes the steps of applying predetermined relationships to data representing the reading of a full half label or a portion of a label for detecting first valid numerical characters or suspect numerical characters which may be a valid or non-valid numerical character and applying predetermined relationships to the suspect characters to derive second valid numerical characters which are merged with the first numerical characters to form the characters representing the coded label.

Abstract: A device for housing a smart card is provided which consists of a compartment for receiving the card and a support onto which the card is secured, the device further including elements that allow the support to be temporarily fixed onto the receiving compartment, the receiving compartment being part of an item of electronic equipment or a storage wallet.

Abstract: An optical apparatus includes a first motor arranged to vary a magnifying power, a second motor arranged to make compensation when the first lens moves and also to adjust focus, a first motor arranged to move the first lens in the direction of an optical axis, a stepping motor being arranged as the first motor, a second motor arranged to move the second lens in the direction of the optical axis, a detecting part arranged to detect the position of the first lens on the basis of the number of driving pulse steps of the first motor, a memory circuit arranged to store information on adequate second lens moving positions in relation to specific moving positions of the first lens, and a control circuit arranged to control a driving action of the second motor on the basis of information on the position of the first lens detected by the detecting part and the information on the adequate moving position of the second lens.

Abstract: An advanced infrared (IR) Sensor based on the present invention would add the following two elements to a basic staring IR sensor using a 2 dimensional array of detector elements to significantly enhance the detection sensitivity of the device. The added features are: (1) Additional optics or modification to the normal optics to scan the image over a small fraction of the array dimensions so that each point in the image is sampled by a number of different detector elements, and (2) signal processing to combine the multiple samples for each image point so as to exclude the effects of "dead", "weak" or excessively noisy detector elements and average out the element to element sensitivity variations and calibration/correction imperfections of the "normal" elements.

Abstract: A photometering device comprises: a generator for generating an analog voltage output which varies in accordance with a light intensity of an object field and is proportional to an absolute temperature; a reference voltage generator for generating a reference voltage output proportional to an absolute temperature; a switching device for switching the analog voltage output and the reference voltage output; a single output terminal for sequentially outputting the analog voltage output and the reference voltage output switched by the switching device; and an arithmetic operation device having a single analog-digital converter for converting the analog voltage output and the reference voltage output supplied from the single output terminal to digital signals for calculating a photometering value based on the digitally converted analog voltage output and reference voltage output.

Abstract: A multichannel imaging spectrometer for airborne geological, geophysical and environmental surveys in a moving vehicle. An optical scanner employs a rotating polygon allowing reduced scan optics with increased data acquisition efficiency. Multiple spectrometers integrally registered allow channelization of the received signal to optimize noise performance in the range from ultraviolet through infrared. Output data is in a form for recording and real time display. A staring mode configuration provides enhanced sensitivity by using a two-dimensional detector array and adjustable mirror orientation. A scanning mode embodiment employs a two-dimensional detector array with time delay integration and three-dimensional storage of temporal spatial data and spectral wavelength and intensity. Thus, all channels are acquired simultaneously, resulting in perfect band-to-band registration with continuous spectral curves over the field of view.

Abstract: Light from a light source (10) is transmitted along an optical fiber (12) through a sensor (14) to opto-electronics (16). The sensor includes a cantilevered beam (20) that flexes in response to acceleration causing its free end (26) to move. Light from the optical fiber (12) is transmitted along an optical fiber to a terminal end (30) thereof and across a gap (34). Light transmitted across the gap is returned to the optical fiber by a mirror (FIG. 2 ) or received by a free end (36) of a second optical fiber (FIG. 1) and conveyed to the opto-electronics. The beam member is configured with an appropriate stiffness that under acceleration, the beam flexes moving its free end sufficiently to change measurably through transmission of light across the gap to the opto-electronics.

