Abstract: A method for calibrating image recording equipment is described. According to the method, raster areas such as images or color prints are recorded pixel by pixel, line by line in the form of screen dots on an image support by use of at least one exposure beam generated in an exposure unit. An image stored as a bit-map image and containing line data (binary image) is divided into fields. A raster percentage is determined for every field by calculating an average. A variation in the raster percentage is determined from a density-exposure curve. The parameters required for the variation are calculated by an algorithm and memorized in a variation table. The most suitable algorithm is read from the variation table and executed and the data determined thereby are memorized.

Abstract: To delay optical signals precisely and continuously in a very small dynamic range, a device for applying a time-delay to optical signals includes a first phase modulator to receive an input optical signal carried by an original center wavelength and to apply a first stage of phase modulation to the carrier wave of the input signal to supply a first intermediate signal carried by a modified center wavelength, a delaying dispersive member having chromatic dispersion to receive the first intermediate signal and to supply a second intermediate signal, and a second phase modulator to receive the second intermediate signal and to apply a second stage of phase modulation to the carrier wave of the second intermediate signal to supply an output signal carried by the original center wavelength. Applications include optical telecommunication systems, in particular converting wavelength division multiplexed signals into time division multiplexed signals and regenerating wavelength division multiplexed signals.

Abstract: An optically actuated transducer system includes an audio signal source, a light emitter driver circuit, a light emitter, optical delivery device, and a transducer unit. An audio signal is fed into the light emitter driver circuit. The audio signal is fed into the light emitter driver circuit. The output of the light emitter is connected to the optical delivery device. The transducer unit includes a speaker membrane and an absorber layer. The absorber layer is applied to a back of the speaker membrane. An end of the fiber optic cable is positioned such that it contacts the absorber layer. The optical delivery device may also be brought in substantially parallel to the speaker membrane by transferring the light through an optical beam steering system. The absorber layer absorbs light from the light emitter and converts the light to heat.

Abstract: Lightwaves (1), which carry data signals and beacon light, are used for establishing a connection between a receiver and a transmitter located remote from the former. An acquisition sensor (171) is provided for acquiring the lightwaves (1) in the receiver, which generates acquisition sensor signals (Sc) from the receives lightwaves. The lightwaves (1), which are conducted over a telescope (2) and a beam splitter (R4), are fed to the acquisition sensor (171) as well as to a scanning device (5). Besides useful signals (Sa, Sb), an additional signal (Sw, Sm′, Sm) is obtained with the aid of the scanning device (5), which is used for making the acquisition easier.

Abstract: An electrochromic device comprising: a first glass element having an electrically conductive material associated therewith, wherein said first element comprises a height (h1), a width (w1), a thickness (t1), an inner surface, and an outer surface; a second element having an electrically conductive material associated therewith, wherein said second element comprises a height (h2), a width (w2) , and a thickness (t2), an inner surface, and an outer surface; a cell spacing (c) which comprises a distance between said inner surface of said first element and said inner surface of said second element; a gelled electrochromic medium contained within a chamber positioned between said first and second elements; wherein (h1), (w1), (t1), (h2), (w2), (t2), and (c) are numerical values in millimeters; and wherein (h1), (w1), and (t1) of said first element, and (h2), (w2), and (t2) of said second element and (c) comprise numerical values such that the following inequality is satisfied: 1 2 ⁢ h 1 5 ⁡ ( 1 -

Abstract: A method for producing a cell for an electrochromic mirror by laminating two electrically conductive substrates which comprises the step of placing at least two plates each having at least one linear portion and provided with in a predetermined position with a punched-out portion having a shape corresponding to that of said substrate, such that each of said linear portions is located on the same line or on each of two lines offset from each other, in a juxtaposed relationship at a predetermined interval; the step of positioning said two substrates by inserting them into each of said punched-out portions; the step of shifting one of said plates holding said substrates therein over the other plate such that the substrates are located in a superposed relationship to each other; and the step of laminating said substrates.

