Abstract: A valve assembly for hydrocarbon wells comprises a first valve (e.g., a conventional gate valve) and a second valve (e.g., a hydraulically operated, fail safe check valve). The second valve provides an alternative to the pressure barrier conventionally formed by a downhole annulus safety valve. It is installable/retrievable through the first valve using a tool of the type used for installation of surface wellhead VR (valve replacement) plugs.

Abstract: When production testing a permeable first formation (4), fluid flowing out therefrom is subjected to a pressure measurement and a flow rate control. In order to avoid bringing up the fluid flowing out during the production test to surface position where the fluid's inherent explosion and fire risk as well as poisonousness would cause substantial problems, a fluid flow path arranged for fluid transfer between the formations (4, 6) is established between said first formation (4) to be production tested and a second permeable formation (6), said fluid flow path which, in a suitable apparatus, is constituted by a channel-forming pipe (8). From this channel second permeable formation (6) receives said fluid and keeps it for some time. In the position of use, the apparatus is assigned sealing means, i.a. annulus packers (10, 11, 12) which are placed such that fluid flow between the formations (4,6) is limited to only follow said fluid flow path.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided which permit well testing operations to be performed downhole in a subterranean well. In various described methods, fluids flowed from a formation during a test may be disposed of downhole by injecting the fluids into the formation from which they were produced, or by injecting the fluids into another formation. In several of the embodiments of the invention, apparatus utilized in the methods permit convenient retrieval of samples of the formation fluids and provide enhanced data acquisition for monitoring of the test and for evaluation of the formation fluids.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided which permit well testing operations to be performed downhole in a subterranean well. In various described methods, fluids flowed from a formation during a test may be disposed of downhole by injecting the fluids into the formation from which they were produced, or by injecting the fluids into another formation. In several of the embodiments of the invention, apparatus utilized in the methods permit convenient retrieval of samples of the formation fluids and provide enhanced data acquisition for monitoring of the test and for evaluation of the formation fluids.

Abstract: A fire extinguishing and fire retarding method is provided comprising the step of confining a fire extinguishing and fire retarding agent in slurry, liquid or gaseous form within a shell wherein the shell comprises such an agent in solid form. An agent such as ice water, or liquid carbon dioxide is useful when employing the shell as “non-lethal” device. The solid shell is sublimable and will burst upon impact or upon exposure to the environmental conditions at the target site to release the contents of the shell as well as the fragments of the shell onto the target site.

Abstract: A winged implement includes an hydraulic control circuit having two operator-controlled valves, including a work valve and a transport valve. Using only these controls, and without leaving the tractor cab, the operator can (1) fold the implement for transport; (2) unfold the wings; (3) place the implement in the field use position with substantial constant down pressure on the wings; and (4) raise the wings and center section to an intermediate position with the wings inclined upwardly for end row turns.

Abstract: In the laying of communications cables in the interior of pipes, in which hot substances are conveyed, it is important to provide communications cables of this type with long-term protection against the surrounding aggressive heat. The communications cable is not laid directly in contact with this aggressive hot environment in that at least one continuous cavity is arranged around the cable core of the said communications cable, which cavity is sealed by a sleeve. In order to be able to extract heat which inevitably diffuses over time from the hot environment into the said cavity, a medium is advantageously conveyed through the cavity. Only in this way is it possible to maintain a constant temperature around the cable core on a long-term basis and to accordingly obtain a long-life communications cable laid, for example, in district heating pipes.

Abstract: A base for an electrical outlet. The electrical outlet includes a mounting screw aperture disposed along a longitudinal axis for receiving a mounting screw having a mounting screw head to mount the electrical outlet to a box. The mounting screw head has a mounting screw head diameter. The electrical outlet also has at least one socket face for receiving an electrical plug. The base includes a substantially planar backing member, the backing member including at least one aperture for receiving the at least one socket face. The base also includes a keyhole slot disposed in the backing member and having first and second keyhole slot apertures. The first keyhole slot aperture is larger than the mounting screw head diameter. The second keyhole slot aperture is smaller than the mounting screw head diameter and is disposed in the backing member at a location on the longitudinal axis and aligned with the mounting screw aperture when the base is mounted to the electrical outlet using the mounting screw.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an insulated electric cable (8) that has one or more conductors (4). With the intention of reducing the winding space, improving cooling, reducing stray flux and therewith improving the efficiency of apparatus and devices that include cable windings, the insulation of the cable in the cable winding has been given a varying thickness. The concept of providing the electric cable with insulation that varies in thickness can be utilised with both AC-cables and DC-cables. Moreover, the nature of the voltage concerned need not be decisive in the manufacture of the cable. The thickness distribution of the insulation may be linear (11) or non-linear (12), depending on the adaptation to the desired field strength distribution. The invention enables smaller, fewer and more effective apparatus and devices to be constructed.

