Abstract: This invention provides an improved coating composition for glass substrates that comprises a poly(siloxane). The introduction of a poly(siloxane) in a coating composition for a glass substrate, and in particular an optical fiber, acts to delay the rate of deterioration of the glass or optical fiber due to moisture, and improves adhesion between the glass substrate and the coating composition. The introduction of a poly(siloxane) into a polymeric coating composition also improves the interlayer adhesion when more than one coating is applied to a glass substrate. This invention also provides an improved coated glass substrate having a decreased rate of deterioration due to moisture, improved adhesion between the glass substrate and the coating composition and between the various coatings, wherein the coating composition comprises a poly(siloxane).

Abstract: A method of producing a silicone rubber composition, comprising heating a mixture of an organopolysiloxane having a silanol group at both the ends of the molecular chain, a end blocking agent, such as a triorganosilanol, a silane or a siloxane having two dialkylaminosilyl groups in the molecule, and a reinforcing filler thereby carrying out chain lengthening and end blocking of said organopolysiloxane. According to this method, a silicone rubber composition whose low-molecular siloxane content is held down remarkably can be produced without consuming a large amount of energy for the mixing.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to polyurethane moldings produced via the RIM process. These polyurethane moldings have excellent reactivity, demold properties (at a 30 s demold), and good elongation and tear strength, and comprise the reaction product of an aliphatic polyisocyanate having a viscosity of less than about 20,000 mPa.multidot.s at 25.degree. C. and a NCO functionality of 2.3 to 4.0 with an isocyanatereactive component comprising b1) a relatively high molecular weight organic compound containing at least one of the groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy groups and amine groups; and b2) a low molecular weight chain extender selected from the group consisting of diols, triols, primary amines, secondary amines, aminoalcohols, and mixtures thereof; in the presence of a catalyst. The OH:NH ratio of the chain extender is from 1:1 to 25:1.

Abstract: Two-component polyurethane coating compositions essentially containing A) a polyisocyanate component containing A1) certain aliphatic polyisocyanates and A2) certain aromatic polyisocyanates, B) a polyol component containing B1) selected polycaprolactone polyols and/or selected polyether polyols, and optionally B2) other organic polyhydroxyl compounds, and C) known additives used in surface coating technology; and the application of such coating compositions for the manufacture of floor sealers or thin coatings.

Abstract: The present invention provides a curing agent comprising a polyisocyanate compound obtained from hexamethylene diisocyanate and containing not more than 0.5% by weight of hexamethylene diisocyanate monomer, 21 to 60% weight of uretidine dione dimer and 11 to 40% by weight of isocyanurate cyclic trimer, the uretidine dione dimer and the isocyanurate cyclic trimer being prepared from a product obtained by urethane modification of 0.5 to 15 mole % by mole of total isocyanate groups of the hexamethylene diisocyanate by a dihydric alcohol having at least two hydroxyl groups and a branched hydrocarbon group having 4 to 35 carbon atoms in the molecule, which the side chain hydrocarbon groups in the branched hydrocarbon group have 2 to 33 carbon atoms in total. The curing agent has a low viscosity and a good compatibility with a solvent, and can provides a polyurethane paint or adhesive composition having good curing property, drying property, adhesion strength and weathering resistance.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to polyurethane moldings produced via the RIM process. These polyurethane moldings have excellent reactivity, demold properties (at a 30s demold), and good elongation and tear strength, and comprise the reaction product of an HDI prepolymer having an NCO content of 5 to 25%, a functionality of less than 2.3, and a monomer content of less than 10%, with an isocyanate-reactive component comprising b1) at least one relatively high molecular weight organic compound containing at least about two isocyanate-reactive hydroxyl groups; b2) at least one relatively low molecular weight organic compound selected from the group consisting of diols, aminoalcohols, and mixtures thereof; and b3) at least one relatively low molecular weight hydroxyl-based crosslinking compound containing no more than one aliphatic amine hydrogen atoms capable of reacting with isocyanate groups; in the presence of at least one catalyst.

