Abstract: A toner container for containing toner has a container main body portion, a container end portion, an aperture portion, and an extendable portion connecting the container main body portion and the container end portion. The extendable portion renders the portion capable of a relative rocking motion. The toner is discharged from the aperture portion by the relative rocking motion of the container main body portion and the container end portion.

Abstract: A shutoff lid of a toner hopper is formed with locking elements for locking the lid and a fixing element for fixing the locking elements. In the front face of a bottle slider, a pair of projected abutments abutting the fixing element are arranged on the left and right sides and a pair of switching portions for moving the locking elements are formed. The rear face of the fixing element is shaped with a stepped face which corresponds to the projected abutments. As the bottle slider moves forwards, each projected abutment abuts the stepped face of the fixing element and moves the fixing element, to thereby cancel restraint of the fixing element on the locking elements. A further advancement of the bottle slider causes the locking elements to move and release the locked state. If a projected abutment does not match the fixing element, the fixing element cannot be moved thus making release of the lock impossible.

Abstract: A toner carrier is included in an image forming apparatus wherein the electrical resistance between a shaft of the toner carrier and a surface which covers the shaft is different depending on the polarity of the voltage applied between th shaft and the surface. A resistance characteristic is thereby obtained having a resistance that allows prescribed current to flow from the shaft side to the surface side and which makes current flow from the surface side to the shaft side difficult. This prevents leakage current being received from the surface of the photosensitive drum. The amount of charging up of the toner therefore does not drop and a prescribed amount of charging up can be maintained, which means that fog of the image background surface does not occur. Furthermore, because there is no voltage dependence at the toner carrier surface from the shaft side, stable image density can be achieved, enabling high image quality to be achieved.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a plurality of image bearing members for bearing images; and an intermediate transfer member onto which a plurality of images on the plurality of image bearing members is sequentially transferred electrostatically at a plurality of transfer positions, the plurality of images on the intermediate transfer member is transferred onto a recording material, wherein a relationship of &tgr;≦T is satisfied in which T (second) is a time taken in order for the intermediate transfer member to move from one transfer position to an adjacent transfer position when a plurality of images is transferred from the plurality of image bearing members onto the intermediate transfer member, and &tgr; (second) is a charge relaxation time of the intermediate transfer member.

Abstract: A printer or copier has a transfer printing station for electrostatic transfer of toner from a photoconductor to the recording medium. A pressure contact element is provided on the recording medium guide elements to ensure contact of the recording medium with the photoconductor during transfer. Supporting rollers of a slightly greater diameter than the pressure contact element are provided at each end thereof bearing on the photoconductor as spacer elements to define a minimum spacing between the pressure contact element and the intermediate carrier. The contact pressure element(s) may also be mounted on pivotable levers movable by an eccentric.

Abstract: A cleaning apparatus includes a brush roller, contactable to an image bearing member, for removing toner from the image bearing member and a brush driving force transmission path, which is different from a driving force transmission path for the image bearing member. The brush roller is rotated through the brush driving force transmission path with a speed of rotation smaller than that of the image bearing member.

Abstract: An image recording system is made up of an image recording device which records images on recording material, and one or more peripheral devices selectively connected to the image recording device according to functions the image recording system is desired to perform; the peripheral devices including a recording material supply device which contains and supplies to the image recording device large-sized recording material, and which has a width which is in keeping with measurements of the large-sized recording material; in which the image recording device is structured so as to have a width which is in keeping with dimensions of small-sized recording material contained therein, and so that recording material with an image recorded thereon is discharged onto an upper surface of the image recording device, and is installed so as to fit within the extent of an upper surface of the recording material supply device.

Abstract: A tri-roll sheet curl control apparatus is described which includes an elastomer first roll forming a first nip with a second roll, the first roll having a compressible surface. The apparatus includes an elastomer third roll having a compressible surface which forms a second nip with the second roll surface. The second roll surface is formed of a material having a substantially noncompressible surface. The apparatus further includes a pivotable gate member that is in operating relationship with the first, second and third rolls so as to direct a sheet to either the first or the second nip so that the desired decurling orientation is achieved for the sheet by either the elastomer first roll or the elastomer third roll.