Abstract: A movement detector includes a moving body having a slit pattern which is provided on it by forming a number of slit-shaped light transmitting parts at certain intervals in the direction of movement. As the moving body is moved, depending on the presence and absence of the light transmitting parts of the slit pattern, light images and dark images appear alternately on the light receiving surface of a semiconductor position detecting element while moving in one direction. In response to the light and dark images, the semiconductor position detecting element provides output currents, which detecting means utilizes to provide output pulses. The output pulses are utilized to detect not only the amount of movement of the moving body but also the direction of movement of the latter.

Abstract: A composite scanning tunneling microscope comprises a first objective optical system for collimating an optical flux from a sample, a second objective optical system for condensing the optical flux thus collimated, and a transparent member disposed between the first and the second objective optical systems. A through hole is perforated along an optical axis in the center of the first objective optical system. A tube scanner member has a probe for detecting a tunnel current disposed at one end thereof. The tube scanner member passes through the hole of the first objective optical system without a contact therewith. The other end of the tube scanner member is fixed to the transparent member. The tube scanner member fixed to the transparent member is separate from and independent of an optical microscope, so that a tunnel current may stably be detected without influences on the probe from vibrations of the optical microscope.

Abstract: A scanning microscope, such as a scanning electron microscope, has an energy beam which is caused to scan on a sample. A detector detects the interaction of the beam with the sample and generates sample image signals which are used to generate a display image of the scanned part of the sample. The sample image signals may be stored in an image memory, and a part of those sample image signals are read to generate the display image. This permits an effective magnification to be achieved without scanning the sample with scanning lines which are too close. Alternatively, or in addition, the beam may be cut intermittently during the scanning, at least for magnification above a predetermined limit. Where scanning is in a series of frames, each formed of a series of scanning lines, such cutting may change the interval between frames, the interval between lines, or may cause intermittent cutting within a line.

Abstract: An advance in-flight windshear detection system which utilizes a scanning mirror to direct infrared energy located in a three dimensional space in front of the aircraft which is divided into a plurality of variable columns, onto a linear array of photoconductive infrared detectors, the detector emitting a signal representative of the radiant energy at various points in said variable located columns, and a computer for generating a displayable representation of the air temperature in front of the aircraft, the computer further capable of interpolating and extrapolating the air temperatures in the three dimensional space based upon the known and or calculated lapse rate; and a display device for graphically displaying the air temperature in front of the aircraft and above the flight path vector so as to provide a more accurate indication of windshear which is less affected by the uncertainties arising from measuring air temperature in a typically more turbulent region along the flight path vector as the aircraf

Abstract: A sensor and method is provided for measuring one or more select components of a material. In one embodiment, a method measures the components by emitting electromagnetic radiation at the material and detecting the intensity of the emerging radiation at separate locations from the source. In another embodiment, a sensor provides a radiation source for emitting radiation at a sheet, a plurality of detecting means, offset substantially the same from the source, for detecting radiation after interaction with the sheet and first and second reflectors for directing the radiation so that the radiation makes multiple interactions with the sheet when moving from the source to the detecting means. The invention can accurately measure the select components (e.g., moisture) of different grades of paper by eliminating the effects of the scattering power and determining absorption power at each band of the spectrum considered necessary for a particular measurement.

Abstract: A multi-elements radiation detector provides isolation plates each having a uniform light reflectance on the surface, excellent reproducibility and uniform performance for enhancing an X-ray spatial efficiency and a light transmission efficiency and is intended to improve a detection efficiency and an S/N of a reconstructed image so that the detector may be used for a digital X-ray imaging system, in particular, an X-ray computed tomography system. In the multi-elements radiation detector, each isolation plate isolating the adjacent elements from each other includes a thin plate made of Mo. On the surfaces of the thin plate, there are provided organopolysiloxane membranes obtained by hydrolyzing and condensing organosilicate such as CH.sub.3 Si(OCH.sub.3).sub.3 so that those surfaces are formed to be specular-reflective. On the films, there are formed reflective multi optical thin films composed of a combination of Al, MgF.sub.2 and TiO.sub.3.