Abstract: An optical waveform shaper comprising a probe light source for generating probe light with a constant amplitude, a signal copier being applied with input signal light of a signal wavelength and the probe light output from the probe light source and for copying the signal of the input signal light onto the probe light, and an extinction ratio improver for improving an extinction ratio of output light from the signal copier.

Abstract: An optical pre-amplifier for amplifying optical signals which have been transmitted via a dispersive optical transmission link, comprises a chirped Bragg grating noise filter. The filter also acts as a dispersion compensating filter, with the dispersion of the chirped Bragg grating noise filter acting against the dispersion of the optical transmission link.

Abstract: An infrared absorption filter which has absorption in the near-infrared region, manifests high light transmission in the visible region, and does not have large absorption of specific wavelength in the visible region, further, is excellent in environmental stability and durability and has little optical defect, the filter comprising an infrared absorption layer laminated at least on one surface of a transparent polymer film, wherein said transparent polymer film is a film comprising a polymer easy-adhesion layer laminated at least on one surface, said transparent polymer film contains substantially no particle, and said transparent polymer film contains foreign materials having a size of 20 &mgr;m or more in an amount of 10/m2 or less per unit area of the film.

Abstract: A stereomicroscope has a dark field illumination apparatus capable of irradiating a subject with the light from a light source at a high efficiency by providing an optical system through which regularly reflected light beams are overlapped with each other by an annular reflective member with less ununiformity of the illumination.

Abstract: A stereomicroscope is capable of interchangeably fitting low- and high-magnification objective lenses. A transmission illumination unit thereof includes a light source, a shield element for cutting off partially light beam, first and second condenser lenses for converging the light beam passing the shield element, and a mechanism for selecting one of the first and second condenser lens and disposing the selected lens on the optical axis. The first condenser lens sets a position conjugate to an entrance pupil of the low-magnification objective lens in a position of the shield element. The second condenser lens sets a position conjugate to an entrance pupil of the high-magnification objective lens in the position of the shield element.

Abstract: An optical system for providing a viewer with contrast between a golf ball and its environment, including a light filter and at least one polarizer mounted in a viewing device. The light filter has no more than about 20% transmittance of light in one of the range of wavelengths of from about 500 nm to about 700 nm. The viewing device allows for the light filter and the polarizer to be arranged in front of at least one eye of the viewer. The optical system can be provided in a spotting scope, a pair of eyeglasses or an attachment to eyeglasses for ease of use.

Abstract: A light transmitting type screen that enables the viewer to see through to its back side when the screen is stuck on a transparent object such as a show window or a transparent window glass or it is used as a transparent object and that is capable of forming clear images projected from a projector thereon is provided. The screen comprises a light scattering layer having a front-scattering property, which comprises spherical microparticles having a mean particle diameter in a certain range dispersed in a binder having a refraction index in a certain range. The light scattering layer is sandwiched between transparent objects such as high-molecular resin sheets or show window glass via an adhesive layer or the like.

Abstract: Light emitted from a taking lens 20 enters a first birefringent plate la to be spatially divided along a first direction extending perpendicular to the direction in which the light advances to achieve two separate rays L10 and L20. The vibrational planes of the two light fluxes L10 and L20 emitted from the first birefringent plate 1a are converted to a circularly polarized light by a phase plate 1c. The two light fluxes L10′ and L20′ emitted from the phase plate 1c are each spatially divided into two by a second birefringent plate 1d along a second direction extending perpendicular to the first direction to achieve four separate rays L11, L12, L21 and L22, to be guided to an imaging plane 15a of an imaging device 15. At least either the first birefringent plate or the second birefringent plate is constituted of lithium niobate, rutile. Chilean nitrate, or the like.

Abstract: A back-lighted autostereoscopic display. A uniform light is emitted from a plane light source. A polarization plate is disposed in front of the plane light source to polarize the uniform light into a polarized light. A micro-moving window device is disposed in front of the polarization plate to selectively change the polarity of the polarized light into another type of polarization. A micro-optical device is located in front of the micro-moving window device, thereby both the polarized light changed and unchanged pass through the micro-optical device to travel further. An imaging apparatus is located in front of the micro-optical device, so that the lights are converged into the eyes of an observer. A liquid crystal display panel with a patterned half-wavelength phase retarder according to the even rows and odd rows of the interlaced image displayed on the liquid crystal display is located in front of the imaging apparatus to project the stereo-image to the observer.