Abstract: A process for preparing a polyurea resin or a polyurethane-urea resin is disclosed which comprises reacting a polyalkylene ether polyamine, wherein the polyalkylene ether moiety is a random copolymer of tetrahydrofuran and 3-methyltetrahydrofuran, with a polyisocyanate compound or an isocyanate group-terminated prepolymer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a polyoxyalkylene derivative which is useful for a carboxyl group-containing polyurethane resin, can easily introduce a carboxyl group into a polyurethane resin skeleton, and has a low melting point or is in a liquid state at normal temperature. The polyoxyalkylene derivative is represented by formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 represents an alkylene group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an arylene group having from 6 to 8 carbon atoms; A represents an alkylene group having from 4 to 7 carbon atoms; B represents an alkylene group having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms; l represents from 0 to 2; m represents from 0.1 to 35; n represents from 0.1 to 50; and 0.5<(m+n)<50.

Abstract: Object: The present invention was conceived in light of the above-described prior art. The object of this invention is to provide a method for preparing optical-grade polycarbonate compositions, which method is able to prepare with good productivity optical-grade polycarbonate compositions that have not only excellent clarity and water resistance, but also excellent retention stability such as heat stability and hue stability when molten and a low content of inclusions and impurities, and that undergo little heat deterioration.Constitution: The method for preparing optical-grade polycarbonate compositions according to this invention, which method comprises the melt-polycondensation of an aromatic dihydroxy compound and a diester carbonate in the presence of a catalyst, followed by the addition of additives B! while the polycarbonate A! obtained as the reaction product is in a molten state, and mixing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for processing materials, a process for mixing, finishing and de-volatizing polyamide to make 66 nylon and the 66 nylon made by this process. The apparatus comprises an agitator section having an outlet adjacent the bottom thereof; a transfer screw disposed adjacent the outlet of the agitator section; a spiral ribbon extending upwardly from the transfer screw; a ring disposed vertically above the spiral ribbon, at least one baffle disposed vertically above the spiral ribbon and connected to the ring and a wall-wiping spur connected to the ring. Preferably, the apparatus has two baffles--an upper one for pumping the material downwardly and a lower one for pumping the material upwardly. The diameter of each baffle is preferably about 80% of the diameter of the agitator section.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of a partially aromatic polyamide is disclosed. The process comprises the polymerization stages of, in sequence, feeding to a reactor a slurry of at least one aromatic dicarboxylic acid and at least one aliphatic diamine, then with the incremental addition of water and in the presence of 0.05 to 2% by weight of a monocarboxylic acid, heating the slurry to a temperature of at least 270.degree. C. while maintaining a pressure of at least 1.2 MPa. The preferred dicarboxylic acid is 2,6 naphthalene dicarboxylic acid. The polyamides may be used in the manufacture of products using melt processing techniques.

Abstract: Disclosed is a thermally-stable SnO.sub.2 -surfaced polyimide film wherein the electrical conductivity of the SnO.sub.2 surface is within the range of about 3.0.times.10.sup.-3 to about 1.times.10.sup.-2 ohms.sup.-1,. Also disclosed is a method of preparing this film from a solution containing a polyamic acid and SnCl.sub.4 (DMSO).sub.2.

Abstract: A copolyimide was prepared by reacting 3,4'-oxydianiline (3,4'-ODA) with a dianhydride blend comprising, based on the total amount of the dianhydride blend, about 67 to 80 mole percent of 4,4'-oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) and about 20 to 33 mole percent of 3,3',4,4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA). The copolyimide may be endcapped with up to about 10 mole percent of a monofunctional aromatic anhydride and has unbalanced stoichiometry such that a molar deficit in the dianhydride blend is compensated with twice the molar amount of the monofunctional aromatic anhydride. The copolyimide was used to prepare composites, films and adhesives. The film and adhesive properties were significantly better than those of LaRC.TM.-IA.

Abstract: Disclosed are degradable materials which include a nontoxic hydrolytically degradable polymer and nontoxic modifier, wherein the modifier is compatible with the polymer and the modifier is nonvolatile and nonfugitive. Also disclosed are processes for forming the various degradable materials, which include films, molded products, laminates, foams, powders, nonwovens, adhesives and coatings. The disclosed materials and processes are particularly useful for the production of commercial and consumer products in high volumes which are suitable for recycling after use or which are discarded into the environment in large volumes.