Abstract: An earth station receives a return signal via more than one satellite link from a mobile terminal using TDMA. The earth station selects one or more of the satellite links for transmitting a forward signal on the basis of the quality of signal received via each link. The earth section allocates frequency channels to the mobile terminals according to their location on the surface of the earth, so that the propagation time to and from those mobile terminals which share the same frequency channel is approximately the same. The satellite includes an antenna which generates an array of beams which are individually pointed to fixed regions of the earth, until the elevation of the satellite relative to a fixed region falls below a minimum value, in which case the corresponding beam is redirected to a new area, while the other beams remain pointed at the corresponding fixed areas. In this way, beam-to-beam handover is reduced, while maintaining the boresight of the antenna pointing at the nadir.

Abstract: A fixed subscriber unit includes a voltage measuring unit which acquires a DC input voltage value to be applied to a power circuit, and a comparator/judging unit which compares a preset DC voltage with the DC voltage measurement and judges whether the power circuit is driven by the DC voltage from an AC/DC adaptor or by the DC voltage supplied from a charge battery. When the power circuit is driven by the charge battery, the available operation time of the fixed subscriber unit is calculated by a calculation unit from the DC voltage measurement. The information thus obtained on the driving power state and/or the available operation time are aurally or visually notified to the user by a notification unit. The user thus can select an appropriate method of using the fixed subscriber unit according to the prevailing situation.

Abstract: A method for visualizing radio waves which can only one sensor station to accurately specify the positions of a plurality of radio wave sources operating in the same frequency band and which can monitor a state of utilization of the radio waves. In a sensor station performing a radio wave hologram observation, one or more scanning antennas for scanning along a predetermined path and a plurality of fixed antennas having different directions and positions are provided. A signal received at the scanning antenna interferes with another signal received at the fixed antenna for each fixed antenna while the scanning antenna scans along the predetermined path, thereby obtaining a complex scanning data matrix for which complex weighting and addition processing is performed so that distribution of the radio wave sources is reconstructed.

Abstract: Uniform and concentrated radio broadcast signals are obtained employing an antenna structure which uses separate antenna conductors on opposite sides of a radio reception area. The antenna conductors perform similarly to the plates of a capacitor. Highly efficient antenna performance results. In a preferred embodiment wherein the antennas are used for radio testing inside a vehicle assembly plant, the track or carrier structure of the vehicle assembly line provides one of the antenna conductors.

Abstract: A mobile telecommunication apparatus reduces current around a control circuit on a printed circuit board so as to lessen background noise and to improve the radiation characteristic. The mobile telecommunication apparatus includes a printed circuit board located in a body of the mobile telecommunication apparatus; a radio circuit including a modulator circuit and a demodulator circuit arranged on the printed circuit board; a control circuit including a voice circuit for processing a voice signal arranged on the printed circuit board; a first earth conductor for grounding the radio circuit; a second earth conductor for grounding the control circuit and being continuous with the first earth conductor; an antenna connected to the radio circuit; and a slit arranged between the first earth conductor and the second earth conductor.

Abstract: A portable radio communication apparatus having a key protruding mechanism is disclosed. A key operation board has a plurality of keys mounted thereon, and the key operation board is moved such that the keys protrude from the housing when the apparatus is used and retract within the housing when the apparatus is not used.

Abstract: A hand-held transmitting and/or receiving apparatus has an elongated housing, an electric circuit inside the housing, an earphone at one side and one end of the housing, an electric ground plane at the other side of the housing opposite to the earphone, an antenna resonator element arranged approximately parallel to the ground plane and having a first free and a second end which is electrically connected by a ground connector to the ground plane and means for connecting the ground plane and the resonator element to the electric circuit. The free end of the resonator element points to the end of the housing. By this the strength of the electrical field of the antenna near the hand or the head of the user is low. This lowers health risk and influences on the hand or the body of the user on the electric parameters of the antenna.

Abstract: A transmitter-receiver for four different frequency ranges of two transmission systems has four dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) for each frequency range to improve and a simplify separation of different frequency ranges. Two DRA's are provided for reception and transmission in the first transmission system, and two other DRA's are provided for reception and transmission in the second transmission system.