Abstract: A micro-display (1) and a condenser lens (2) focusing an image of the micro-display onto retina of human eye are provided within a case (3). Then, a reflected light detecting means (4) for detecting brightness of reflected light reflected by human retina, which comprises a block where a light emitting section (41) and a light receiving section (42) are provided alternately is provided. A location adjusting means for moving, for example, the condenser lens held with coil (51) so that amount detected by this reflected light detecting means, for example, is maximized and adjusting the relation so that the location relationship between the micro-display and the condenser lens is optimized. As a result, a head mounted display can be obtained which is capable of observing without occurring any fatigue of eyes in the case where one has to recognize both of the outside world and the display approximately at the same time.

Abstract: The present invention provides an optical system for crystallization tool for producing an crystallized silicon thin film by using an excimer laser as a light source to crystallize an amorphous silicon thin film through a fine stripped pattern, including 1st to 10th lenses sequentially arranged along an optical axis from said excimer laser, wherein the 1st lens having both side made convex; the 2nd lens having one side made convex toward the light source and the other side concave; the 3rd lens having one side made convex toward the light source and the other side concave; the 4th lens having both side concave; the 5th lens having both side made convex; the 6th lens having one side concave toward the light source and the other side made convex; the 7th lens having one side made convex toward the light source and the other side concave; the 8th lens having both side made convex; the 9th lens having one side made convex toward the light source and the other side concave; and the 10th lens having both side made

Abstract: This lens barrel comprises a first group frame supported by two first guide shafts and a second guide shaft such that it is capable of being advanced or retracted, a focus frame, a focus frame holding portion, and a third group frame. The first guide shafts are bonded and supported by the focus holding frame in parallel such that both ends thereof are exposed. The first group frame and the third group frame are supported slidably by both end portions. Further, the second guide shaft supports the focus frame slidably. An end of the second guide shaft is supported through a short fitting length while it is not fixed to the first group frame and the other end thereof is supported slidably by the third group frame through a short fitting length. Therefore, in this lens barrel, the accuracy in advancement and retraction of respective members is excellent and an efficiency of storage space is excellent thereby contributing to reduction of the size, achieving compactness.

Abstract: In this zoom lens barrel, its cam ring has three sets of three cam grooves for advancing or retracting a first group frame, a focus frame and third group frame. The three cam grooves include a cam follower introducing groove connected to ends of two cam grooves for the focus frame and third group frame and a joint groove for joining two cam grooves for the first group frame and the focus frame. When inserting a cam follower of the first group frame into the cam groove, after it is inserted into the introducing groove, it is passed through the cam groove for the focus frame and then, passed through the joint groove and fit to the cam groove for the first group frame. Further, when inserting the cam followers of the focus frame and third group frame into the cam groove, after it is inserted from the introducing groove, it can be fit to the focus frame and third group frame separately.

Abstract: The invention relates to an exterior rear-view mirror comprising an adjustably held glass subassembly and at least one electrical drive motor (2), with the glass subassembly being adjustable via at least one adjustment mechanism arranged between the drive motor (2) and the glass subassembly. The adjustment mechanism comprises a drive shaft (7, 8) with an eccentrically shaped shaft section (9, 10) and a drive bar (12, 13) arranged between the glass subassembly and the eccentrically shaped shaft section (9, 10) of the drive shaft (7, 8). The drive shaft (7, 8) and the drive bar interact in such a way that a rotatory actuating movement of the drive shaft (7, 8) is converted to a linear actuating movement, acting on the glass subassembly, of the drive bar (12, 13) as a result of excursion of the eccentrically shaped shaft section (9, 10).