Abstract: An image detector (1) has a first substrate (10) carrying an electromagnetic radiation conversion layer (11) for converting incoming electromagnetic radiation (A) with a first range of wavelengths into outgoing electromagnetic radiation (B) with a second different range of wavelengths and a photodetector array (21) is carried by a second substrate (20) and responsive to the second range of wavelengths for detecting outgoing electromagnetic radiation (B) emitted by the layer (11). The second substrate (20) is mounted to the first substrate (10) by a mounting arrangement (40) defining an insulative space (50) which provides good electrical isolation between the photodetector array (21) and the electromagnetic radiation conversion layer (11).

Abstract: The accuracy of a double-deflection beam blanker is dramatically improved for all blanker voltages by using provided, closed-form, trajectory equations to determine the blanker geometric parameters and compensating for fringe-field effects in order to precisely determine the delay line length for control of an electron or ion beam. This delay line length is maintained by placing alignment apertures above and below the blanker.

Abstract: An electron beam exposure system having an electromagnetic lens for forming an electron beam into an arbitrary image and for condensing and projecting the image on a sample, and a plurality of saddle type electromagnetic deflectors for deflecting and scanning the electron beam on the sample, wherein at least one of the plurality of saddle type electromagnetic deflectors has a half angle of arc of more than 60 degrees and positions in a vicinity of a smooth connecting line which links four points plotted on a graph having coordinates of the half angle of arc of 60 degrees to no less than a radius of curvature of 30 millimeters, approximately 61.5 degrees to 14 millimeters, approximately 64 degrees to 9 millimeters, and approximately 66 degrees to 7 millimeters. Thus, the electron beam exposure system having the saddle type electromagnetic deflector and which is small and has low aberration is realized.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring the .alpha. activity of a solution and used for determining the plutonium concentration of a solution sampled from an irradiated nuclear fuel reprocessing installation and which comprises a rotary drum (20), which samples a film of solution in a vessel (20), in order to place it in front of a measuring probe (22). Between the probe (22) and the drum (20) is positioned a sealing disk (40) having three positions, which has an effective measuring region (48), a measuring chain quality checking region and a blank measuring region. In order to avoid a solution deposit by condensation on the disk (40) or on the end of the probe (22), a protective gas injection system (49) having passages traversing the vessel cover (16), scavenges the upper face of the sealing disk at three locations corresponding to the three active regions of the latter. A substantially uniform distribution of the gas flow between said three locations is ensured. The protective gas is then sucked in by a tube (122).

Abstract: An x-ray cassette having a shell, an x-ray grid disposed within the shell, and a photographic element removably disposed within the shell. The photographic element is supported substantially independently of the shell.

Abstract: A charged particle beam exposure method includes the steps of (a) selectively irradiating a charged particle beam on at least one selected opening forming a selected pattern of a mask which includes a plurality of openings related to a plurality of kinds of patterns so as to shape a cross section of the charged particle beam which is transmitted through the selected opening, where the area of the mask is divided into a plurality of blocks each including at least one opening which is related to one pattern, and (b) irradiating the charged particle beam which is transmitted through the selected opening of the mask onto an object surface so as to expose a desired pattern corresponding to at least a part of the pattern of the selected opening on the object surface, where the step (a) carries out first and second deflections independently of each other with respect to the charged particle beam.

Abstract: A cask for storing and transporting highly radioactive materials includes an inner shell and a number of layers of depleted uranium wire wound on the inner shell to create a radioactive shield against emanation of radioactivity from the material stored within the inner shell.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an arrangement for selective driving of valves of small drive power by means of light. A control generates control signals which are modulated onto a light source which emits said control signals which are received by all the valves via solar cells. However only the addressed valve is switched. No cabling is necessary between the control and the valves.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for estimating the centerline of an alignment/overlay measurement target by means of projecting light from a tunable, variable wavelength the illumination source onto the target, then performing optical observation of the measurement mark and providing an output signal representing the quantity measured in the observation, computing from the output signal a criterion of signal asymmetry to provide an output product, and tuning the tunable illumination source as a function of the output product. As a result tuning adjustment of the wavelength of illumination is employed to expose an observed feature, and the illumination source is tuned until the criterion is minimized, thus improving the accuracy of the estimated centerline.