Abstract: An electromagnetic radiation protection device of a mobile phone installed at one side of an antenna of a mobile phone. The device comprises an electromagnetic wave absorbing piece, a dielectric plate, an electronic joint loop, a negative electrode lead, etc. The electromagnetic wave absorbing piece serves to absorb the electromagnetic wave toward the user's head. Then the electromagnetic wave irradiates to the negative electrode lead of a power source through the electronic joint loop and the negative electrode lead. Thereby, the electromagnetic radiation from the mobile phone to user's head will be reduced effectively, and the threat of brain harm is also reduced.

Abstract: A mobile communication device comprising a handset achieves gain control of a received signal by adjusting gain of the received signal based on A/D converter samples of the received signal, rather than on power I2 and Q2 calculations of the received signal. The device processes a received signal and adjusts its gain by first setting signal gain to a maximum level, then providing the amplified received signal to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that produces a predetermined number of ADC signal sample values in a single cycle of an estimated signal frequency of the received signal. Setting the signal gain to a maximum initial level will cause a number of ADC signal sample values to have full scale magnitude, indicating saturation of the ADC.

Abstract: An approach for providing image rejection during signal down conversion involves phase shifting quadrature signals at a frequency other than the down converted center frequency. One or more phase shifters coupled to a summer/subtractor provide forty five (45) degrees and one hundred thirty five (135) degrees of phase shift with respect to two quadrature input signals. The one or more phase shifters perform the phase shifts of the quadrature input signals at a frequency other than the center frequency of the down-converted signal.

Abstract: An automatic identification of the features associated with an audio system for a vehicle based on the selection of the associated bezel (14). The audio system includes a printed circuit board (34) having at least one finger pad (30) thereon in communication with a microprocessor (16). The microprocessor (16) includes programming sequences for various possible features for the audio system. The bezel (14) may have no, one or multiple programming tabs (36) in alignment with corresponding finger pads depending upon the model of bezel chosen. Contact of the finger pads due to the programming tabs will indicate to the microprocessor which programming sequence needs to be initiated to activate the appropriate features corresponding to that particular bezel installed on the audio assembly.

Abstract: A method and system for locating a precise physical location of a distressed enhanced mobile unit comprises use of a distress notification signal. In one embodiment, a distressed mobile unit emanates a predefined distress notification signal upon completion of an emergency services (e.g. 911) call. The distress notification signal is received by a rescue squad enhanced mobile unit in nearest proximity to the distressed enhanced mobile unit. The rescue squad enhanced mobile unit uses the distress notification signal to identify the location of the distressed mobile unit. In some embodiments, an audible distress signal is also issued by the distressed enhanced mobile unit so that rescue personnel can follow the audible signal to a user in distress.

Abstract: A predetermined area is protected from the disturbing usage of mobile terminals (e.g. cell phones) of a wireless communication system. Mode change information is sent over certain predetermined channels of a telecommunication system to change the operating mode (e.g. to deactivate) of the mobile terminal. This mode change information contains information, such as, the duration of the mode change, a reason for the mode change and information on groups of mobile terminals that will be exempted from the mode change. Additionally, the mobile terminal transmits an alarm signal to the user if the user is approaching a predetermined protected area.

Abstract: A cellular phone subsidy lock which ensures that a cellular phone, sold to an end-user at a price subsidized by a cellular carrier, is activated only on the subsidizing carrier's network, and not on a competitor's network. A secure carrier code, specific to and known by the subsidizing carrier, is programed into the cellular phone by the phone manufacturer. The phone is programmed and shipped by the manufacturer in a locked condition, which prevents programming of the NAM (Number Assignment Module) of the cellular phone without first entering either a valid unlock code or a valid remove lock code. At the time of phone activation and programming of the NAM, the phone's ESN (Electronic Serial Number) is entered into the carrier computer system, which utilizes the ESN and carrier code to execute a subsidy lock algorithm which outputs an unlock code and a remove lock code. At the carrier's choice, either code is given to the end user to be entered into the phone.