Abstract: An improved mirror mounting assembly is designed for use with an existing mirror to enable viewing front, back, top, and sides of the user's head during hair grooming and styling. The mirror assembly contains a mirror panel which is adjustable relative to an existing mirror. The viewer sees two images when facing the mirror panel of this invention: the normal frontal image and an image of the back of the viewer's head and shoulders. Similarly, the viewer when facing the existing mirror, observes both a normal frontal image and an image of the back and top of his or her head and shoulders. Once adjusted, the mirror angle normally requires no further adjustment since effective viewing is possible for a range of user heights. The mirror panel rotates to a protected position to prevent damage to panel and supporting structure when the assembly is mounted on a door and the door is opened against an adjacent wall.

Abstract: In a small and thin memory module for sharing data among electronic devices such as information processing apparatuses, a write prohibit state can be visually recognized. A conductive seal is attached to a predetermined position on a support member, thereby setting the memory module in the write prohibit state. The conductive seal visually indicates the write prohibit state. When the memory module is mounted in a connector section of a card-shaped holder, connector pins are electrically connected to each other via the conductive seal. Thus, a write prohibit mechanism is realized at low cost.

Abstract: Copying, dubbing or reproducing copyrighted digital data can be inhibited or restricted to properly protect a copyright. AV data recorded on a pre-recorded tape is output from a reproducing unit of a first digital VCR with protective information indicating whether the copy of the AV data is inhibited or not. The protective information is input with the A/V data to a second digital VCR. Copy permission information of a blank tape loaded in the second digital VCR is discriminated and the second digital VCR records the AV data supplied from the first digital VCR based on the protective information and the copy permission information.

Abstract: In a floppy disk drive having a main frame in which a floppy disk is inserted and a DD motor for rotatably driving the floppy disk inserted in the main frame, the floppy disk drive has a motor frame for mounting the DD motor thereon that is constituted by one piece integrated by the main frame. Preferably, the motor frame part may have a drawn-shape obtained by drawing the main frame. In addition, the floppy disk drive has an electronic processing arrangement for a frequency generation pattern. The electronic processing arrangement gives play to a function equivalent to the frequency generation pattern required to control the DD motor.

Abstract: In a disk device, in a state where no access to the disk is permitted, instead of permitting the head to be driven stepwise whenever step pulses are fed in, the head is inhibited from being driven stepwise until a predetermined period of time elapses after the disk starts being rotated. This helps reduce electric power consumption in such a state. Moreover, when the head has been retracted to its initial position because of an error in the stepwise driving thereof, instead of waiting for step pulses to be fed in from the host and thereby losing much time before the head is moved back to the track at which it was located before the error, the position of the head before the error is stored so that the head can be, by self recovery, moved back to the position before the error without waiting for an instruction from outside the disk device.

Abstract: A magnetic disk device comprises at least a disk having information, at least a head for reading or writing information from or into the disk, at least a micro actuator for supporting said head and positioning said head, a coarse actuator for carrying the micro actuator and positioning the head, a controller for controlling the micro actuator and the coarse actuator based on the servo information read by the head, and a host controller for determining that information is to be read. In the case where the host controller determines that the operation is in wait mode, the positioning operation of the micro actuator is stopped.

Abstract: In a spindle device mounted to a disc driving apparatus, a mist seal which blocks a mist of lubricating fluid, an oil seal which prevents the lubricating fluid from flowing out, and an oil pool which prevents surplus fluid from flowing out, are combined and disposed so that the lubricating fluid from a dynamic-pressure-fluid bearing is prevented from flowing out or splashing into a clean space. As a result, inconveniences such as a head crush or a head absorption can be avoided, and a reliable spindle device is realized.

Abstract: A non-magnetic gap layer is formed on a lower magnetic core layer. A magnetic layer for an upper magnetic pole piece as well as a non-magnetic cap layer is sequentially formed on the non-magnetic gap layer. A lower magnetic pole piece is shaped out of the lower magnetic core layer by employing the upper magnetic pole piece as a mask. A non-magnetic insulating layer is then formed all over the surface of the lower magnetic core layer. The non-magnetic cap layer is completely covered with the non-magnetic insulating layer. The non-magnetic insulating layer is then subjected to a flattening polishing process until the non-magnetic cap layer is exposed. The exposed non-magnetic cap layer is removed to expose the upper magnetic pole piece. The upper magnetic pole piece suffers from no abrasion in the flattening polishing process, so that the thickness of a narrower auxiliary upper magnetic pole can be set at a predetermined thickness at a higher accuracy.