Abstract: A block copolymer for use in the fabrication of bioabsorbable articles such as monofilament surgical sutures is prepared by copolymerizing one or more hard phase forming monomers and 1,4-dioxan-2-one, and then polymerizing one or more hard phase forming monomers with the dioxanone-containing copolymer.

Abstract: The invention provides melt-spun polyolefin/polyarylate alloy fibers having an elevated softening point. These fibers are useful in staple lengths for the reinforcement of synthetic geoways (e.g., roadways, runways), especially those fabricated from asphalt-based pavements. The improved softening point of the fibers allows their incorporation into the hot-mix pavement used to fabricate and repair such surfaces without degradation of the fibers by the elevated temperatures found in plants for these manufacture of hot-mix pavements. This invention also provides an improved process for making melts of such allows.

Abstract: An improved process for preparing free flowing tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) polymer powders is disclosed in which a TFE polymer powder is (1) wetted with an aqueous solution containing a wetting agent selected from the group consisting of (a) ethylene glycol ethers, (b) propylene glycol ethers and (c) diols or triols, (2) agglomerated and (3) dried.

Abstract: Problems resulting from contamination of electronic apparatus used with silicone keypads can be eliminated or substantially reduced by soaking such keypads prior to assembly in a low molecular weight liquid hydrocarbon, particularly n-hexane. Such soaking removes low molecular weight unreactive cyclics from the keypad which might otherwise contaminate the electronic apparatus.

Abstract: A protein which inhibits milk secretion by lactating cows and which is present in the second (2A) significant peak when a nominally 10-30 KDa fraction of the whey proteins of the milk is resolved on a "Mono Q" anion exchange column using 10 mM imidazole buffer, pH 7.0 and a sodium chloride elution gradient. Its pI by isoelectric focussing in a gel tube is 4.8 to 5.0.

Abstract: Compounds of formula I, ##STR1## wherein M is Met, DMet, MeMet, MetO, Ahx, DAhx, MeAhx, Leu, MeLeu, Pro, Ile, MeIle, Ala or Lys, G is Gly, DAla, Pro, Ala, .beta.Ala or Sar; W is Trp, MeTrp, Ala or Nal; X is Met, MeMet, MetO, Ahx, MeAhx, Leu, MeLeu, Pro, Ile, MeIle, Ala, Phe, Lys or Lys(R.sup.8); J is Asp, DAsp, MeAsp, Asp(OBn), Ala or MeDAsp; F.sup.1 is (S)--NH, (R)--NH, (S)--R.sup.1 N or (R)--R.sup.2 N; F.sup.2 is H, Cl, I, Br, F, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2, R.sup.3 or OR.sup.4 ; Z is NH.sub.2, NHR.sup.5 or NR.sup.5 R.sup.6 ; R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are alkyl C.sub.1-6 ; R.sup.4 is H or alkyl C.sub.1-4 ; R.sup. is OH or OSO.sub.3 H; and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof; are useful as therapeutic agents, in particular in the inhibition of feeding.

Abstract: The present invention is drawn to a process for forming an amide bond linkage comprising reacting a carboxylic acid and an amine in a two-phase mixture of water and an organic solvent selected from an oxygenated organic solvent or an aromatic solvent in the presence of a coupling reagent and an additive. This process is useful for making ubiquitous amides and polypeptides having various biological activities.

Abstract: Disclosed are a glutamate receptor or a modified glutamate receptor as defined in the Sequence Table, a gene encoding the same and a method for effecting screening an agonist or antagonist which binds to the above glutamate receptor or the above modified glutamate receptor which comprises using the glutamate receptor or the modified glutamate receptor as defined above.

Abstract: A humanised antibody is provided in which the amino acid sequence of the CDRs is derived from the sequence of CDRs of a monoclonal antibody having the specificity of binding to resting and activated T-cells, inhibiting T-cell proliferation and lysing T-cells from mice transgenic for human CD2 and in which sufficient of the amino acid sequence of each CDR has been retained to provide the same specificity for the humanised antibody.