Abstract: A telecommunications system and method is disclosed for providing service transparency for mobile terminating calls to a roaming H.323 mobile terminal. An H.323 mobile terminal can be assigned both an office number and a regular Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network (MSISDN) number. The MSISDN of the H.323 mobile terminal will not be made available to the H.323 mobile subscriber or to anyone else. The MSISDN will only be used internally within the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) and H.323 system to route the call properly. Thus, whenever a call attempt is made to the H.323 mobile terminal, the call shall always be routed to the H.323 Gatekeeper. If the H.323 mobile terminal has roamed outside the H.323 network, the H.323 Gatekeeper can apply mobile terminating services to the incoming call and route the call to the serving PLMN of the H.323 mobile terminal using the H.323 mobile terminal's MSISDN.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a method and means for setting a personal communication station into a selected operational mode, which comprises a pre-selected subset of operational settings within a superset of operational settings. The station is capable of communicating in at least one communication network. The method includes a sequence of steps, which begins with initiating the station (301). A first prompting message is then presented (302) to the user who is then requested to respond to the prompting message. The response (303) is then interpreted (304), whereby a negative response entails setting the station into a stand-by mode (305) and an affirmative response entails presenting a number of prompting messages (306), which requests a user to supply a number of responses (307) which comprise the operational settings in the pre-selected subset of operational settings.

Abstract: Telecommunication services are provided to subscriber-provided radiotelephones (50) residing inside an aircraft (20). Telecommunication services are provided while the aircraft (20) is flying and utilize the aircraft's air-to-ground communication system (48) to access a radio communication link (34). Base stations (40) residing in aircraft (20) are configured to transmit at least two independent overhead control data pilot signals (54, 58) in response to instructions from a single controller (44). The control data pilot signals (54, 58) capture and control the subscriber-provided radiotelephones (50). Controlling methods are employed to force autonomous registration of radiotelephones (50) and to instruct radiotelephones (50) to transmit at minimum power levels.

Abstract: A portable radiophone which is adapted to communicate via a cellular network and at least one cordless network, and which comprises a controller unit which controls the communication with said cellular network and said at least one cordless network, and which registers which networks are connected. When a call is to be established, a storage receives a phone number, and the controller unit checks whether the phone number in the storage contains a main number corresponding to the main number of said at least one cordless network. If so, the controller unit determines the extension number of the cordless network for use in the call on the basis of the stored phone number.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for updating a location of a subscriber for paging in a global telecommunications network where the subscriber has both a wireless subscriber unit and a pager. The method includes obtaining a first current location for the wireless subscriber unit, attempting to update a second current location for the pager based upon the first current location; updating the second location based upon a default location if the attempt fails. In the preferred embodiment, the second current location is updated based upon the first current location if the attempt is successful. The method of the present invention bundles a subscriber's wireless subscriber unit number with his pager number and uses the wireless subscriber unit's current location to determine the first delivery area for a page. When an error occurs, the method uses a default delivery area and attempts delivery there. By managing errors in this manner, message delivery is more reliable.

Abstract: An apparatus for transmitting information comprises a bitstream source for providing a bitstream representing the information, a redundancy adding encoder for generating an encoded bitstream, which is arranged to output, for a first number of input bits, a second number of output bits, the second number of output bits having at least twice as many output bits as the first number of input bits, wherein the second number of output bits includes two portions of output bits, each portion of output bits individually allowing the retrieval of information represented by the first number of input bits, and the first portion of output bits being coded based on the bitstream in a different way with respect to the second portion of output bits.

Abstract: A mobile satellite (MSAT) system is provided for establishing a single-hop terminal-to-terminal call between two terminals. The MSAT system maintains a signaling path between each terminal and a gateway station during the terminal-to-terminal call although a call path between the mobile switching center and the originating terminal is blocked by the satellite. During single-hop call establishment, satellite channels for the terminal-to-terminal call path and for signaling are allocated. The allocated channels are assigned when a direct satellite link for the terminal-to-terminal call is established; otherwise, the call can proceed as a double-hop call using previously assigned satellite channels. A verification signal is sent on the direct satellite link which is for processing by the terminals and which contains information that causes the signal to be ignored by a gateway station.

Abstract: A home location register controller comprises a monitoring section and a main control section. The monitoring section is connected to an active home location register to monitor simultaneous access from a mobile services switching center to the active home location register. The monitoring section produces a monitoring signal representative of the number of the simultaneous access. The main control section is connected to the monitoring section and the mobile services switching center and decides whether congestion is happened in the active home location register or not on the basis of the monitoring signal. The main control section partially changes destination of access produced by the mobile services switching center from the active home location register to a standby home location register.