Abstract: A suspension has a head slider loading prearranged portion on which a head slider integrally having a head is loaded, a head IC chip mounting prearranged portion on which a head IC chip is mounted, and wiring patterns which extend from the head slider loading prearranged portion. The head slider is loaded and supported on the head slider loading prearranged portion of the suspension. The head IC chip is mounted on the head IC chip mounting prearranged portion of the suspension. The head IC chip mounting prearranged portion includes through holes formed in the suspension and head IC chip mounting terminals on a surface of the suspension, which surface is opposite to a surface on which the head slider loading prearranged portion is provided, the terminals being electrically connected with the extending ends of said wiring patterns via the through holes, the terminals being provided in an arrangement corresponding to terminals of the head IC chip.

Abstract: A technique to be applied to improve the reliability of a magnetic disk apparatus is disclosed.

Abstract: A magneto-resistance effect head (MR head) is provided, wherein a lower electrode-cum-magnetic shield layer is provided on a substrate, a magnetic gap adjusting layer is provided thereon, a magneto-resistance effect element (MR element) is provided on the magnetic gap adjusting layer, and an upper electrode-cum-magnetic shield layer is provided on the MR element. A pair of vertical bias layers is provided at both sides of the MR element. In the MR element, a lower layer, a free magnetic layer, a nonmagnetic layer, a fixed magnetic layer, and a fixing layer are provided in order from the magnetic gap adjusting layer side. By providing the magnetic gap adjusting layer between the lower electrode-cum-magnetic shield layer and the free magnetic layer, the free magnetic layer can be made to be sufficiently separate from the lower electrode-cum-magnetic shield layer. Thereby, since a sufficient leak magnetic field can be applied to the free magnetic layer, the head reproduction output is improved.

Abstract: A magnetic sensor utilizing a spin tunnel magneto-resistance effect (TMR), comprising a tunnel insulating film, a first magnetic layer formed on one of the planes of the tunnel insulating film, a second magnetic layer formed on the other plane of the tunnel insulating film, a third magnetic layer containing an anti-ferromagnetic substance for fixing magnetization of the second magnetic layer, a second insulating film formed on at least one of the first and third magnetic layers and having an opening in a predetermined region, a first electrode electrically connected to one of the first and third magnetic layers only in the opening of the second insulating film, and a second electrode for causing a current to flow between the first electrode and itself through at least the first and second magnetic layers and the first insulating layer.

Abstract: A clipping device intended for absorbing current peaks from 1 to 10 amperes, formed of a vertical NPN transistor, having an unconnected base, an emitter connected to a terminal on which positive voltage peaks are likely to appear, and a grounded collector, the transistor parameters being set so that it exhibits a negative dynamic resistance.

Abstract: A current limiter is provided to protect a fieldbus network from electrical shorts in the wiring of the spur cables and network devices attached to the spur cables. In the event of an electrical short, the impedance of the current limiter and the spur connection increases permitting the remainder of the network to continue to function. To facilitate repairs, the current limiter includes an indicator that signals excessive current in the spur. A method of connecting a spur cable to the network is provided where the spur cable is connected to a separate current limiter module that is pugged into a connector block.

Abstract: A capacitive element for a circuit board or chip carrier having improved capacitance and method of manufacturing the same is provided. The structure is formed from a pair of conductive sheets having a dielectric component laminated therebetween. The dielectric component is formed of two or more dielectric sheets at least one of which can be partially cured or softened followed by being fully cured or hardened. The lamination takes place by laminating a partially cured or softened sheet to at least one other sheet of dielectric material and one of the sheets of conductive material. The total thickness of the two sheets of the dielectric component does not exceed about 4 mils and preferably does not exceed about 3 mils; thus the single dielectric sheets does not exceed about 2 mils and preferably does not exceed about 1.5 mils in thickness.