Abstract: A cable which includes eight coaxial cables. The shields of pairs of 50 Ohm coaxial cables are connected together at the ends with copper tape to form a desired 100 Ohm differential impedance. Since the impedance of the cable is set by the diameter of an inner conductors and the corresponding dielectric, the impedance is independent of proximity of adjacent pairs, or the proximity of hands or other conductive surfaces. As such, the stability of such a cable is improved over a typical four pair cable. Additionally, the conductors can always be oriented the same way within the plug. Test instruments can make stable measurements including “return loss” measurements when using test cable consisting of eight coax conductors properly connected together to connect to cable installations being measured. Attenuation or insertion loss of the test cables on test instruments can be compensated for by means of calibration of the instrument.

Abstract: A bushing, which normally comprises an insulator, having a high-voltage connection and a metallic foot part, and an electrical conductor, the foot part of the insulator) is in the form of a curved housing part in which a post insulator for the electrical conductor is arranged. This configuration of the bushing allows the bushing to be arranged inclined on encapsulating housings in which the flange plane of the connecting flange for the bushing runs horizontally or vertically.

Abstract: Disclosed is a copper foil—for printed circuit boards—which is especially excellent in soft etching property and also superior in such properties as heat discoloration resistance, rust-proofing and solder-ability. The copper foil for printed circuit boards comprising a first layer formed by applying 12 to 50 mg/m2 of a sulfur-contained zinc alloy containing 0.1 to 2.5 percent by weight of sulfur on the surface on at least one side of the copper foil and a second layer formed of a chromate layer on the first layer by applying 0.5 to 2.5 mg/m2 of chromium and, if necessary, 1.5 to 6 mg/m2 of phosphorus.

Abstract: Methods, memory devices, module boards and systems are disclosed utilizing a non-continuous conductive layer in their circuit board as opposed to a substrate having a continuous length of metal such as copper from one end to the other. By ensuring that a non-continuous conductive layer is no longer present in a substrate, deformation and warping of the substrate or circuit board can be reduced. This can reduce or prevent future errors in processing from occurring due to the tight tolerance required in processing of circuit boards.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for establishing signal contacts on a multilayer printed circuit board having alternating ground and signal layers in a stack-up configuration. The signal layers have signal pads and conductive traces leading away from the pads. The method comprises the steps of: a) drilling blind signal holes in the printed circuit board down to signal pads on successive signal layers, b) filling the blind signal holes with conductive material, and c) removing strips of the printed circuit board nearly down to successive signal layers to provide on each signal layer a strip of exposed signal contacts for the conductive traces thereon.

Abstract: The transformation of An IC substrate with edge contacts into a ball grid array is accomplished using a flexible circuit that has terminals arranged planarly on the underside for receiving meltable solder humps and whose conductors leading outwardly from the terminals have exposed ends. The upper side of the flexible circuit is connected with the lower side of the substrate, whereupon the edge regions of the flexible circuit are bent up and around the substrate and the ends of the conductors are electrically contacted to the edge contacts of the substrate.

Abstract: A coaxial via hole structure used in a carrier is disclosed. The coaxial via hole includes an outer cylinder-shaped conductor, an inner cylinder-shaped conductor and an intermediate fill. The outer cylinder-shaped conductor extends along a first direction. The inner cylinder-shaped conductor is disposed in the outer cylinder-shaped conductor and also extends along the first direction. The intermediate fill is between the outer cylinder-shaped conductor and the inner cylinder-shaped conductor and is made of insulating material or electrical-resistant material. The coaxial via hole structure can be applied as a capacitor or a resistor and has the function of signal shielding.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for drilling a wellbore. The method includes operating a turbine-type mud motor having a bi-center drill bit coupled to it, and applying an axial force to the bit which is selected so that the bit drills in a directionally stable manner. In one embodiment, the motor is a steerable motor operated to maintain a selected trajectory of the wellbore.