Abstract: A method is illustrated for reducing the call setup time of high priority calls such as voice or high speed user generated data without unduly wasting RF frequency resources on non priority calls such as short message calls. This is accomplished by ascertaining the call priority at the base station controller (BSC) level in a GSM system soon after call initiation and immediately changing the channel assignment for use by the remaining signalling type messages to a different operational speed where appropriate. The concept is further extended by supplying the call priority data to a called party's BSC such that all signalling messages after initial contact can be at the operational speed appropriate to the priority of the call.

Abstract: A method for controlling the admission of a call into a service area. The method includes the steps of selecting a non-negative integer N; selecting a real number p, lying between 0 and 1 inclusive; admitting a call when N−2 or fewer channels are occupied; blocking the call with a probability p when N−1 channels are occupied; and blocking the call when N or more channels are occupied.

Abstract: Self RF engineering is made possible for a wireless communication system by adding to the self-configuration capability the ability to set autonomously the power levels of the system base stations. The same data is employed as in self configuration. A further improvement for systems using the IS 136 Air Interface Standard consists of the capability to collect the required data through the functionalities of the MAHO/MACA (Mobile Assisted Hand Off/Mobile Assisted Channel Assignment). Improved system-initialization procedures are presented.

Abstract: A radiocommunication system including a portable terminal, a base station and a server. The portable terminal transmits a destination to the server and further sends the ID number (CD_ID) of the base station coupled through a radio link to the portable terminal. The server has a table representative of a corresponding relationship between the ID number of the base station and the standing position of the base station and retrieves the position corresponding to the ID number thereof as the present position of the portable terminal from the table. Further, the server transmits map data corresponding to the present position of the portable terminal to the portable terminal.

Abstract: The position registration function of a cellular wireless communication apparatus is utilized to specify the position of the apparatus, notification of which is given to a communicating party. By additionally notifying the communicating party of identification information representing the wireless communication apparatus, the communicating party can use this information in judging whether or not to answer the call. Further, route traveled by the wireless communication apparatus is specified using the position registration function, and the transportation fare required for such travel is calculated.

Abstract: The invention relates to a communication system, having at least one mobile communication device which has at least one actuating means for tripping an action of at least one piece of equipment communicating with the communication device. It is provided that within a usage area (10) of the at least one communication device (12), defined regions (16, 18, 20, 22, 24) are assigned position marks (36, 38, 40, 42, 44), which when the communication device (12) enters one of the defined regions (16, 18, 20, 22, 24) of the communication device (12) impart the current position for switching over a function setting of the at least one actuating means (50).

Abstract: The pattern of intermittence of an incoming call signal from a communication line is reflected in the way a wireless communications apparatus such as a cordless telephone is rung. To achieve this, a master set discriminates the intermittence of an incoming call signal from a communication line in a single communication and sends a master set information in which the intermittence of the incoming call signal from the communication line is reflected. On the basis of the information reflecting the intermittence of the incoming call signal from the communication line, the slave set notifies the user of the incoming call in a way that reflects the pattern of intermittence of the incoming call from the communication line.

Abstract: When a mobile station first initiates a connection, the mobile station is synchronized on the basis of an evaluation of an organization channel in the mobile radio network. The mobile station transmits, in a frequency band of a home base station and to the home base station a message that contains a mobile-station-specific first identifier. The message is received and evaluated by the home base station. If the first identifier matches a second identifier registered for the home base station, a connection is set up between the mobile station and the home base station.

Abstract: A mobile communication system which is capable of supporting multiple simultaneous communications on a single mobile terminal device, and collectively controlling all or a part of call states on a mobile terminal device. The system includes at least one mobile terminal device having: more than one mobile terminal side call control units for controlling calls at a mobile terminal side; and a mobile terminal side mobile terminal management unit for managing a communication state of the mobile terminal device while identifying each mobile terminal side call control unit which is currently in communication.

Abstract: In a wireless communication system (100) affinity groups to which a mobile station (114) belongs are identified (504). Historical affinity strengths between the mobile station and the affinity groups are then determined (506). For each of a plurality of communication resources (102) serving members of the affinity groups, a total affinity strength between the mobile station and the members served by the communication resource is calculated (508). The mobile station is then assigned (522) to the communication resource having a highest total affinity strength with the mobile station.