Abstract: A conductive high polymer layer as an electrolyte is formed on the entire surface of fine pores of a dielectric oxide layer of an anode electrode having an undulated surface of fine pores or the like. As a result, a solid electrolytic capacitor having characteristics such as capacitance, impedance, and leak current exactly as designed will be obtained. It comprises a manganese dioxide layer composed of a porous sinter of valve metal or roughened meal foil, placed continuously on the entire surface of the undulated surface of a dielectric oxide layer of an anode electrode having an undulated surface, a conductive high polymer layer formed by electrolytic polymerization, in contact with the surface of the manganese dioxide layer, and a cathode electrode placed on this conductive high polymer layer.

Abstract: A switchgear comprising a cable compartment, a bus conductor compartment for housing bus conductors arranged at the upper portion of a cable compartment with their back faces in alignment and an interrupter compartment disposed at the boundary portion between the bus conductor compartment and the cable compartment to intrude from the front. An upper insulating partition wall is disposed in the upper half portion of the interrupter compartment for defining a partition between the bus conductor compartment and having a penetration hole through which the terminal of the interrupter can pass, and a lower insulating partition wall is disposed in the lower half portion of the interrupter compartment for defining a partition between the cable compartment and having a window through which the terminal of the interrupter can pass.

Abstract: A docking unit for a portable computer has a wedge-shaped. As a result, a portable computer, which has been installed on the docking unit, is inclined toward the user. This places the keyboard of the portable computer at a more comfortable angle for typing. Thus, the portable computer's keyboard remains usable even when it is installed on the docking unit. Moreover, the wedge-shape need not substantially raise the height of the keyboards since the leading edge is relatively thin, keeping the computer's keyboard as a comfortable height.

Abstract: A cooling structure for cooling an exothermic panel such as a plasma display panel by releasing heat therefrom, comprising: a chassis structure for holding the exothermic panel; a plurality of circuit board connecting portions, a plurality of heat radiating fins and a plurality of side frames, which are all integrally formed with the chassis structure on one side thereof. Specifically, at least one sort of the circuit board connecting portions, the heat radiating fins and the side frames are formed in a hollow structure.

Abstract: An audio system component is disclosed which has a boxlike casing partitioned into an air intake passageway extending along one side of the casing, an exhaust passageway extending along the other side, and a circuit chamber between the two passageways. Both passageways are open rearwardly of the casing. A cooling fan is mounted in the circuit chamber for causing airflow from the intake to the exhaust passageway through the circuit chamber. The electric circuitry of the instrument, possibly including electronic components that need cooling, is housed in the circuit chamber so as to be cooled by the airflow. The circuitry has terminals arranged on the back of the casing and between the open ends of the air passageways.

Abstract: A heat sink system assembled within a computer enclosure for dissipating heat away from a heat generating element includes a fan duct, a heat pipe and a fan. The computer enclosure forms an opening. The fan duct is a square hollow shell attached to the computer enclosure, with a surface thereof coupled to the computer enclosure. A first hole is defined in the surface of the fan duct in communication with the opening, thereby communicating with an exterior of the computer enclosure. A second hole is defined in another surface of the fan duct in communication with an interior of the computer enclosure. The heat pipe includes a main body and two attaching portions at opposite ends thereof for being respectively attached to the heat generating element and the fan duct. The main body has a conductive material disposed therein. The fan is assembled within the first hole.

Abstract: A heat sink is provided for use with stacks of integrated chips. The heat sink includes a thermally conductive body having a heat absorbing section which is inserted within the chip stack, and heat transfer and dissipating sections which are located outside of the chip stack.

Abstract: An apparatus and method attaching a heatsink to a surface of an electronic package comprising a substrate, an integrated circuit chip attached to the surface of the substrate, an encapsulant encapsulating the integrated circuit chip and contacting at least a portion of the surface of the substrate, and an orifice formed in the top portion of the encapsulant to attach the heatsink to the surface of the electronic package. The heatsink may be attached and removed as desired to allow for package identification or rework.

