Abstract: A frame structure that is ordinarily optimized for providing variable high data rates also includes the flexibility to efficiently carry lower data rate, lower latency frames using sub-framing. Superframes, each comprised of a predetermined number of frames, carry voice and data communications at one or more variable data rates. The size of a superframe is limited, such as by the delay tolerance for voice transmission, typically 20 ms. Each voice customer is allotted one or more frames or portions of frames within the superframe, called sub-frames, as is needed to deliver the lower data rate, low latency voice communication. The allocation for the voice customers is not fixed, but varies as the data rate varies over time. Any bits in a frame that are not needed to carry voice communication are assigned to carry data having compatible data rate requirements. Additionally, the sub-framing concept may be extended to include ATM cells.

Abstract: Transmitting apparatus 101 performs transmission processing on a general timeslot, while transmitting sub-data using a sub-timeslot for communication quality improvement. When a receiving process is failed on the general timeslot, receiving apparatus 102 receives the sub-timeslot, combines a received result on the sub-timeslot with the received result on the general timeslot to re-decode, and thereby reduces reception errors. Examples used as the sub-data are data deleted by puncture processing in transmission-coding and data of a bit that is known already to obviously have a poor received characteristic in using an M-ary modulation, etc.

Abstract: A MIMO OFDM system includes a plurality of space-time encoders for encoding respective data blocks with independent space-time codes. The transformed data block signals are transmitted by a plurality of transmit antennas and received by a plurality of receive antennas. The received data is pre-whitened prior to maximum likelihood detection. In one embodiment, successive interference cancellation can be used to improve system performance. Channel parameter estimation can be enhanced by weighting the channel impulse response estimates based upon a deviation from average.

Abstract: Synchronization of a hand-over procedure of a mobile telecommunication terminal (MT) coupled to a second terminal (TS) via a mobile access network (UTRAN), a packet switching network (IP), and an external telecommunication network (TL). During the hand-over (MT1-MT2), the mobile terminal switches form a first media gateway (MG1) to a second media gateway (MG2), each interfacing the mobile and the packet switching networks and producing different series of reference values associated to packets transmitted to an anchor media gateway (MG0), interfacing the packet switching network and the external network. After the hand-over, the anchor media gateway (MG0) calculates the difference between a reference value received from the second media gateway (MG2) and a reference value that had been received from the first media gateway if no hand-over had occurred. This difference is then returned to the second media gateway to synchronize its series therewith, e.g.

Abstract: In a multi-layer telecommunications system which includes an application layer and a transport layer, differing transport technologies are interworked without terminating the application layer signaling or without involving a technology interworking in the control plane of the application layer (e.g., without interworking in the application signaling). In various illustrated embodiments, the application layer is a radio network layer of a wireless telecommunications system. In at least some embodiments of the present invention a transport layer interworking function is situated on an interface between two nodes of the radio access network (RAN). The interworking function can be located in a separate node which may be a node having both ATM and internet protocol (IP) interfaces. There are numerous modes of implementing the interworking of the present invention, regardless of which interface is affected (e.g., an Iur interface, an Iu interface, or an Iub interface).

Abstract: In the inbound direction, a tributary processor (32) includes an SPE encoder/decoder for extracting a synchronous payload envelope (SPE) from an STS-1P signal. A path terminator (62) may extract DS3 signals or a matrix payload envelope (MPE) from the STS-1P SPE. A DS1/DS3 extractor (68) generates DS1 signals from either the DS3 or MPE signals. An MPE mapper (70) creates MPE signals from the DS1 signals. A wideband stage interface (74) converts the MPE signals into matrix transport format (MTF) signals for cross-connection in a wideband center stage matrix (22). In the outbound direction, the wideband stage interface (74) receives MTF signals from the wideband center stage matrix (22) and generates MPE signals therefrom. The MPE signals are sent through the MPE mapper (70) in order to extract DS1 signals. The DS1 signals are converted to DS3 signals or another MPE mapping by the DS1/DS3 extractor (68). The path terminator receives DS3 or MPE signals for conversion into an STS-1P SPE.

