Abstract: The invention relates to a method for joining a number of sections (7) of a thermoplastic continuous web material in order to form an expandable section block (2). Said block is built up by repeatedly carrying out sequences of steps of the method. The invention also relates to a device for forming said blocks at high speeds.

Abstract: Processes for producing a sheet of holographic material wherein the holographic image is formed on a polished, substantially smooth surface of a printing element and then transferred the holographic image to a substrate. A coating is applied to the smooth surface of the printing element to provide a coated surface, the coated surface is embossed or engraved to provide the holographic image, and the holographic image is then transferred to a substrate via a bonding material, thereby producing the sheet of holographic material. The sheet of holographic material may be used to provide a decorative cover for an object or item, such as a floral grouping or a potted plant.

Abstract: Processes for producing a holographic material wherein the holographic image is formed on a polished, substantially smooth surface of a printing element and then transferred the holographic image to a substrate. A coating is applied to the smooth surface of the printing element to provide a coated surface, the coated surface is embossed or engraved to provide the holographic image, and the holographic image is then transferred to a substrate via a bonding material, thereby producing the holographic material. The holographic material may be used to provide a decorative cover for an object or item, such as a floral grouping or a potted plant.

Abstract: Processes for producing a holographic material wherein the holographic image is formed on a polished, substantially smooth surface of a printing element and then transferred the holographic image to a substrate. A coating is applied to the smooth surface of the printing element to provide a coated surface, the coated surface is embossed or engraved to provide the holographic image, and the holographic image is then transferred to a substrate via a bonding material, thereby producing the holographic material. The holographic material may be used to provide a decorative cover for an object or item, such as a floral grouping or a potted plant.

Abstract: A device and method of use for applying twist-ties onto flexible packages on an assembly line. Each package has a front panel including an exterior surface. Each twist-tie is a strip of material having a first face. The apparatus comprises a glue applicator (e.g., a spray head), a supply (e.g., reel) of twist-tie material, a carrier (e.g., channel shaped head including magnets), and a package support (e.g., conveyor). The package support holds each package at a first station in an orientation whereupon the exterior surface of the front panel is oriented vertically. The carrier is arranged to be oriented in a first horizontal position for receipt of a respective twist-tie thereon so that the first face of the twist-tie is facing upward. The glue applicator applies glue (e.g., sprays hot glue) downward onto the first face of the twist-tie as it is advanced onto the carrier.

Abstract: A method of bonding a heat radiating sheet to the surface of a substrate such as a heat generating electronic component is provided. According to this method, a release sheet, which is coated on one surface with a transferable heat radiating material, is positioned on top of the substrate so that the surface coated with the heat radiating material contacts the substrate, and subsequently, a molding device with a contact surface of a required shape and surface area is positioned so that the contact surface contacts the rear surface of the release sheet positioned on the substrate, and pressure and/or heat is then applied and a heat radiating material layer of the required surface area and shape is transferred from the release sheet to the substrate surface. The heat radiating sheet can be bonded easily to the required section of the substrate surface, without requiring the use of an adhesive, and without requiring any prior processing of the heat radiating sheet.

Abstract: A method is provided for using a three-dimensional, Pi-shaped, woven preform to assemble first and second composite components. The preform is infused with resin, and at least one surface of the preform is adhered to at least one surface of the first component using a film adhesive. The preform is cured while an oversized tool coated with non-stick material is located within a clevis formed by two legs of the preform. A removable peel ply is located between the tool and the clevis, and semi-rigid over-presses are used during curing. After curing, the tool, over-presses, and peel ply are removed, and adhesive is injected into the clevis. The second component is inserted into the clevis, the adhesive adhering to an inner surface of the clevis and to at least one surface of the second component for retaining the second component within the clevis, the second component having a smaller width than the tool.

Abstract: A tape includes the single sheet having a top side and a bottom side. The single sheet is rolled onto a cylinder. The cylinder is a cardboard or similar material cylinder. The sheet is comprised of a material that does not allow paint to seep through the sheet and apply to the surface. At least one cut extends through the sheet from the top side to the bottom side. The cuts form at least one opening in the sheet. The openings form decorative designs. The designs are evenly spaced longitudinally along the sheet to form a pattern. The bottom side has an adhesive applied to the bottom side. The bottom side adheres to a portion of the top side which is located directly underneath the bottom side when the tape is rolled on the cylinder. When the sheet is removed from the cylinder, the bottom side is removed from contact with the top side and is applied directly onto an application surface.