Abstract: An earth-boring bit for drilling a borehole comprises a bit body having a bit axis, at least two rolling cone cutters rotatably mounted on the bit body, a plurality of inner row cutter elements positioned on at least one cone cutter in a first inner row, a plurality of gage-cutting cutter elements positioned in a first fanned-gage row on a first one of the one cutters, and a plurality of gage-cutting cutter elements positioned in a second fanned-gage row on a second one of the one cutters, wherein the gage-cutting cutter elements on the bit define a gage curve and cutter elements in the first fanned-gage row and the second fanned-gage row contact the gage curve at different points. In one embodiment, each cutter element has an extension, and the extensions of the uppermost fanned-gage row cutter element and the first inner row cutter element define a step distance such that the ratio of the step distance to the extension of the first inner row cutter element is greater than 0.5.

Abstract: Using inserts which are welded in place allows the use of hardfacing in the immediate vicinity of the inserts. Areas of high wear, such as cutting structures and gage areas, can use a combination of ultra-hard inserts with hardfacing for protection against wear. The inserts slows wear, while the hardfacing prevents erosion around the inserts.

Abstract: A track drive device for all terrain vehicle comprises a frame (14) able to be mounted on the side of a chassis (C) of a vehicle and carrying two main wheels (38, 42) and support wheels (40A, B, 40E) around which is wound a track (12). The frame (14) comprises a rear part (16) able to be fixed to the chassis (C) of the vehicle and carrying one (38) of the main wheels, and a front part in the form of an approximately horizontal oscillating beam (18) carrying the other main wheel (42) and at least one (40D, 40E) of the support wheels and mounted pivoting about a first transverse pivot (20) located at a lower level. The device also comprises an approximately horizontal suspension arm (52) arranged above the oscillating beam (18), linked to the latter by a connecting rod (64) and mounted pivoting around a second transverse pivot (24) arranged at an upper level approximately at the height of the chassis.

Abstract: A battery powered, joystick controlled wheelchair includes a battery by which a supply of power can be provided, a joystick by which voltages proportionate to degrees of lean from a neutral position can be produced from the supply of power, and a master power switch by which the supply of power to the joystick can be turned on and off. It is detected whether the voltages produced are forward or reverse direction voltages, and pulse width modulation, resulting in a pulse train, is provided. The pulse train is amplified to deliver driving power with a polarity consistent with a detected direction, and motors are driven by the driving power and, in turn, drive the wheelchair.

Abstract: A vehicle with a high voltage power source mounted thereon has a diversity of protection mechanisms to protect the driver and mechanics from potential accidents. Even in the case of a subtle erroneous operation or detection, one of such mechanisms cuts off the supply of the high voltage power source. This undesirably lowers the convenience of use. The arrangement of the present invention carries out evaluation and determines that the driver intends to start the vehicle in a normal manner, when the time on a first timer Toff is greater than a preset minimum off time Tmin, for example, 5 seconds but less than a preset maximum off time Tmax, for example, 1 hour. Based on this evaluation, system main relays SMR are set on to permit a start of the vehicle.

Abstract: To realize a determination whether or not a failure has occurred in a one-way clutch, a hybrid vehicle is provided with an engine 11, a generator motor 16, an output shaft coupled to a driving wheel 41, a differential gear unit that is provided with at least three gear elements, the elements coupled to the engine 11, the generator motor 16, and the output shaft, respectively, a one-way clutch that is placed in a free state when the engine 11 rotates in a forward direction and in a locked state when the engine 11 begins to rotate in a backward direction, and a failure occurrence determination process means 91 that determines that a failure has occurred in the one-way clutch if an engine speed is a negative value. Since it is determine that a failure has occurred in the one-way clutch when the engine speed is a negative value, a damage of the one-way clutch can be prevented from being aggravated.

Abstract: The object of the present teachings is to provide an improved battery-operated towing tractor. A representative towing tractor is operated by means of battery and the battery may be installed to and removed from the battery storage chamber of the towing tractor by using an opening disposed at the side surface of the battery storage chamber. Because the battery is installed and removed through the side surface of the battery storage chamber, the tractor surface can be effectively used.