Abstract: A first and a second terminals 100 and 200 are connected to an asynchronous transmission line 300. Microphones 101 and 201 and loudspeakers 102 and 202, or image input units (i.e., cameras) 111 and 211 and image output units (i.e., displays) 112 and 212, are connected to the first and second terminals 100 and 200, respectively. The terminals 100 and 200 comprise sampling clock generators 103 and 203, data generators 104 and 204, data reproducers 105 and 205, transmission buffers 106 and 206 and n- (or plural) stage reception buffers 107 and 207. Thus, it can prevent data quality deterioration due to an overflow or an underflow when transmitting such data as voice or image data between the first and the second terminals via an asynchronous transmission line.

Abstract: A network interface device includes host interface logic, arranged to receive from a host processor a frame of outgoing data that includes outgoing header information and outgoing payload data, and to separate the header information from the payload data. A transmit protocol processor is coupled to read and process the outgoing header information from the outgoing header memory so as to generate at least one outgoing packet header in accordance with a predetermined network protocol. Transmit logic is coupled to receive and associate the at least one outgoing packet header with the outgoing payload data from the outgoing data memory, so as to generate at least one outgoing data packet for transmission over a network in accordance with the protocol.

Abstract: A method and system for transporting traffic having disparate qualities of service classes across a packet-switched network includes receiving at an ingress node of a network a plurality of packets each comprising a quality of service (QoS) class defined externally to the network. Packets having a QoS class comprising delay bound guarantees and a low drop priority are combined into a first internal QoS class. Packets having a QoS class comprising a flexible drop priority and no delay bound guarantees are combined into a second internal QoS class. Packets having a QoS class including no delivery guarantees are combined into a third internal QoS class. The packets are transmitted in the network based on their internal QoS class.

Abstract: A data communication switch includes a backplane and multiple packet switching controllers. At least one packet switching controller includes programmable application logic for generating application data for a packet. The application logic is contained in key builder and lookup table of an application engine. The key builder contains one or more schema programs for generating keys and key controls using classification information and header data of inbound packets. The schema programs can be loaded onto the key builder during fabrication of the packet switching controller or in field. The keys and key controls are used to lookup the application data from the lookup table.

Abstract: This invention relates to an IP processor, and more particularly, provides an IP processor that reduces network load when a plurality of IP processors connected to ATM switches are used in edge portion of an IP network. The IP processor is comprised of a line interface unit for interfacing with an ATM switch, an IP packet buffer unit for temporarily storing an IP packet from the line interface unit, and sending out the IP packet after address resolution to the line interface unit, and an IP address resolution unit that responds to address resolution request from the IP packet buffer unit and returns the destination address information after address resolution, wherein the IP packet buffer unit sends out, when destination address information cannot be retrieved from the IP address resolution unit, the temporarily stored IP packet to a transfer route for direct transfer between IP processors.

Abstract: A system and method is provided for scheduling transmissions from a plurality of services operating over a widely distributed communications network. A headend communications device (such as a cable modem termination system) arbitrates bandwidth among a plurality of cable modems configurable for bi-directional communications. The headend grants a bandwidth region to a specified cable modem or assigns contention regions for a group of cable modems. Each cable modem contains a local scheduler that sends requests for bandwidth according to local policies or rules. Upon receipt of a grant from the headend, the local scheduler selects packets to be transmitted to best serve the needs of the services associated with the cable modem. Accordingly, a service requesting bandwidth may not be the service utilizing the grant corresponding to bandwidth request.

Abstract: A decoding device for analyzing communication protocols has a generic decoder into which at least one protocol description of a communication protocol is loaded, the at least one protocol description being capable of being interpreted by the generic decoder. The decoding device also has a specific decoder designed for a certain protocol description. The generic and specific decoders are reversibly connected.