Abstract: Monoclonal antibodies which recognize a continuous epitope in the sexual stages of P. falciparum. The epitope so recognized has the following amino acid sequence: ##STR1## Malaria vaccines based on this epitope are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for deactivating the inner surfaces of capillaries for capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary gel electrophoresis. The deactivation is effected by coating the inner surface with polar polymers which initially are water-soluble, whereupon the polymers are subsequently thermally fixed by a formation of water-insoluble polymers. The invention further relates to the capillaries thus produced and to the use thereof for the separation of oligonucleotides, peptides and proteins.

Abstract: Azo dyes of the formula ##STR1## where L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3, L.sup.4, X and K are as defined in the specification, and crystal forms of thienylazobenzene dyes are useful for dyeing or printing textile materials such as polyesters, fibers or fabrics made of cellulose esters or polyamides or blend fabrics from polyester and cellulose fibers with high color strength, good fastness properties and brilliant hues.

Abstract: Dyestuffs of the formula ##STR1## in which D is the radical of an aromatic or heterocyclic diazo component andZ is the radical of an aromatic or heterocyclic coupling component,are obtained in an ecologically advantageous manner by reacting an aromatic or heterocyclic diazo components of the formulaD--NH.sub.2and a coupling component of the formulaH--Z.sub.1with a nitrite, in the presence of CO.sub.2 at a pressure of 5-100 at. The process is suitable in particular for the preparation of concentrated dyestuff solutions, because expensive operations, such as, for example, pressure permeation and reverse osmosis, can be omitted.

Abstract: New pyrazole azo dyestuffs of the formula (I) ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 denotes hydrogen or an acyl radical,R.sup.2 denotes hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl or a heterocyclic radical which is optionally bonded via alkylene,R.sup.3 denotes hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or alkoxy,R.sup.4 denotes hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, cyano, alkyl, alkoxy, acylamino, acyloxy or alkoxy-carbonyl,R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 independently of one another in each case denote hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl orNR.sup.5 R.sup.6 together denotes a hydrogenated heterocyclic radical which is bonded via the nitrogen and optionally contains further hetero atoms,it being possible for all the alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, alkoxy and heterocyclic radicals present to be optionally substituted by nonionic substituents, a novel process for their preparation and their use for dyeing and printing materials.

Abstract: 2,4,6-trifluoro-5-chloro-pyrimidine and the aqueous solution of a salt of 2-amino-5-aminomethyl-naphthalene-1-sulphonic acid are simultaneously metered into a reactor in approximately equimolar amounts and afford a valuable intermediate for the preparation of high-purity dyes.

Abstract: Fibre-reactive dyestuffs based on barbituric acid, of the following formula ##STR1## wherein the substituents have the meaning given in the description, are distinguished by improved properties.

Abstract: Fatty acid esters of methylglucoside derivatives of formula I ##STR1## wherein A, B, C, D=21 to 75, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 =H or ##STR2## with R.sub.1 -R.sub.4 not simultaneously being H, and M=C.sub.11 -C.sub.18 alkenyl or alkyl.

Abstract: The subject application is drawn to a method of transfecting a myeloid cell line and a method of producing a selected product in a myeloid cell. The invention also includes myeloid cell specific promoters and enhancers, and constructs which contain these promoters and enhancers. The invention further includes a myeloid cell specific promoter-heterologous gene construct, where the expression of the heterologous gene is under the control of the myeloid cell specific promoter. The invention also includes a transgenic non-human mammal in which myeloid cells express a protein encoded by a heterologous gene. Finally the invention includes a method for identifying factors that can regulate myeloid cell specific transcription.

Abstract: A compound having the structure: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is an oligonucleotide;a is 1 and b is 0;A is C or CH;X is S, O, NH or NCH.sub.2 R.sup.6 ;Z is taken together with A to form an aryl ring structure comprising 6 ring atoms wherein the aryl ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted with other than H or at least 1 nonbridging ring carbon atom is substituted with R.sup.6 or .dbd.O;R.sup.6 is independently H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 alkenyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 alkynyl, NO.sub.2, N(R.sup.3).sub.2, C.tbd.N or halo, or an R.sup.6 is taken together with an adjacent Z group R.sup.6 to complete a phenyl ring; andR.sup.3 is a protecting group or H; and tautomers, solvates and salts thereof.