Abstract: A glazing panel is fitted in a frame by placing the glazing panel in register with the frame with soft state bonding material interposed. An energy field is then set up to act upon the bonding material the energy field acting to promote curing of the bonding material. Preferably a microwave energy field is set up and the energy is applied for a predetermined period, typically less than 60 seconds.

Abstract: In a socket used to house semiconductor die during testing, a recessed socket contact is provided that avoids pinching the die's contacts. Also provided are socket contacts that allow for smaller socket holes and, therefore, denser arrays of socket contacts. In one embodiment, the body of the socket contact comprises a head, a spring coupled to the head, and a shaft coupled to the spring; no outer shell is needed for the spring, as the non-conductive sides of the socket hole serve that function. In another embodiment, the body of the socket contact comprises a metal shaft having an aperture. Compression causes the shaft to close around the slit, thereby decreasing the amount of lateral buckling. In yet another embodiment, semiconductor fabrication techniques are used to construct a dense array of contacts.

Abstract: We have developed a method of anodic bonding which directs cations to a location within a bonding structure which is away from critical bonding surfaces. This prevents the formation of compounds comprising the cations at the critical bonding surfaces. The anodic bonding electrode contacts are made in a manner which concentrates the cations and compounds thereof in a portion of the bonded structure which can be removed, or cleaned to remove the compounds from the structure. A device formed from the bonded structure contains minimal, if any, of the cation-comprising compounds which weaken bond strength within the structure. In the alternative, the cations and compounds thereof are directed to a portion of the bonding structure which does not affect the function of a device which includes the bonded structure.

Abstract: The device (1) comprises individual stations, which are passed through in succession, and consisting of: a removal station (4) for labels (2), whereby one label (2) at a time is removed from a label stack (7); an application station (5), in which at least one securing element (3 is applied to the label (2), and of; a storage station (6) for the labels (2) provided with the securing elements (3), whereby said labels (2) provided with the securing elements (3) are placed in a label stack (9).

Abstract: An apparatus and method for simultaneously pressing together longitudinally a plurality of individual strips of wood, each strip being provided with a finger joint at each end. The strips are jointed end to end in a number of rows to form a floorboard. The apparatus includes a mechanism for simultaneously applying longitudinal pressure to each of the rows of wood strips during the curing process. The resulting floorboard is mechanically improved, has greater protection against humidity and increases the fatigue resistance of the floorboard, which can be used for trailer floors or the like.

Abstract: In bonding a first crystalline semiconductor substrate to a second crystalline semiconductor substrate, a liquid is applied to a first surface of the first substrate and to a first surface of the second substrate to wet both substrate first surfaces. The first surface of the first substrate is brought together with the first surface of the second substrate while the liquid substantially remains on both first surfaces, and then the liquid is evaporated from the substrate first surfaces, while the substrate first faces are together, at an evaporation temperature that is below the boiling point of the liquid at ambient pressure. The substrates are then heat treated at a temperature above the evaporation temperature. Surface channels can be formed in a first surface of at least one of the first and second substrates, and during the heat treatment, a crystal growth promotion vapor can be supplied to the substrates.

Abstract: The present invention provides an information carrier which has flat surfaces, is excellent in beautiful appearance and permits beautiful necessary printing, and a production process which permits easy and inexpensive production of such an information carrier. An IC chip 1 and a coil 2 connected to the IC chip are embedded in a substrate 3 composed of a nonwoven fabric. The IC chip and the coil are held between two nonwoven fabrics produced according to a conventional production procedure. The laminate of the nonwoven fabrics is fed to a roller or a press and the two nonwoven fabrics are hot-pressed, whereby their mating surfaces are joined with or without an adhesive (including low-melting synthetic resin fiber) incorporated into the webs. After positioning of the coil in the thus obtained raw product of information carrier, the laminate of the nonwoven fabrics and cover sheets is cut to obtain an information carrier of predetermined shape and size.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are provided for bonding a coating to a web of cloth or foam without sacrificing the characteristics of the spandex mesh or foam. The coating and the cloth or foam are bonded and heated and then conveyed to an aspiration device for removing air between the coating and the cloth, thereby providing a thorough bonding therebetween.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for detaching or removing labels from a label substrate which adhere with a specific adhesive force to a label substrate, especially to a bottle case, specifically to the lateral surfaces of a bottle case, wherein