Abstract: The invention is a system for modifying the VPI/VCIs in ATM cells transferred between two ATM systems on a call-by-call basis. A signaling processor receives signaling for the call and selects a new VPI/VCI for the call. The signaling processor generates a control message that identifies the old and new VPI/VCIs and transfers the control message to an ATM gateway. The ATM gateway modifies the old VPI/VCI in the ATM cells to the new VPI/VCI.

Abstract: A method and device for allowing dissimilar networks to transfer information is disclosed.

Abstract: A multicast communication method for allowing a communication control apparatus for communicating in accordance with IPv4 to communicate with a communication control apparatus for communicating in accordance with IPv6. This method includes the steps of: when an IPv4 multicast packet is inputted, discriminating that this packet is a data packet on the basis of an IPv4 header; when it is determined that the packet is the data packet, converting the IPv4 header of the IPv4 multicast packet into an IPv6 header; generating an IPv6 multicast packet; and outputting the generated IPv6 multicast packet to a IPv6 network.

Abstract: A technique for accommodating packets of different lengths at minimal cost to hardware complexity with a self-routing switch primitive with an associated switching mechanism that accommodates packets of different lengths encapsulated in a new packet format. The switch primitive, along with a new packet format, effects the self-routing such packets through a switching fabric constructed from the interconnection of the self-routing switching primitives.

Abstract: Communication between a service switching point (SSP) and an external (or stand alone) Intelligent Peripheral (IP) has not been defined by any of the standard bodies. ITU-T Q.1600 and ETSI 300 374-1 defines the network configuration of SCP, SSP and stand-alone IP units using SS7 ISUP connection, but ITU-T Q.1600 and ETSI 300 374-1 does not specify in detail the SS7 ISUP messages for bi-directional communication between a SSP and an IP unit. This invention details the message flow between a SCP, a SSP and an ISUP IP unit, especially in the messages between the SSP and IP unit using SS7 ISUP protocol. With the signaling method of the present invention, SCP can send INAP operations, such as PA, PCUI to instruct an external IP unit to play an announcement or collect user information, then an IP unit can send back the related operations back to SCP. In this case, the resource of the IP unit can be shared by other switches and SSPs in the network.

Abstract: A cable modem system and method is provided for the transfer and processing of data in accordance with specialized data transfer protocols while utilizing conventional cable modem termination system (CMTS) equipment. A cable modem system in accordance with the invention includes a cable modem that provides for the modification of data packets in accordance with a proprietary protocol and the addressing of the modified data packets to a headend server. The headend server is adapted to reconstruct the data packets for transmission to other local cable modems or to a packet-switched network. In additional embodiments, the CMTS itself rather than a headend server operates to reconstruct the data packets.

Abstract: A digital cross connect comprises plural switching stages. Each stage has plural switches which receive plural frames of time multiplexed input data and which switch the data in time and space. Configurations of the switches change in frame synchronization at the start of a synchronized data frame. Both the configuration data and a frame clock may be propagated through the plural stages from a master switch. First and last stages of the digital cross connect may be implemented on common chips having two framing time bases. Data may be aligned to a global frame clock and interchanged using a single random access memory in a time slot interchanger. The write address to the random access memory is generated from a local frame counter keyed to the input data frame while a read address is transformed from a global frame counter.

Abstract: A multiplexing and transmission apparatus including a transmitter and a receiver is provided. The transmitter includes a control pulses generating circuit generating control pulses having different phases; channel-frame generating circuits each outputting low-speed frame signal in synchronization with the control pulse; and a multiplexing circuit multiplexing the low-speed frame signals into the high-speed serial signal. The receiver includes a demultiplexer demultiplexing high-speed serial signal into low-speed frame signals; channel-frame synchronization circuits each generating a frame pulse corresponding to the low-speed frame signal; a switching circuit switching each of the low-speed frame signals to an appropriate port of the channel; and a switch controller circuit controlling the switching circuit.