Abstract: A method is disclosed of preparing amidated water soluble cellulose acetates by amidating water soluble cellulose acetate. Methods are also provided for preparing aminated water soluble cellulose acetates of varying plasticities, film- and fiber-forming characteristics, and other properties by methanolysis of naturally-occurring chitin or by amination of water soluble cellulose acetate.

Abstract: A carrageenan product which is useful as an emulsifyer and for thickening or gelling aqueous systems is made by subjecting a carrageenan-containing material in which 6-sulphated galactose units have been converted into 3,6-anhydro galactose units to a shear stress treatment, e.g., by means of an extruder. The starting seaweed material, typically originating from Gigartinaceae and Solieriaceae, has been subjected to a treatment in a substantially homogeneous mixture of a solvent in which carrageenan is substantially insoluble, and a basic aqueous phase. The base-treated carrageenan-containing product is also useful per se. The shear stress treated carrageenan product shows a maximum swelling temperature of at the most 85.degree. C. and exhibits a light transmission of at least 5% and has a cellulose content of at least 0.5% by weight.

Abstract: The present invention relates to inulin derivatives of the general formula I ##STR1## in which R=--CH.sub.2 OH, --CHOH--(CH.sub.2).sub.m --CH.sub.3,m is an integer from 0 to 10,n is on average a number from 10 to 50,a and b is a number from 0 to 3, where a+b=3,G is a glucopyranose group andF is a fructofuranose group,to a process for their preparation and to their use.

Abstract: According to a low gel strength agar of the invention, the molecules of agar are cut to short fragments, and the gel strength of the agar is adjusted to be 250 g/cm.sup.2 or below at 1.5 % agar concentration. Thus, even when the agar is used at a certain agar concentration or above, a soft gel having a low gel strength with no syneresis can be obtained. When the agar is contained in foods or cosmetics, special advantages, which are not obtainable with prior-art products, can be achieved.

Abstract: A compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein K represents a protective group of the oxo of the formula ##STR2## wherein n is 2 or 3, and M is chlorine, bromine, or ##STR3## wherein R.sub.a and R.sub.b are individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, --OH, and alkyl and alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 15 carbon atoms, trialkyl silyl triphenyl silyl and diphenyl alkyl silyl.

Abstract: Novel steroids having a 9.alpha.-hydroxy or a 9.alpha.-carbonate substituent can be prepared from 9.alpha.-hydroxyandrostenedione and can be utilized in the synthesis of commercially valuable corticosteroids such as betamethasone. The 9.alpha.-carbonates are prepared by reaction of the corresponding 9.alpha.-hydroxy steroid with a sequence of excess base, trialkylsilyl chloride, alkyl haloformate and alkanol or by using excess base, alkyl haloformate and alkoxide. 9.alpha.-Carbonate-17-keto compounds can be treated with lithium acetylide and a lithium salt to afford the corresponding 17.alpha.-ethynyl-17.beta.-hydroxy-9.alpha.-carbonate. This compound is then esterified with a novel series of reagents to give the 17-ester which can be reduced the corresponding 17-allene. Oxidation of this allene to the bis-epoxide compound, followed by treatment with an alkali metal salt of a carboxylic acid under phase transfer conditions gives the 17.alpha.-hydroxy 21-ester 9.alpha.-carbonate. Elimination of the 9.alpha.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for producing high quality .epsilon.-caprolactam which comprises allowing crude .epsilon.-caprolactam obtained by gas phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to contact with hydrogen at 100.degree.-200.degree. C. in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst.