Abstract: In the method, in the telecommunication system (UNW) N logical speech channels (e.g., S11, S12, S13) are used for the transmission of the speech signals of N subscribers, and only M (with M≦N) logical image channels (e.g., B11), which are selected previously, are used for the transmission of the image signals of M subscribers. The subscriber terminal device (MMS) outputs to the subscriber the speech signals, received via an interface (AI, CI), of the N subscribers, and displays to the subscriber the image signals, received from the transceive means, of the M subscribers. By the deliberate selection of an image channel (e.g., B11), or of several image channels, from a multiplicity of image channels, the transmission bandwidth required on the interface (in particular, a radio interface to mobile radio subscribers) for multimedia services can be constructed flexibly, and can be adapted to the existing transmission capacity of the interface.

Abstract: An apparatus interfaces with a mobile station to enhance the functionality of that station. The apparatus can be constituted by a base unit that includes an interface adapted to receive and communicate with the mobile station. The base unit further includes processing capabilities and memory which control call processing functions in conjunction with a wireless switch. The base unit communicates with the wireless switch via a transceiver in the mobile station by the connection to the mobile station at the interface element.

Abstract: An improved antenna arrangement for use in a cellular telecommunication system is provided. A plurality of antennas which are connected to a common base station are located on the periphery of a radio zone or cell. Each of the antennas has a directional characteristic oriented toward the center of the cell to cover the inside of the cell. This antenna arrangement minimizes the co-channel interference, thereby allowing the distance between cells to which the same channel is assigned to be shortened.

Abstract: A cellular base station transmitter/receiver system is provided which combines adaptive array processing, for the uplink RF signals, and fixed beam switching, for the downlink RF signals. An example of the configuration employs at least four antenna ports, with all four ports being used to provide uplink RF signals to a receiver processor, two being used to supply narrow beam uplink signals and two being used to supply wide beam uplink signals. Two of the four ports are used to provide beam switched narrow beam downlink RF signals.

Abstract: A text message originated ringer operates to carry out some operation based on an embedded control code in the message. The message includes all text, but some of the text characters are reserved. A control sequence, also in text, is contained between two reserved text characters. That control sequence is used to control the ringer in the remote phone. The control sequence is not displayed as part of the text message, but instead is only used as the control.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electronic apparatus whose power is supplied by a battery (11) having a memory (32) which contains electrically erasable data (32a) and a supply voltage detection device (37) for detecting a variation of the supply voltage (Vbat). The invention notably has for its object to provide a detection device (37) which is capable of instantaneously detecting various voltage levels to cut off the power supply (Vbat) without the contents of the memory (32) being changed and capable of indicating the charging level of a battery (11) or an overload. The invention may be used in portable telephones and other electronic equipment whose power is supplied by a power supply battery.

Abstract: Reserve power is provided in a portable cellular transceiver comprising a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver by monitoring a power level of a battery of the portable cellular transceiver using a power detection circuit. A comparator circuit determines whether the power level of the battery is greater than a predetermined threshold. Based on the available power level, a power control circuit automatically places the transceiver into at least one low power mode when the power level reaches a corresponding threshold level. The low power mode selectively powers down circuitry of the portable cellular transceiver. The corresponding threshold level reserves power for an emergency telephone call. Power is provided to the circuitry of the portable cellular transceiver when the available power level is greater than the predetermined threshold.

Abstract: A dual operation mode all temperature filter is provided. The dual operation mode filter is provided with a housing defining at least two cavities, an input port and an output port. It is also provided with a non-superconducting resonator disposed in a first one of the cavities and a superconducting resonator disposed in a second one of the cavities. The second resonator comprises a superconducting material containing 8-15% silver. The dual operation mode filter filters at a relatively high level at temperatures below a threshold temperature and at a lower, conventional level, at temperatures below the threshold.

Abstract: Apparatus for X-ray guided surgery, including a reference element (20), which is placed in contact with the body (32) of a subject. The element includes a plurality of fiducial marks (22a, 22b, 22c) and a first coordinate sensing device (24), in predetermined, fixed positions in the element (20). A surgical tool (36), having a distal end for insertion into the body (32), includes a second coordinate sensing device (40) fixed thereto. A fluoroscope (54) forms an X-ray image of the body, including the fiducial marks. A computer analyzes the image to determine the position of the reference element in the image, so as to find coordinates of the first coordinate sensing device relative to the image, and registers the position of the tool with the X-ray image by referring coordinates of the second coordinate sensing device to the known coordinates of the first position sensor.