Abstract: An exposure apparatus for sequentially performing exposure of device patterns provided in a pattern effective area of a photo-mask (10) on to shot areas of a wafer (20), to provide excellent throughput performance, includes an illumination unit (115) for collectively illuminating the entire pattern effective area of the photo-mask contained within the illumination range with exposure light, a mask stage (114) that moves the photo-mask for the illumination range in the mask scanning direction, a wafer stage (111) that moves the wafer for the projection range in which the pattern effective area of the photo-mask is projected in the wafer scanning direction and a control unit (140) for, after containing at least one shot area of the wafer within the projection range to perform exposure of device patterns provided in the pattern effective area of the photo-mask on to the one shot area of the wafer, synchronizing and controlling the movements of the mask stage and the wafer stage while keeping the entire pattern e

Abstract: Apparatus for gas distribution in a semiconductor wafer processing chamber 200 having a roof 228. The roof 228 has a top surface 608 and a bottom surface 312. A recess 314 is disposed within the bottom surface 312 of the roof 228. A gas distribution plate 316 is disposed within the recess 314 and a material layer coating 320 is disposed upon the bottom surfaces 312/500 of the roof 228 and the gas distribution plate 316. The material layer coating 320 and the gas distribution plate 316 each have a plurality of apertures 322/404. The apertures 404 of the gas distribution plate 316 coincide with the apertures 322 in the material layer coating 320. The material layer coating 320 is formed from silicon carbide and most preferably is deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Both the roof 228 and gas distribution plate 316 are fabricated from silicon carbide.

Abstract: A capacitively coupled reactor for plasma etch processing of substrates at subatmospheric pressures includes a chamber body defining a processing volume, a lid provided upon the chamber body, the lid being a first electrode, a substrate support provided in the processing volume and comprising a second electrode, a radio frequency source coupled at least to one of the first and second electrodes, a process gas inlet configured to deliver process gas into the processing volume, and an evacuation pump system having pumping capacity of at least 1600 liters/minute. The greater pumping capacity controls residency time of the process gases so as to regulate the degree of dissociation into more reactive species.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for processing a substrate are provided. The apparatus for processing a substrate comprises: a chamber having a first electrode; a substrate support disposed in the chamber and providing a second electrode; a high frequency power source electrically connected to either the first or the second electrode; a low frequency power source electrically connected to either the first or the second electrode; and a variable impedance element connected to one or more of the electrodes. The variable impedance element may be tuned to control a self bias voltage division between the first electrode and the second electrode. Embodiments of the invention substantially reduce erosion of the electrodes, maintain process uniformity, improve precision of the etch process for forming high aspect ratio sub-quarter-micron interconnect features, and provide an increased etch rate which reduces time and costs of production of integrated circuits.

Abstract: In a plasma treating apparatus for carrying out a plasma treatment over a silicon wafer 6 having a protective tape 6a stuck to a circuit formation face, the silicon wafer 6 is mounted on a mounting surface 3d which is provided on an upper surface of a lower electrode 3 formed of a conductive metal with the protective tape 6a turned toward the mounting surface 3d. When a DC voltage is to be applied to the lower electrode 3 by a DC power portion 18 for electrostatic adsorption to adsorb and hold the silicon wafer 6 onto the lower electrode 3 in the plasma treatment, the protective tape 6a is utilized as a dielectric for the electrostatic adsorption. Consequently, the dielectric can be thinned as much as possible and the silicon wafer 6 can be held by a sufficient electrostatic holding force.

Abstract: A substrate support comprises an electrode and a dielectric layer covering the electrode, the dielectric layer having a surface to receive a substrate. A gas feed-through provides a gas to the surface of the dielectric layer and comprises a conduit extending through one or more of the dielectric layer and electrode. A dielectric insert in the gas feed-through has a passage therein that allows the gas to be flowed therethrough. Two opposing electrically conducting cups are around the passage in the dielectric insert.

Abstract: An informational item processing apparatus is provided with a conveyor unit that transports a plurality of informational items having printed information thereon from a first location to a second location; an adhesive applicator that applies adhesive to a plurality of the informational items as the informational items pass from the first location to the second location; and a controller operatively coupled to the adhesive applicator, the controller comprising a processor and a programmed circuit.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for reinforcement of thin wall hollow thermoplastic storage vessels with one or more wraps of continuous fibers. This method requires thermal bonding between the reinforcement fibers and the outer surface of the thermoplastic storage vessel while the interior cavity of the storage vessel is being pressurized. The fiber wraps can also be oriented in spatial directions further resisting internal stress on the storage vessel walls when put in service.

