Abstract: The present invention is a method and system to optimize a write channel in a hard disk drive. The method comprises providing a disk having a at least one side with a plurality of tracks, and selecting a target track from the plurality of tracks. Data is written at least once on a predetermined plurality of tracks adjacent to either side of the target track and on the target track. Data is also written a predetermined number of times on tracks immediately adjacent to the target track. Data written on the predetermined plurality of tracks adjacent to either side of the target track and on the target track is then read. The process then determines if a number of errors on the tracks is greater than a predetermined criteria, if so, a write current value of the write channel is decreased, otherwise the write current value is increased.

Abstract: A servo data writing method for employing a head to write servo data that identifies the positions of multiple tracks formed on a recording medium having a disk shape, comprises the steps of: detecting a vibration that is caused by the rotation of the recording medium; and writing servo data while permitting the head to follow the vibration.

Abstract: A technique for adaptively and stably updating the feed forward value required to drive the head of a rotational recording apparatus. A trajectory of a target position is generated for each seek command by using a compound function comprising a ramp function and a sine-wave function. The sine-wave element of the target position is transmitted to an adaptive filter for updating coefficients of the compound formula. All elements other than the sine-wave element are removed to provide a smooth update of the compound function's coefficients.

Abstract: Aerodynamic forces contribute to disk and actuator vibration leading to track positioning errors in storage devices such as hard disk drives. The invention provides a variety of dampening mechanisms and a method of dampening to alleviate these problems.

Abstract: A track width regulating section having a track width, which is smaller than the resolution obtained by the wavelength of the light used for exposure and development of a resist, is formed between a lower core layer and an upper core layer. Since the width of the upper core layer is larger than the track width, magnetic saturation can be effectively reduced. Inclined faces are formed on the upper surface of the lower core layer so as to be inclined in directions away from the track width regulating section, thereby adequately preventing write fringing.

Abstract: As a protective film of an element and a slider in a magnetic head, a film is provided which is excellent in adhesiveness to a film forming surface and which shows sufficient corrosion-resistance property with a thinner thickness. To provided this film, according to the present invention, a DLC film as a protective film is formed onto an element portion end surface and a surface of a slider of a magnetic head core. A film deposition step is conducted plural times to obtain the DLC film with a predetermined thickness when the DLC film is formed using an electric discharge.

Abstract: A disc cartridge having a case to accommodate a disc, a shutter to open or close an opening formed in the case to enable a recording and/or reproducing job with respect to the disc, a discharge path provided at one side of the case to allow the flow of air formed therein during rotation of the disc, and an opening/closing mechanism to open/close the discharge path. Thus, since the discharge path through which the flow of air produced inside the cartridge during rotation of a disc is smoothly discharged to the outside is provided, contamination of the disc by foreign material such as dust can be considerably reduced.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for visually indicating a usage of a magnetic tape that is included in a magnetic tape cartridge. The apparatus includes a take-up spindle for receiving magnetic tape when the magnetic tape is moving in a forward motion. The apparatus also includes a meter assembly having a meter coupled to the take-up spindle. In a first embodiment, the meter is incremented only in response to each full rewind of the magnetic tape. In a second embodiment, the meter is incremented in an amount that is directly proportional to the amount of each rewind of the tape.

Abstract: The head slider of the present invention is characterized in that, when an inertia force is generated, at an upstream position spaced apart by a predetermined distance in the direction of air inflow end from a position where the inertia force is applied to the head slider, and at a downstream position spaced apart by same distance in the direction of air outflow end from a position where the inertia force is applied, the membrane rigidities of air spring layer formed between the head slider and a recording medium are Kl and Kt respectively; and the distance between the upstream position and the downstream position in a direction parallel to the surface of the recording medium is L, and the amount of flying in a vertical direction from the recording medium at the downstream position is Xh, and the angle formed by the surface to be opposed to the recording medium of the head slider against the recording medium in stable flying of the head slider is &thgr;p, then the relation of

Abstract: A magnetoresistive memory element includes a spacer layer; and first and second ferromagnetic layers separated by the spacer layer. The first ferromagnetic layer and the spacer layer form an interface that has been smoothed.