Abstract: A wafer structure and a method of making the same, upon which semiconductor devices may be formed, comprises first and second wafers. The first wafer comprises a first substrate having a thin oxide layer formed on a bottom surface thereof, the first substrate having a characteristic thermal expansion coefficient. The second wafer comprises a second substrate having an insulation layer formed on a top surface thereof, the insulation layer having a characteristic thermal expansion coefficient substantially matched with the characteristic thermal expansion coefficient of the first substrate and further having a high thermal conductivity. The second wafer further comprises a thin oxide layer formed on a top surface of the insulation layer, wherein the first thin oxide layer of the first wafer is bonded to the second thin oxide layer of the second wafer.

Abstract: In a semiconductor equipped with a conductivity modulating MISFET (IGBT) with a high withstand voltage in blocking forward and reverse directions, a withstand power is maintained in lieu of a drain wall disposed to improve the withstand power, and a current-carrying capacity, which is restricted by the drain wall, is increased. A potential at the drain wall disposed between a DMOS section and a collector section is transmitted at a portion between the collector section and an isolation layer by an channel stop electrode (201) that maintains the withstand power, while an increase in the current-carrying capacity is achieved by forming a conductivity modulating layer alone between the above section.

Abstract: A semiconductor integrated circuit including therein a plurality of active devices comprises a semiconductor substrate, a first buffer layer on the substrate, a second buffer layer provided on the substrate and incorporating therein defects with a concentration level substantially larger than the concentration level of the defects in the first buffer layer; a device layer provided on the second buffer layer and being provided with the active devices, and a plurality of unconductive, device isolation regions formed between the active devices such that the device isolation region extends from an upper surface of the device layer toward the substrate at least beyond a lower surface of the device layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a structure and a method for fabrication of a CCD image sensor having a structure that a p-type epitaxial layer is formed on an n-type substrate to reduce a smear noise and an n-type region for controlling an OFD voltage which is disposed between an n-type substrate beneath an n-type photo diode and a p-type epitaxial layer and a p.sup.+ -type region for reducing the smear phenomenon which is deposed between an n-type substrate beneath an n-type BCCD and a p-type epitaxial layer. According to this improved structure and method, it can be fabricated of a CCD image sensor easily and rapidly and with reduced smear noise.

Abstract: A DRAM cell having a bit line constituted by a semiconductor layer. The DRAM cell comprises a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type having a main surface, an insulating film formed on the main surface, an opening formed in the insulating film to communicate with the substrate, and a bit line formed by a semiconductor layer of a second conductivity type formed on the insulating film and that portion of the substrate which is exposed through the opening.

Abstract: Disclosed is a semiconductor memory device in which defects in crystal in a junction region between a capacitor and a source/drain region, and a short channel effect of a transistor can be effectively reduced. The semiconductor memory device includes, on the side of a gate electrode at which the capacitor is connected, a sidewall formed to have a width larger than that of a sidewall on the side of a bit line, and a source/drain region to which the capacitor is connected and which is formed to have a diffusion depth larger than that of the opposite source/drain region. Therefore, the source/drain region effectively prevents defects in crystal from being produced in the junction region between the capacitor and the source/drain region connected to the capacitor and the sidewall effectively reduces the short channel effect.

Abstract: The lift-off technique for transferring a preprocessed GaAs circuit to a quartz carrier is used to integrate GaAs active devices with distributed quartz microwave circuit elements (e.g., microstrip circuitry) in a single integrated circuit package. The present invention is therefore useful in making a variety of extremely rugged, low loss millimeter and submillimeter wave integrated circuits. By restricting the GaAs layer to a thin membrane and by impurity-doping the GaAs layer only in the regions of the active devices, the advantages of the quartz substrate in the presence of millimeter wave or submillimeter wave radiation are essentially retained.