Abstract: To provide an engine enclosure for a construction vehicle which can be simply constructed and small-sized while improving the cooling efficiency and lowering the noise.

Abstract: The invention relates to a drive for a flap provided on a vehicle, especially an engine hood. The drive comprises an electric motor, an actuation shaft that is connected to the flap, and a reduction gear by means of which the rotor of the electric motor is coupled to the actuation shaft. The drive flier comprises an energy accumulator by means of which the actuation shaft can be driven independently of the electric motor. The reduction gear is configured in such a way that the actuation shaft is driven in a rotational direction only by the energy accumulator and the electric motor drives the actuation shaft in an opposite rotational direction, thereby supplying to the energy accumulator an energy that is needed to drive the actuation shaft in the rotational direction. The invention further relates to a pedestrian protection means provided on a vehicle and equipped with such a drive.

Abstract: A vehicle instrument panel having along its transverse design length two mounting stations of identical design. Each mounting station is adapted to receive either a module designed for a driver or a module designed for a passenger. Each of the mounting stations includes a recess in the instrument panel adapted for receiving each module. Each mounting station and respective module is designed for docking-like installation and removal of the modules at anytime during the life of the vehicle. Swapping the modules essentially completes the change-over of the driver side and passenger side of the vehicle. Each mounting station includes electrical connection components. The module for the driver includes elements for controlling the vehicle and electronically connect to the electrical connection components in a mounting station.

Abstract: A selectively configurable storage container for storing and transporting items through various environments includes a housing having a least one surrounding sidewall and a bottom which defines an enclosure. The storage container also includes a motor with at least one drive assembly. The drive assembly is selectively engagable with a first member, e.g., a wheel, and is configured to move the housing relative to a first terrain, e.g., a floor. The drive assembly is also interchangeable with at least one additional member which configured to move the housing relative to a different terrain or environment, e.g., sand, water, grass, etc. A steering control cooperates with the drive assembly to navigate the housing though either the first or the different terrain.

Abstract: A method and device prevents damage to a vehicle approaching an obstacle, such as, for example, a loading ramp, while traveling in reverse. When a vehicle, particularly a vehicle train consisting of a towing vehicle and a trailer or semi-trailer, approaches an obstacle in reverse travel, there exists the possibility that the vehicle may impact the obstacle as a result of an erroneous estimation or inappropriate driving maneuver, potentially resulting in damage to the vehicle and/or to the obstacle. This problem occurs with relative frequency, particularly when approaching a loading ramp. In accordance with the invention, the driver of the vehicle is assisted during reverse travel such that damage due to excessive impact is automatically avoided, independently of the driver's actions. A distance sensor is installed on the vehicle, near the tail, which transmits a signal representative of the distance from an obstacle to an electronic control device.

Abstract: A shift control system for a continuously variable transmission which has a gear ratio control means for controlling gear ratio of said continuously variable transmission by determining a target gear ratio from a drive point determined on the basis of at least a throttle opening and a vehicle speed, and a vehicle distance control means for maintaining a proper vehicle distance by controlling a throttle opening of an engine, comprises: a shift speed control device provided in said gear ratio control means and making a shift speed higher than a shift speed established at the time when of a vehicle distance is not controlled by said vehicle distance control means, when a vehicle distance is controlled by said vehicle distance control means.

Abstract: A collapsible panel forming a separation structure between a generally closed inner environment and an outer environment, for instance consisting of a motorvehicle stratified window, incorporating within its mass at least one explosive charge to which an igniter/detonator device is operatively associated to produce detonation of the explosive charge so as to shiver the panel in a controlled way substantially within the plane thereof.

Abstract: An occupant protection system (10) for a vehicle (12) includes a receiver (24) which is operative to receive a vehicle position signal (30) from a source (34) of positioning information. The receiver (24) also is operative to receive an object signal (38) indicative of the speed and position of an object adjacent the vehicle. The system (10) includes a vehicle speed sensor (90) which is operative to provide a vehicle speed signal (92) indicative of the speed of the vehicle. A controller (22) is electrically coupled with the receiver (24) and the vehicle speed sensor (90). The controller (22) is operative to provide an anticipatory crash event signal (99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109 and/or 111) upon determining the occurrence of an anticipatory crash event condition in response to the vehicle position signal (30), the vehicle speed signal (92), and the object signal (38).