Abstract: A unit interconnection substrate for mounting leadless type electronic parts on a mount substrate by superposing them on each other in two or more stages, comprising an insulating surface on the top surface of which an interconnection circuit with conductor pads and connection terminals is formed, depressions for holding electronic parts formed in a bottom surface of the insulating substrate, connection terminals provided on the bottom surface of the insulating substrate on the periphery of the depression, and connection terminals electrically connected to the connection terminals of the top surface of the insulating substrate via conductor via holes provided in the insulating substrate. Electronic parts are electrically connected to the conductor pads on the top surface of the insulating substrate, thereby to make it possible to mount the electronic parts on the insulating substrate.

Abstract: An interconnection structure and methods for making and detaching the same are presented for column and ball grid array (CGA and BGA) structures by using a transient solder paste on the electronic module side of the interconnection that includes fine metal powder additives to increase the melting point of the solder bond. The metal powder additives change the composition of the solder bond such that the transient melting solder composition does not completely melt at temperatures below +230° C. and detach from the electronic module during subsequent ref lows. A Pb—Sn eutectic with a lower melting point is used on the opposite end of the interconnection structure.

Abstract: A cover portion 20 which covers a spot-like light source 8 is provided on the printed circuit board (FPC) 9, thereby giving electrical insulation from the surrounding. Therefore, even if a metallic frame is disposed close to the spot-like light source 8, the spot-like light source 8 is prevented surely from shortcircuiting with the metallic frame. Since the cover portion 20 covers the surrounding of the spot-like light source 8, light leakage from the spot-light like source 8 can be minimized and light emitted from the spot-like light source 8 can be used efficiently.

Abstract: A miniature flashlight consists of a housing, a light emitting diode (LED), a pair of batteries, and a flexible cover and a contact clip that acts as a switch. The LED has a head portion and two contact arms. One of the contact arms is shorter than the other and is displaced at a slight angle relative to the longer contact arm. The LED is received in a seat formed in the housing with the head portion of the diode received in an aperture in the side wall of the housing. The longer contact arm is captured in a channel formed in the bottom wall. The shorter contact arm rests on a shoulder that forms part of the LED seat. A pair of coin cell batteries are received within another seat formed in housing. The lower battery sits on top of the longer contact arm captured in the channel of the bottom wall. A resilient plastic cover is assembled with the housing to maintain the diode and the batteries within the housing.

Abstract: A diffusive optical element exploiting holography is designed in such a way that, the higher the intensity of incident light in a wavelength range, the lower the rate at which the intensity of diffused light in that wavelength range is reduced with increasing angle relative to the maximum intensity direction. Thus, the lower the intensity of incident light in a wavelength range, the narrower the range of angles at which light is diffused in that wavelength range. This makes it possible to use light diffused at angles within a predetermined range relative to the maximum intensity direction, and thereby enhance light use efficiency in a wavelength range in which light intensity is comparatively low. This diffusive optical element is employed in an illumination optical system, which is used to illuminate photographic film from which to read images.

Abstract: A lamp reflector having a substrate in which desired surface smoothness and rigidity are ensured, while the dimensional accuracy is high. Also, a method of manufacturing such a lamp reflector. In order to ensure surface smoothness, rigidity, and high dimensional accuracy, the lamp reflector is provided with a substrate made of a composition containing at least polyphenylene sulfide resin (PPS resin), synthetic calcium carbonate whiskers, and synthetic calcium carbonate (CaCO3). And the method for manufacturing this lamp reflector includes injection molding using high-pressure gas.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a LED lighting equipment which can be simply perform lighting control of the light by any body and can obtain wide variety of tones in wide range by easy operation. A light control type LED lighting equipment comprises a LED aggregate lamp portion, control input generating means for generating one series of control input signal, control output generating means and individual power control means. A color tone of said LED aggregate lamp portion being varied continuously depending on the value of said control input signal.