Abstract: In a laser apparatus, a central wavelength of vacuum ultraviolet laser beams whose bandwidth is narrowed can be maintained at a target wavelength in high precision. This laser apparatus includes a laser oscillator for generating a vacuum ultraviolet laser beam whose bandwidth is narrowed and a reference beam having a spectral distribution of a vacuum ultraviolet band to output both the vacuum ultraviolet laser beam and the reference beam; a wavelength meter for measuring a central wavelength of the vacuum ultraviolet laser beam whose bandwidth is narrowed by using at least one emission light contained in the reference beam as a reference; and a controller for controlling the laser oscillator based upon the central wavelength of the vacuum ultraviolet laser beam whose bandwidth is narrowed, which is measured by the wavelength meter, so as to thereby adjust the central wavelength of the vacuum ultraviolet laser beam whose bandwidth is narrowed to a target wavelength.

Abstract: An optical information reproducing device enables enhancement of information reading accuracy by correcting spherical aberration even if the spherical aberration occurs due to a thickness error in the transparent substrate of an optical disk. The correction amount of the spherical aberration is always changed such that the tracking servo gain in the tracking servo becomes maximum.

Abstract: A laser imaging apparatus is provided with a light source unit that emits a laser beam including a first beam and a second beam. The central axes of the first beam and the second beams substantially coincide with each other. The first beam includes non-visible light, and the second beam includes visible light. The imaging apparatus further includes a modulating system that modulates the beam emitted by the light source unit, a deflecting system that deflects the beam modulated by the modulating system to scan within a predetermined angular range, and an imaging optical system that converges the deflected beam to form a scanning beam spot on a surface to be scanned.

Abstract: Disclosed apparatuses include a return-to-zero (RZ) optical pulse generator, a non-return-to zero (NRZ) modulator, and a return-to-zero (RZ) transmitter. The apparatuses incorporate an electro-absorption modulator (EAM) and a controller that controls DC and AC voltages supplied to the EAM to provide the capability to vary its duty cycle. The apparatuses can also incorporate a phase modulator (PM) supplied with DC and AC voltages governed by the controller, to introduce frequency chirp into optical signals generated by the apparatuses. Elements such as the EAM and PM can be formed as an integrated unit on a substrate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a semiconductor laser having an S-ARROW structure confining a basic lateral mode light between a pair of guide layers extending with a gap therebetween, which increases a precision of a shape of a guide portion, and is capable of stably emitting a light in the basic lateral mode. In the semiconductor laser having an activation layer and a plurality of layers in parallel with the activation layer, a first groove penetrating through at least some of the layers is formed, and a pair of second grooves extending to predetermined positions toward both sides from the first groove are formed in a specified layer among the layers through which the first groove penetrates. Furthermore, a material having a refractive index higher than that of the specified layer is filled up in the second grooves, thus forming two portions having a high refractive index.

Abstract: A wavelength-variable semiconductor laser includes: a submount; and a semiconductor laser chip being mounted onto the submount and having at least an active layer region and a distributed Bragg reflection region, wherein the semiconductor laser chip is mounted onto the submount in such a manner that an epitaxial growth surface thereof faces the submount and a heat transfer condition of the active layer region is different from a heat transfer condition of the distributed Bragg reflection region. Moreover, an optical integrated device includes at least a semiconductor laser and an optical waveguide device both mounted on a submount, wherein the semiconductor laser is the wavelength-variable semiconductor laser as set forth above.

Abstract: A semiconductor laser has a waveguide modifying layer to increase output power. Specifically, the laser includes a p-doped cladding layer adjacent to a first side of an active layer. An n-doped cladding layer is positioned on a second side of the active layer. The waveguide modifying layer is disposed between the n-doped cladding layer and the active layer, where the modifying layer reduces an extent by which an optical mode confined by the active layer extends into the p-doped cladding layer.