Abstract: Disclosed is a semiconductor device having an internal circuit protected by an electrostatoc protective circuit, the internal circuit and electrostatic protective circuit being formed on the same semiconductor substrate. The internal circuit includes MIS elements and has a double-diffused drain structure, while the protective circuit has a single-diffused drain structure. The internal circuit can be, e.g., a DRAM, and the protective circuit can have diffused resistors and clamping MIS elements. The single-diffused drain structure can be formed in the protective circuit on the semiconductor substrate, while providing double-diffused drain structure in the internal circuit on the same substrate, by: (1) scanning the ion implanting apparatus to avoid ion implantation of the first ions into the region of the protective circuit, and/or (2) forming a photoresist film over the region of the protective circuit to prevent ion implanation of the first ions into the protective circuit region.

Abstract: A method is provided for forming a gate overlap LDD structure of an integrated circuit, and an integrated circuit formed according to the same. An oxide layer is formed over a substrate. A four layered gate electrode is formed in an inverse T shape. A first polysilicon layer is formed over the underlying oxide layer. A first conductive layer is formed over the first polysilicon layer. A second polysilicon layer is formed over the first conductive layer. A second conductive layer is then formed over the second polysilicon layer. The second conductive and polysilicon layers are etched to expose a portion of the underlying first conductive layer. Lightly doped drain regions are formed in the substrate adjacent to the second conductive and polysilicon layers. Sidewall oxide spacers are formed on the sides of the second conductive and polysilicon layers and on top of the first conductive layer. The first conductive and polysilicon layers are etched exposing a portion of the underlying oxide layer.

Abstract: A photosensitive semi-conductor device is disclosed having a matrix of non-translucent dots on its photosensitive surface. In an array of photosensitive semi-conductor devices, such as photodiodes, the non-translucent dot pattern applied to this photosensitive surface of each photodiode is used to regulate the output from each photodiode. The dot matrix is preferably sputtered onto the anti-reflection coating of the photosensitive surface of the photodiode.

Abstract: A semiconductor integrated circuit device with a built-in photosensor is provided with a light shielding aluminum film which is formed on a whole surface of the semiconductor integrated circuit device continuously to prevent faulty operation of the semiconductor integrated circuit because of incident light. In order to reduce parasitic capacity generated between a light shielding aluminum film and a wiring for transmitting a high-frequency signal or other elements whereto a high-frequency signal is applied, a light shielding aluminum film is partially removed on the wiring and other elements as well as a photosensor and a pad.

Abstract: A zener diode with a low reverse breakdown avalanche voltage and the use of zener diode in electrostatic discharge protection circuit is described herein. The low breakdown avalanche voltage is achieved by creating a zener diode with a lightly doped region between the P+ and N+ zones. Zener diode disclosed herein is particularly useful in protection circuits for integrated circuits having features or sizes of one micron or less.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a lead frame comprises the steps of covering, with a cover film, a die to which an electronic device is attached and a conducting section of a lead section to be electrically connected to the die, covering the whole of the die and lead section and the cover film with an inorganic protective film, and removing the cover film and the protective film formed over the cover film to partly expose the die and the conducting section for electric connection.

Abstract: A resin sealed semiconductor device having: a semiconductor chip having an electric circuit therein and an elongated main connection line respectively formed thereon; a plurality of leads disposed near the chip; electrical connecting wires for electrically connecting together the chip and the leads; at least one by-pass connection line formed in correspondence with the main connection line; and by-pass connecting wires for electrically connecting the main connection line near at one end thereof to the by-pass connection line near at one end thereof, and electrically connecting the main connection line near at the other end thereof to the by-pass connection line near at the other end thereof.

Abstract: A speed stabilization apparatus for use in a two shaft gas turbine is disclosed which includes a speed detector for detecting a rotational speed of a driving shaft of a turbine for driving a generator, a governer for controlling the amount of fuel supplied to a cumbustor, a plurality of delay circuits for providing load charging delay signals after predetermined time periods from when load charging commands are generated, and a forcible fuel supply control circuit. The governer usually controls the amount of fuel to the combustor in accordance with the detected speed signal from the detector so as to stabilize a rotational speed of the generator. When a load charging command is generated, the forcible fuel supply control circuit causes the governer controlling such that the full amount of fuel in supplied to the combustor. After the predetermined time duration from that, the corresponding charging load is connected to an output of the generator.