Abstract: A film transfer apparatus capable of carrying out a transfer tape replacement operation easily. In an apparatus body formed by separably combining a main case member (4) and a covering case member (5) with each other to a body, a boss (14) of a feed gear (12) is fitted in a pressure contacting state around an inner cylinder of an intermediate connecting member (22) which has a double cylindrical portion of the inner cylinder and an outer cylinder, and the intermediate connecting member is engaged with and rotatably supported on a support shaft (28) having a locking portion (31), which is provided on an inner surface of the main case member with a feed reel fitted around the outer cylinder so that the feed reel can be engaged with the same. The covering case member (5) is provided on an inner surface thereof with a support shaft (25) on and with which the feed reel and a take-up reel are supported rotatably and engaged.

Abstract: A display device includes a frame, a first screen, a second screen, a third screen and a fourth screen. The first and second screens each have a distal end that is movable generally in a first direction between a first limit position and a second limit position. The third and fourth screens each have a first distal end that is movable generally in a second direction between a first limit position and a second limit position. The second direction is at an angle with respect to the first direction. Tension is applied in the first direction to each of the first distal end of each of the first screen and the second screen in a direction away from the respective second proximal end. A first guide channel is fixedly connected to an upper portion of the frame. A second guide channel is fixedly connected to a lower portion the frame. A first and second set of support carriers, each having at least one roller, are rotatably received in the first and second guide channels, respectively.

Abstract: A shutter includes a shutter panel 10 having a plurality of plates 1 which are rotatably connected to one another by hinge members 2, and a pair of guide rails 4 formed with guide grooves 40 which slidably hold opposite end edges of the shutter panel 10. By using the hinge members 2 which connect the adjacent plates 1 to each other so that the plates are rotatably bent only in a direction in which a curvature becomes greater than a portion of the guide groove 40 having a minimum curvature, it is possible to smoothly open and close the shutter even when the curvature of the guide rail 4 is varied along the sliding direction of the shutter panel 10.

Abstract: Fixing seat structure of rolling curtain including a left fixing seat, a reel, a fabric curtain, a rotary unit, an engaging pivot member and a right fixing seat. The inner side of the left fixing seat has a fitting block the center of which is formed with a fitting channel. The ends in the fitting channel are all formed with a hooking recess. The center of outer end of the rotary unit is provided with a fitting block. The rear end of the fitting block is connected with a hooking block. A pull cord and a rotary body connected with the pull cord are disposed on the rotary unit. The outer end of the engaging pivot body is formed with a stepped fitting post the large diameter section of which forms a pivotal latch button. A sleeve is formed on inner side of the engaging pivot body. The inner side of the right fixing seat is formed with a guide channel. The front side of middle section of the guide channel communicating with a pivotal fitting socket.

Abstract: Carboxylated cellulosic fibers are disclosed. The fibers include a polycarboxylic acid covalently coupled to the fibers. Methods for producing the fibers and for producing fibrous products that incorporate the fibers are also disclosed.

Abstract: Carboxylated cellulosic fibers are disclosed. The fibers include a polycarboxylic acid covalently coupled to the fibers. Methods for producing the fibers and for producing fibrous products that incorporate the fibers are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of preparing chemical pulp and xylose by the use of alkaline or neutral cooking and post hydrolysis of the pulp by performing the post hydrolysis directly on the pulp by means of acid treatment. In the method of the invention, the xylan in the pulp is utilized as completely as possible, resulting in a good xylose yield and, simultaneously, acceptable characteristics for the pulp.

Abstract: Electrophotographic paper and a method for its production, according to which method a cellulose pulp is slushed, a filler is mixed with the slush, and the slush is formed in the paper machine into a web, which is dried. According to the invention, bivalent or trivalent cations in an amount of at least 0.1% of the dry weight of the pulp are attached to the acid groups of the cellulose pulp before the forming of the web. Thereby a paper web is obtained the surface charge of which is at least approximately 600 V when relative humidity is 40%. The surface charge of the paper according to the invention remains stable within a wide humidity range. For this reason, when the paper according to the invention is used, the need for drying the paper in the printing press is significantly reduced.