Abstract: An industrial truck includes a lifting apparatus, in particular a lifting mast, and a driver's workplace. To provide an industrial truck in which injuries caused by the operator touching the lifting apparatus can be effectively prevented, a safety device is provided which is effectively connected with a drive device of the lifting apparatus and/or of an actuator device of the lifting apparatus. In one advantageous embodiment, the safety device is effectively connected with a sensor device, whereby depending on the signal of the sensor device, the drive device of the lifting apparatus can receive a signal and/or the actuator device of the lifting apparatus can be enabled. The sensor device is located on a steering device, such as a steering wheel, and detects contact with the steering wheel by the driver's one hand.

Abstract: A drive-away blocking device is provided for motorcycles having a side support. A sensor, which is mounted on the vehicle and has a linearly guided distance sensing device, and a control component, which is rigidly connected with the swivellable side support and which, at a site eccentric with respect to the axis of rotation of the side support, is connected by way of a restricted guidance with the distance sensing device of the sensor, are provided. In the operational support position of the side support, the sensor emits a signal to the electric or electronic engine control unit to prevent a driving-away of the motorcycle.

Abstract: Go-kart drive assembly with an internal combustion engine in the form of a reciprocating-piston or rotary-piston engine as a power source, and with spur-gear reduction gearing between the internal combustion engine and a rear-wheel drive shaft of the go-kart, the spur-gear reduction gearing with the crank shaft (17) of the reciprocating engine or the engine shaft of the rotary-piston engine (17a), respectively, being accommodated in a common housing (10) that is preferably closed, the space or spaces (a, b) between the shafts of the spur-gear reduction gearing (27, 29; 30, 33) being fixed in said housing (10) so as to be invariable, the driving gear wheel (27) of the gearing (26) being mounted on the crank shaft (17) or the engine shaft (17a) and the driven gear wheel (33) of the gearing (26) being mounted on the rear-wheel drive shaft (6).

Abstract: This invention refers to an improved rack-and-pinion type steering apparatus for automotive vehicles comprising a cylindrical housing attached to a body structure of the vehicle, and a steering rack shaft mounted within the housing for sliding movement therethrough. Opposite ends of the steering rack shaft are coupled to left and right tie rods through ball joint assemblies to steer a set of road wheels in accordance with lateral displacement of the rack shaft. The rack-and-pinion type steering apparatus further includes a pair of protective boots of elastomeric material, each defining left and right ball joint chambers for sealing a steering gear and components of the ball joint assemblies against debris and foreign fluids. Furthermore, the steering apparatus of the present invention includes a pressure equalization system for equalizing pressure in the left and right ball joint chambers.

Abstract: An electric power steering apparatus in which a shaft of a worm interlocking with rotation of a motor for steering assistance is movable in a radial direction, a pressing body for pressing the worm toward a worm wheel is provided, and the pressing body is provided with a V-shaped contact portion to abut in two circumferential positions of the shaft and an annular elastic body for restricting movement of the pressing body in a direction crossing the radial direction.

Abstract: An electric power assisted steering system is disclosed in which a torque demand signal (8) is generated and applied to an electric motor (1) operatively connected to a steering mechanism (5) in order to assist a driver of the vehicle when steering the vehicle. The torque demand signal (8) includes a damping component that is dependent upon a measurement of torque T carried by the steering mechanism and a measurement of the angular velocity &ohgr; of the steering mechanism. The torque produced by the motor (1) is not obtrusive during “hands-on” maneuvers but provides enhanced damping in other maneuvers such as a steering flick.

Abstract: An electric power steering system includes a torque detection unit, an anti-lock brake system electronic control unit (ABS ECU), an electric power steering control unit and an electric power steering motor. The torque detection unit senses a manual steering torque applied to a steering wheel and detects a braking power difference torque. The ABS ECU outputs an ABS operational signal which provides information on a sharp braking operation of the vehicle. The electric power steering control unit generates a motor current in response to the manual steering torque and outputs a modulated motor current if the ABS operational signal is provided. The electric power steering motor reduces unnecessary movements of the steering wheel caused by a difference in road surface frictional forces of the left and the right driving wheels based on the modulated motor current.