Abstract: An integrated circuit, typically a random access memory, is housed in a package (14). In the application associated with the integrated circuit it is desired to maintain the data states stored in the memory even when the normal supply voltage is disconnected from the package (14). Batteries (24, 26) are secured in recesses (20, 22) within a structure (12) which is connected to the integrated circuit package (14). A top spring clip (100) is provided to securely hold the batteries (24, 26) within the recesses (20, 22) and forms a common conductor in contact with the upper terminal of both batteries. A bottom spring clip (74, 76) is provided for each of the recesses (20, 22) to form separate conductors in contact with the lower terminal of each battery. The batteries can be readily inserted and removed over lips (64, 70) in the recess (20, 22).

Abstract: A change-over circuit for use in a tester for changing over a load and a driver to be connected to a device under test is implemented by using diode-bridge type analog switches which include a first diode-bridge type analog switch connected as collector loads for first and second transistors, a second diode-bridge type analog switch connected as collector loads for third and fourth transistors, respectively. The driver is connected to an input of the first diode-bridge type analog switch. The load circuit is connected to an input of the second diode-bridge type analog switch. The first and second diode-bridge type analog switches are so interconnected as to perform a differential operation in response to an ON/OFF control signal applied to the fourth transistor from the first transistor for thereby changing over the current and capacitive loads and the driver to be coupled to the device under test which is connected to outputs of the first and second diode-bridge type analog switches.

Abstract: An output circuit comprises an output transistor, a reference oscillator, a variable frequency oscillator, and a control circuit. The reference oscillator produces a first signal of a reference frequency according to the ideal ON resistance of the output transistor. The variable frequency oscillator generates a second signal capable of varying the oscillation frequency. The phase comparator compares the phase of a first signal from the reference oscillator with that of a second signal from the variable frequency oscillator and then controls the oscillation frequency of the variable frequency oscillator so that these two phases may coincide with each other. The control circuit controls the output transistor so that the current driving capability may be kept constant according to the output of the phase comparator.

Abstract: A drive circuit generates a quasi-square wave for use in switching power amplifiers by supplying square wave signals which are 180.degree. out of phase, but otherwise identical, to the respective control inputs of two switching transistors. Opposite ends of the respective controlled paths of the transistors are connected to the input of the device which is being driven. The driven device input has a capacitance associated therewith, which normally results in a voltage loss as this capacitance is alternately charged and discharged. The circuit component values are selected so that this capacitance is charged while the switching transistors have yet to reach their threshold voltages, and thus at the moment when either transistor is switched to a conducting state the voltage across that transistors controlled path will be substantially zero, and the normal switching loss, which is a product of the square of that voltage, the input capacitance of the driven device, and the operating frequency, is eliminated.

Abstract: A method and circuitry are provided for controlling voltage in an electronic circuit. Sensing circuitry coupled to an output node senses a rate of change in an output voltage of the output node and outputs a signal in response thereto. Amplification circuitry coupled to the sensing circuitry receives the signal and outputs an amplified signal in response thereto. Modification circuitry coupled between the amplification circuitry and the output node receives the amplified signal and modifies the rate of change in response to the amplified signal.

Abstract: A current input interface circuit of a mouse circuit includes a first current mirror circuit connected to a second current mirror circuit permitting the mouse signal inputted thereto by the current parameter instead of voltage parameter thus constituting a current comparator.

Abstract: A redundant control circuit compares a defective address with an external address to determine whether a redundant word line is driven for a read-out operation instead of a defective word line assigned as a defective address, and keeps a redundant control signal on a precharged output signal line at an active high voltage level in the presence of the external address consistent with the defective address. A precharging unit not only charges the output signal line to the active high voltage level before arrival of the external address but also keeps the output signal line at the active high voltage level even if a current path is undesirably established from the output signal line to a discharge line in the presence of the external address consistent with the defective address, thereby preventing the defective word line from being undesirably accessed.