Abstract: Modified polysaccharides (such as starches, gums, chitosans, celluloses, alginates, sugars, etc.), which are commonly used in the paper industry as strengthening agents, surface sizes, coating binders, emulsifiers and adhesives, can be combined into a single molecule with amphiphilic hydrocarbons (e.g. surface active agents) which are commonly utilized in the paper industry to control absorbency, improve softness, enhance surface feel and function as dispersants. The resulting molecule is a modified polysaccharide having surface active moieties which can provide several potential benefits, depending on the specific combination employed, including: (a) strength aids that do not impart stiffness; (b) softeners that do not reduce strength; (c) wet strength with improved wet/dry strength ratio; (d) debonders with reduced Tinting and sloughing; (e) strength aids with controlled absorbency; and (f) surface sizing agents with improved tactile properties.

Abstract: The invention concerns sulfate-containing and aluminum-containing pigments having pseudoboehmitic structural units, their manufacture and use for paper making. In the manufacture of paper, these pigments produce surprisingly good printing results with inkjet color printers and are also simple to manufacture.

Abstract: Chemical additives can be adsorbed on cellulosic papermaking fibers at high levels with a minimal amount of unadsorbed chemical additives present in the papermaking process water. A method includes treating a fiber slurry with an excess of the chemical additive, allowing sufficient residence time for adsorption to occur, filtering the slurry to remove unadsorbed chemical additives, and redispersing the filtered pulp with fresh water. Filtrate from the thickening process contains unadsorbed chemical additive and it is not sent forward in the process with the chemically treated fibers. The method can be employed to make improved paper products.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a nanometer-scale particle recycled slurry paper. The shares in weight of its ingredients are: papermaking wastewater slurry 20-80, pulp 20-80, nanometer-scale calcium carbonate 2-20, and chemical auxiliary agent performing the function of coacervation 1-5. The production technology process of the present invention is: slurry→pressing and squeezing the slurry→washing and filtering→putting into a pool→adding nanometer-scale calcium carbonate→mixing the paper pulp with the chemical auxiliary agent performing coacervation function→stirring and mixing→transferring onto a mesh→pressing and squeezing→drying→forming into paper→winding into reels.

Abstract: A paper former comprises two wires which converge for defining a paper production gap and a plurality of dewatering blades arranged in the paper production gap in a paper producing direction and brought into sliding contact with one of the two wires so that a stock is dehydrated while being conveyed in a state put in the paper production gap. Each of the plurality of dewatering blades is shaped into a convexly curved surface configuration bent along a traveling direction of the wires and equipped with a wire sliding contact surface brought into sliding contact with said wire for guiding the traveling of said wire, and grooves are made in said wire sliding contact surfaces as a moisture run-off opening for running off moisture developing through the dewatering from the wire side. This paper former thus constructed can suppress the occurrence of paper defects stemming from the landing of a material jet or paper defects stemming from the dewatering property, thus improving the paper quality.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided to process collected sand. This method and apparatus allow the moisture content to be adjusted and the addition of a binder to be facilitated to renew the collected sand as casting sand for future use. Also, defective castings are prevented when they are made by a main mold using the renewed casting sand. The sand-collecting means can be compact. The method is performed and the apparatus is operated by separating a main mold of green sand, after casting is conducted, into parts unaffected and affected by the molten metal heat, adjusting the moisture content of the part unaffected by molten metal heat for use as facing sand in the next main mold making, and adding a binder and adjusting the moisture content of the part affected by the molten metal heat for use as back sand in making the next main mold.

Abstract: A method of producing a semi-solid material without stirring, including heating a metal alloy to form a metallic melt, transferring a select amount of the melt into a vessel, nucleating the melt by regulating the transferring of the melt into the vessel, and crystallizing the melt within the vessel by cooling the melt at a controlled rate to produce a semi-solid material having a microstructure comprising rounded solid particles dispersed in a liquid metal matrix. In one form of the invention, a temperature-controlled shot sleeve is provided for receiving and cooling an amount of metallic melt at a controlled rate to produce the semi-solid material. The shot sleeve has a number of heat transfer zones adapted to independently control the temperature of the melt disposed adjacent various portions of the shot sleeve. The shot sleeve also includes a ram operable to discharge the semi-solid material directly into a die mold to form a near-net-shape part.