Abstract: A semiconductor laser device having high optical output power is provided. The semiconductor laser device has an n-type lower cladding layer, a lower optical confinement layer, an active layer having a quantum well structure, an upper optical confinement layer, a Zn-doped p-type upper cladding layer, and a cap layer formed on an n-type semiconductor substrate in this order. A nondoped semiconductor layer having a thickness of 10 to 100 nm, in particular, a nondoped InP layer, is interposed between the upper optical confinement layer and the Zn-doped p-type upper cladding layer.

Abstract: A semiconductor device test apparatus according to the present invention includes a circuit board 103 and a film 105. A plurality of electrodes 103c are formed at the circuit board 103 at positions that face opposite a plurality of electrodes 201a at a device to be measured 201, whereas bumps 105b are formed at the surface of the film 105 located toward the device to be measured 201, at positions that face opposite the plurality of electrodes 201a at the device to be measured 201 and electrodes 105c are formed at the surface of the film 105 located toward the circuit board 103 at positions that face opposite the plurality of electrodes 103c at the circuit board 103. The bumps 105b formed at one surface of the film 105 and the electrode 105c formed at another surface of the film 105 are electrically connected with each other via through holes 105d to support semiconductor devices having electrodes provided at a fine pitch and to improve durability.

Abstract: There is provided a radiation clinical thermometer which does not require experience and can measure an accurate body temperature easily and quickly since the user recognizes that a probe is correctly directed toward an eardrum. When a measured temperature is in a predetermined range, it is determined that the probe is inserted in an ear, and a level 1 is displayed. When a first maximum value of temperature measurement values appears, a level 2 is displayed. When a second maximum value of temperature measurement values appears, a level 3 is displayed to notify the user of the optimum insertion state for body temperature measurement.

Abstract: For measuring temperature of a fluid flowing in a tube, a temperature measuring device is provided with an electric temperature sensor which is securely attached to a tube section so as not to shift in an axial or radial direction. The temperature sensor is applied mechanically fixed on strip conductors on the outer side of the tube section by a thermally and electrically good-conducting paste. The sensor is protected against the outside by a hollow housing, preferably sheath-shaped, surrounding the tube section with a spacing. A connection cabel, electrically and mechanically firmly connected with the sensor, is guided out of the sheath-shaped housing through an opening.

Abstract: A method and radiod device are provided for interleaving a stream of data (201) consisting of digital information symbols prior to transmission over a radio interface. A permutation is performed (202, 203, 401, 402) to the stream of digital data, thus producing a permutated stream of digital data (204). From the permutated stream of digital data there are provided at least two component streams (404) for mapping each component stream into a spreading code (406). The order of information symbols is reversed (405) in at least one component stream prior to mapping it into a spreading code.

Abstract: A network of localizers determines relative locations in three-dimensional space to within 1 cm by measuring propagation times of pseudorandom sequences of electromagnetic impulses. The propagation time is determined from a correlator which provides an analog pseudo-autocorrelation function sampled at discrete time bins. The correlator has a number of integrators, each integrator providing a signal proportional to the time integral of the product of the expected pulse sequence delayed by one of the discrete time bins, and the non-delayed received antenna signal. Using pattern recognition the arrival time of the received signal can be determined to within a time much smaller than the separation between bins. Because operation of standard CMOS circuitry generates noise over a large frequency range, only low-noise circuitry operates during transmission and reception. A stage in the low-frequency clock uses low-noise circuitry during transmissions and receptions, and standard circuitry at other times.

Abstract: An ultra-wideband (UWB) communications system combines the techniques of a transmitted reference (TR) and a multiple access scheme called delay hopping (DH). Combining these two techniques using UWB signaling results in a penalty in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over conventional pulse position modulation (PPM) techniques but avoids the synchronization difficulties associated with conventional approaches. The signaling pulse waveforms are designed to insure that their power spectral densities, after any frequency translation to the center of an operating band, are essentially spectrally disjoint with frequencies that must be protected. This TR technique is combined with the DH multiple access technique to create a UWB communications scheme that has a greater multiple access capacity than does the UWB TR technique by itself.