Abstract: In a speaker including a voice coil which is wound on a voice coil bobbin and is inserted into a magnetic circuit gap of a magnetic circuit, and a cone which is coupled to the voice coil bobbin for vibration, the cone (16) is constructed of two divided cones: a drive cone (16A) linked to the voice coil bobbin (14) and a cone paper (16B) linked through an edge (17) to a frame (F).

Abstract: A pop shield for a microphone, the microphone having a housing and an electroacoustic transducer arranged in the housing and having a main voice input direction in an axial direction of the housing, is in the form of a cover of a first open-pore foam. The cover and the housing together enclose the electroacoustic transducer. The cover has, at least in the main voice input direction, two foam layers spaced apart from one another and defining a space therebetween.

Abstract: Disclosed is a suction muffler including a muffler inlet, a muffler outlet communicating with the muffler inlet, a plurality of reservoirs defined between the muffler inlet and the muffler outlet, a plurality of small-diameter tubes adapted to allow the reservoirs to communicate sequentially with one another, and a vibration absorbing member installed on an inner wall surface of each of the reservoirs at a region where a flow of fluid sucked at a high velocity into the muffler inlet and forced to flow to the muffler outlet via the small-diameter tubes is struck against the inner wall surface, the vibration absorbing member serving to absorb vibrations generated due to pulsations of the fluid flow resulting from the striking of the fluid flow against the inner wall surface, thereby attenuating flow noises resulting from the vibrations. This suction muffler obtains an effect capable of offsetting noises generated when refrigerant gas flows are struck against inner constructions of the suction muffler.

Abstract: Sound radiating structure includes a plurality of pipes each defining an inner cavity along the length of the pipe. Each of the pipes has an end opening at one end and is closed at the other end with a closure. Each of the pipes also has a side opening in its one side portion. When a sound is input to the sound radiating structure, it re-radiates various sound waves through a number of the end and side openings together with reflected sound waves.

Abstract: A fall restraint anchor is disclosed which has an anchorage connector with a rail that can be secured to and pass about the anchor to allow a full 360° movement. A carriage is secured to the rail and a cable secured between the carriage and a worker. The device is particularly suitable for use on a tank with a vent to provide the anchor.

Abstract: A force limiting rope brake includes a pair of rigid first and second side-plates in parallel overlaid array sandwiching therebetween a pivotally mounted pulley. The pulley pivots about a pivot axis extending orthogonally between first and second side-plates. A pair of rigid wedges are rigidly mounted between the first and second side-plates on opposite lateral sides of the pulley. The first and second wedges and the pulley when in the first and second positions define, respectively, first and second gaps, the first and second gaps identical in size and sized so that rope segments journalled through the first and second gaps are compressed in either the first or second gaps when the pulley is rotated into either the first or second positions respectively.

Abstract: A fruit harvesting device having a frame supported on wheels, one of which is a drive wheel. An elevatable and tiltable carriage supports a worker. An arm on the front of the frame is engageable with the tree so that device may be driven circumferentially about the tree as an area is picked to advance to an unpicked area of the tree.

Abstract: A utility tray for a step stool includes a front portion, a rear portion, and opposing side portions. A tray mount is coupled to the front portion for movably mounting the tray to the step stool. In one embodiment a service cord mount is coupled to the tray and is configured to receive an extension cord or similar object wrapped about the cord mount. In another embodiment, the tray includes a compartment for retaining objects and a lid to close the compartment. In another embodiment the tray includes a trough having a bottom providing a longitudinally extending slot.

Abstract: A step stool includes a foldable frame having a front leg and a rear leg movable relative to the front leg and a carrying handle supported for pivotable movement on one of the legs about a pivot axis. A retainer member is coupled to the handle to move with the handle about the pivot axis to lock the front leg to the rear leg.

Abstract: A transmission for the drive of generators by turbines. The transmission casing is under a partial vacuum, and the operation of the transmission is monitored and protected by special safety devices.

Abstract: An upper cart 12 and a lower cart 2 have running motors 4, 14, respectively, for controlling these carts in a manner overlapping each other on a vertical line. A mast 18 is formed into a truss structure, and an elevating platform 20 has a slide fork a load on which is supported on a shelf support of a rack. The present invention provides a light stacker crane operating at a high speed.