Abstract: A fiber reinforced porous preform is positioned within a die cavity defined by upper and lower die members, and the lower die member defines at least one gate opening in the center portion of a water cooled shot sleeve which receives a vertically moveable shot piston. The area of the gate opening is small relative to the area of the shot sleeve, and the lower die member defines an annular recess above the inner surface of the shot sleeve for entrapping a shell of pre-solidified metal. Air vent slots extend outwardly between the shot sleeve and lower die member and are closed by the shell of pre-solidified metal. In one embodiment, the shot sleeve and shot piston are non-circular or oval in cross-section; and the lower die member has a plurality of longitudinally space gate openings.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling the movements of the squeeze plates of a string moulding apparatus where the apparatus generally includes a moulding chamber defined between two squeeze plates. One of the squeeze plates can be pivoted to open the moulding chamber. The production cycle of the apparatus includes, apart from the charging of the chamber with mould material, several movements of the squeeze plates. A movement of one plate commences before the preceding movement of the other plate has finished. The hydraulic system of the apparatus comprises two pumps, one pump for each actuator associated to one of the squeeze plates.

Abstract: The apparatus and a method are used to produce metal fiber, which can increase production efficiency of metal fiber using a metal plate and simplify manufacturing equipments and includes a controlling device. The method for producing metal fiber includes steps of: making a frame in a vacuum condition by removing the air; vertically inserting an end of a metal plate between two induction coils arranged horizontally at an interval in the inside of the frame and heating and melting the end of the metal plate with heat generated by the induction coils; gradually moving the metal plate downwardly and bringing the end of the metal plate into contact with blades of a rotary disk, the rotary disk being horizontally mounted at a lower portion of the induction coils in the inside of the frame and rotating in a high speed; and solidifying metal fiber separated by the blades of the rotary disk.

Abstract: This invention relates to a polyurethane-forming no-bake foundry binder comprising a (a) polyether polyol component comprising (1) a polyether polyol, (2) hydrofluoric acid, and (3) an aminoalkoxysilane, (b) a polyisocyanate component, (c) a liquid tertiary amine catalyst component. Foundry mixes are prepared by mixing the binder system with a foundry aggregate by a no-bake process. The resulting foundry shapes are used to cast metal parts from ferrous and non-ferrous metals.

Abstract: An air conditioning system utilizes heat transfer circulation of the change of two water phases where are liquid and water as primary and heat transfer of other air conditioning heat sources such as mechanical types or non-mechanical types as auxiliary mechanisms to perform composite heat transfer to thereby effectively reduce energy consumption required in heat transfer of the air conditioning systems and decrease thermal pollution resulting from the discharging of waste heat. A water circulation system within an air conditioning unit draws outdoor air into an air inlet passage. A discharge water pipe is located at one side of an indoor heat exchanger to use water in the water circulation system as a heat exchange medium. A large portion of air conditioning load is removed before the incoming air reaches the indoor heat exchanger.

Abstract: An improved apparatus and method for cooling integrated circuit assemblies uses a heat sink having a base and a displacement element having a size substantially similar to an area of heat concentration appropriately positioned on the integrated circuit. A compressive force placed upon the displacement element between the heat sink and the integrated circuit provides an optimum thermal resistance at an interface between the IC and the heat sink for efficient transfer of heat to the heat sink.

Abstract: A solar energy heat exchanger includes a heat pipe that directly heats flowing water in a supplied pipe. A solar collector plate collects solar energy in one part of the heat exchanger. A portion of the heat pipe is located in the solar collector plate. A second part of the heat pipe transfers heat to water in the supply pipe. A heating system is also described. The heating system includes a solar energy heat exchanger, a hot water reservoir, and a heater to distribute heat to a building. Optional supplemental energy sources and control units to regulate operation may also be used. The heat pipe in the heat exchanger may contain capillary tubes to circulate thermally conductive media within a closed heating manifold.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus 1 boiling and condensing refrigerant is constructed to have a stacked construction by stacking a plurality of pressed members 3 and comprises a refrigerant tank portion, a heat exchanging portion and a refrigerant diffusing portion.

Abstract: The within invention makes use of plastic tubing to create an effective two-phase heat exchanger whereby the vapor phase is collected in bubbles in the tubes separated by the areas of liquid phase. The vaporization of the liquid removes the heat, the surrounding medium and the vapor is condensed when cooled. The movement of the vapor and liquid phases is aided by the plastic walls.

Abstract: By construction of heat pipes with two phase heat carrying fluid, an efficient heat transfer system is available. The heating section is used to create, within the heat pipe, build up of vapor pressure which causes the heat carrying fluid to move which then allows for dissipations of the heat into the cooling section. Additions to the system allow for storage of kinetic energy to enhance or regulate the flow, and by introduction of heating elements or porous surfaces, the mechanic can be improved or regulated.