Abstract: An economical, compact frequency hopping spread spectrum wireless data telemetry transceiver is adapted to establish and maintain communication links at 2.4 GHZ. The wireless transceiver includes RF and computer control components in a compact package approximately the size of a deck of cards and is adapted to be built into original equipment manufacturer (OEM) products to support a wide range of wireless data telemetry applications. The transceiver includes an inexpensive VCO which is controlled by novel method including steps to characterize and adjust the frequency output of the crystal. As ambient temperature around a quartz crystal varies, the resonant frequency of the crystal varies, in different ways, depending on the method used to cut the crystal from a quartz blank. Employing a quartz crystal in an oscillator circuit to generate a reference frequency subjects the oscillator to the same frequency variations over temperature as the quartz crystal.

Abstract: Spread spectrum receiver with correlating coprocessor having common datapath for received signal correlations and code cross-correlations for efficient interference cancellation methods.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a receiving apparatus in a CDMA communication system for transmitting a transmit data subjected to a spread modulation processing with a predetermined spreading factor, and demodulating the transmit data by subjecting received signals to a despread processing. A first despread signal generator multiplies a received signal by the same code as a spread code on the transmission side for each chip, divides the results of multiplications for all the chips into a plurality of groups, and sums the results of multiplications in each group so as to output respectively a despread signal having a spreading factor which is smaller than the spreading factor on the transmission side. A second despread signal generator sums respective k pair of the despread signals which are output from the first despread signal generator so as to generate a plurality of despread signals having a predetermined spreading factor.

Abstract: SAW devices such as interdigital transducers (IDTs) have been widely used in RADAR applications and as filters. An IDT produces a SAW when excited by a single electrical pulse and can be fabricated to embody a code, which code provides for a passive autocorrelation of a SAW input to the IDT and thereby lends itself to further application as a signal generator in a communication device. However, conventional SAW expanders and compressors typically have insertion losses greater than 20 dB, which can have a profound effect on an RF link budget in a communication system. Insertion losses are drastically reduced by using a single phase unidirectional transducer (SPUDT-type) instead of a conventional IDT as a SAW expander/compressor. A SPUDT-type reflects SAW components which are lost in conventional IDT designs so that a stronger SAW is directed toward a transmission element. In a receiver, a SPUDT-type directs a stronger SAW toward a compressor IDT.

Abstract: A method for correcting for the offset carrier frequency in a wireless modem is provided. The method further allows for the periodic correction of the offset of the carrier frequency. A Fine tuning method is implemented that uses fine tuning frequency increments to determine minimum and maximum edges of a received frequency from which to calculate an offset used to adjust the transmitted frequency or the receiver of the wireless modem. Power correction is performed for variances in received signal power by adjusting an output power relative to differences in received power compared to an expected received power value.

Abstract: A decision feed back equalizer is proposed, in which two feed back routins are provided for one symbol-preceding decided data. The signal space is separated into decidable areas and uncertainty areas in the present invention. Each of decidable areas is an area where a distance between any point in the decidable area and the signal point is small. Each uncertainty areas is an area where a distance between any point in the uncertainty area and the signal point is large. In a case where the one symbol-preceding equalized signal exists in a decidable area, since the one symbol-preceding decided data is presumed to be correct, the decided data is fed back.

Abstract: Disclosed is a picture encoding format converting apparatus, comprising: a picture decoder for decoding a picture signal from an input bitstream; a picture encoder for encoding the picture signal into an output bitstream; a main controller for controlling the amount of calculations executed by the picture encoder, on the basis of a state of the picture decoder.