Abstract: Cyclic lactams are prepared by reacting an aminocarboxylic acid compound of the formula IH.sub.2 N--(CH.sub.2).sub.m --COR.sup.1 Iwhere R.sup.1 is --OH, --O--C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkyl or --NR.sup.2 R.sup.3 and R.sup.2 and R.sup.3, independently of one another, are each hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkyl or C.sub.5 -C.sub.8 -cycloalkyl and m is an integer from 3 to 12, with water by a process in which the reaction is carried out in the liquid phase using a heterogeneous catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed are a process and intermediates of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is --CH.sub.3 or --C(O)--OR.sup.1, and R.sup.1 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or --CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5 ; or the formula ##STR2## wherein: R.sup.2 is H or OH, R is --C(O)OR.sup.1 and R.sup.1 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or --CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5, or where R.sup.2 is H, R can also be CH.sub.3 ; for preparing benzazepine intermediates of the formula ##STR3## The benzazepine intermediates are useful for preparing benzazepines having activity as selective D1 receptor antagonists.

Abstract: The pharmaceutically active bicyclic heterocyclic amines (XXX) ##STR1## where W.sub.1 is --N.dbd. or --CH.dbd.; W.sub.3 is --N.dbd. or --CH.dbd.; W.sub.5 is --N.dbd. or --CR.sub.5 -- with the proviso that W.sub.5 is --CR.sub.5 -- when both W.sub.1 and W.sub.3 are --N.dbd. which are useful as pharmaceuticals in treating mild and/or moderate to severe head injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage and subsequent ischemic stroke, asthma and reduction of mucous formation/secretion in the lung and other diseases and injuries.

Abstract: Aqueous solutions of N-methylmorpholine N-oxide having color numbers below 200 APHA, based on an N-methylmorpholine N-oxide content of 50% by weight, are produced by reacting aqueous hydrogen peroxide solutions with aqueous solutions of N-methylmorpholine having a water content of at least 35% by weight.

Abstract: Compounds which comprise at least one group of the formula I or II ##STR1## and at least one polyalkylpiperidine group of the formula III ##STR2## in which R and R.sub.1 to R.sub.6 have the meaning indicated in claim 1, are effective stabilisers for organic materials against damage by light, oxygen and heat.

Abstract: O,O-dialkyl pyrimidylphosphates are made by reacting an O,O-dialkyl phosphorohalothioate with a 5-hydroxypyrimidine in the presence of an imidazole phase transfer catalyst, an aromatic solvent and an alkali metal hydroxide at a pH of from about 8 to about 12 and a temperature of up to about 70.degree. C. The products of this process are obtained in high yield. These compounds are useful as pesticides and insecticides.

Abstract: A method for making 5-substituted tetrazoles of formula I: ##STR1## where R is as herein described which comprises reacting a compound of the formula R--CN with a Lewis acid and an azide or a preformed metal azide complex, acidifying and recovering the 5-substituted tetrazole.

Abstract: An aqueous phase air oxidation process for the for the preparation of unsubstituted and substituted quinacfidone pigments is disclosed. The process involves an oxidation step wherein a 6,13-dihydroquinacridone is convened to the corresponding quinacfidone, utilizing a quinone compound and molecular oxygen as oxidizing agent, in a basic, aqueous reaction medium, in the presence of a nonionic, polar organic material which forms a second liquid phase in the basic reaction medium and which is present in a minor amount relative to the amount of aqueous base in the reaction medium. The quinacridones prepared by this process are useful as pigments.

Abstract: Novel 2-alkyl carbinol derivatives of deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and the chemical synthesis of these derivatives and intermediates therefor from DNJ and their method of inhibiting lentiviruses are disclosed.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a 2-halogeno-pyridine of the formula ##STR1## in which X represents halogen andY represents halogen, nitro, formyl, cyano, carboxyl, carbamoyl, alkyl, halogenoalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, dialkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl or dialkylaminocarbonyl,which comprises in a first stage reacting a pyridine 1-oxide of the formula ##STR2## with an organic nitrogen base A and an electrophilic compound, optionally in the presence of a diluent, to produce a compound of the formula ##STR3## in which A represents the radical of an organic nitrogen base, andZ.sup.- represents an anion formed from an electrophilic compound,optionally isolating and optionally purifying the compound of the formula (III).