Abstract: Motion estimation on a received stream of data comprising at least a predicted frame and an anchor frame, and utilizing even-parity field prediction to predict content of each of a plurality of fields of the predicted frame from corresponding fields of the anchor frame.

Abstract: A coding and/or decoding system includes: a code-word table for storing therein a plurality of code words, which are capable of being decoded both in forward and backward directions and which are formed so that delimiters of the code words are capable of being identified by a predetermined weight of the code words, so that the code words correspond to different source symbols; an encoder for selecting code words corresponding to inputted source symbols from the code-word table; and a synchronization interval setting part for preparing coded data every predetermined interval using the code words selected by the encoder and for inserting stuffing codes capable of being decoded in the backward direction. Thus, it is possible to decrease useless bit patterns to enhance the coding efficiency by smaller amounts of calculation and storage, and to decode variable length codes both in the forward and backward directions even if the synchronization interval is set every interval using the stuffing bits.

Abstract: A method for coding a digitized picture includes the steps of providing a picture having a picture object with associated object pixels located in the picture object, dividing the picture at least partly into picture blocks, determining the picture object in the picture, determining at least one object picture block, the at least one object picture block being at least one picture block with at least one object pixel, performing the step of determining the at least one object picture block such that a relative position of an edge of an object picture block of the picture in relation to the picture corresponds to a relative position of an edge of an object picture block of a chronologically preceding picture in relation to the chronologically preceding picture, and coding the picture by using the at least one object picture block. A method for decoding a coded digitized picture as well as configurations for coding and decoding digitized pictures are also provided.

Abstract: A computer-readable medium having stored thereon an image decoding program which, when executed by a computer, performs the steps of storing a reference image which is a previously decoded image, receiving information including motion vector information and rounding method information specifying a rounding method used in synthesizing a prediction image, and synthesizing a prediction image by performing motion compensation using the motion vector information and the reference image. The step of synthesizing a prediction image includes the step of performing either a positive rounding method or a negative rounding method for interpolating intensity values of pixels in performing the motion compensation according to the rounding method information, but enables performance of both the positive rounding method and the negative rounding method for interpolating intensity values of pixels in performing the motion compensation.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for transferring data through an electromagnetic coupler. The apparatus comprises a transmitter to encode a first plurality of bits into a symbol, a receiver to decode a transferred symbol into a second plurality of bits; and a coupling element having a geometry that provides robust electromagnetic transfer of the symbol and the transferred symbol. For one embodiment of the apparatus, the coupling element has a zig-zag geometry.

Abstract: A method of frame synchronization serial data transmission. A transmitting circuit in a data communication apparatus converts frame data into serial data and transmit the same, and following the serial data, the transmitting circuit transmits frame synchronization data varying several times in the interval from an edge of a clock signal to an edge of the next clock signal; a receiving circuit receives the frame data and detects twice or more variations in the same interval to find out the end of the frame data, by receiving the serial data from a signal lines, serial data is transmitted while carrying out frame synchronization.

Abstract: A receiver for digital broadcasting is provided that simultaneously receives a plurality of broadcast waves. When the receiver is powered on, a digital broadcast wave of a ground wave system having the smallest amount of interleaving that has been performed on transmission data is selected for reproduction. If the reception state of the above broadcast wave is not good or when a prescribed time has elapsed from the time the receiver is powered-on, a switch is made to a broadcast wave of the reception system that was selected when the power was last turned off.

Abstract: An encoder is arranged to add a binary code bit to block of a signal by selecting, within the block, (i) a reference frequency within the predetermined signal bandwidth, (ii) a first code frequency having a first predetermined offset from the reference frequency, and (iii) a second code frequency having a second predetermined offset from the reference frequency. The spectral amplitude of the signal at the first code frequency is increased so as to render the spectral amplitude at the first code frequency a maximum in its neighborhood of frequencies and is decreased at the second code frequency so as to render the spectral amplitude at the second code frequency a minimum in its neighborhood of frequencies.