Abstract: An apparatus and method in which a free layer of a spin valve sensor may be stabilized without using permanent magnets are provided. In one embodiment, the free layer is stabilized by a magnetic field applied to the free layer by a ferromagnetic layer pinned at 0 degrees. In an alternative embodiment, the magnetic field is applied by a synthetic antiferromagnetic layer. By eliminating the necessity of having permanent magnets, the drawbacks of these permanent magnets are also eliminated. The apparatus and method eliminate these drawbacks because, (a) layers used in the apparatus and method do not rely on any retention of magnetization; (b) the effect of an effective applied field is not sensitive to adjacent magnetic structures such as shields; (c) there is no permanent magnetism to be altered or lost in the apparatus and method; and (d) the ferromagnetic exchange interaction effect of the apparatus and method is adjustable.

Abstract: A first magnetic layer includes an area which contains an element X (e.g., Cr) and is present in position toward the side of a nonmagnetic intermediate layer from the side near an opposite surface of the first magnetic layer away from an interface between the first magnetic layer and the nonmagnetic intermediate layer, and an area which is partly located in a region from the interface between the first magnetic layer and the nonmagnetic intermediate layer toward the opposite surface of the first magnetic layer and which does not contain the element X. Such an arrangement is able to improve a resistance change rate, to increase a coupling magnetic field based on the RKKY interaction, and to realize satisfactory control of magnetization of a free magnetic layer.

Abstract: An electrical service distribution board is accommodated in a housing, has a feed conductor that is inserted into the housing and has outgoer conductors that lead to individual loads. Electrical service devices with different protection tasks, such as fault current protection, short circuit or over-current protection and the like, which can be connected to the feed conductor and to the outgoer conductors by a plug connection via a connection system which contains connection conductors connected to them. A mounting plate is providing for holding the service devices, with the connection conductors disposed underneath the mounting plate and the mounting plate having openings into which plug elements which are disposed on the service devices can be inserted.

Abstract: A method of determining whether arcing is present in an electrical circuit includes sensing a change in current in the circuit and developing a corresponding input signal, analyzing the input signal to determine the presence of broadband noise in a predetermined range of frequencies, and producing a corresponding output signal, and processing the input signal and the output signal in a predetermined fashion to determine whether an arcing fault is present in the circuit. The processing includes determining a type of load connected to the electrical circuit, based at least in part upon the input signal and the output signal.

Abstract: Compatibility with a current transformer having several kinds of rated current ratios is achieved by finding out a formula of relationship between errors arising in a transformer input circuit and detectable ranges set as setting values of the input circuits which can be optimally set. In connection with that, by dispensing with a gain control section, the number of components, the mounting area and the cost can be reduced. Arithmetic expressions representing the relationship among errors arising in the transformer input circuit, the instrumentation ranges of the input circuits, and detectable errors have been derived. Further by optimally setting the detectable ranges of the input circuits, which are the parameters of the arithmetic expressions, the configuration compatible with a current transformer having several kinds of rated current ratios is achieved.

Abstract: A wide input range power supply for a circuit protection and/or fault detector device includes a passive supply for providing power to a load under nominal input voltage conditions at or near the nominal line voltage with minimum power loss, and a linear regulating supply path for assisting the passive supply at an input line voltage substantially below the nominal line voltage value.

Abstract: Briefly, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, an electrostatic discharge circuit may include an RC timer that may be used to control the operation of two or more tiers within the ESD circuit.

Abstract: To perform a miniaturization and weight reduction of an electric power conversion apparatus, and in extension, the miniaturization of an inverter apparatus itself. In the inverter apparatus which converts a DC voltage into an AC voltage, a semiconductor device for electric power conversion, and a drive and protection circuit which drives and protects this semiconductor device for electric power conversion, and a power supply circuit which supplies power to this drive and protection circuit are integrated in the same module.

Abstract: A receptacle with overload protect comprises an upper cover, a printed circuit board, and a lower cover. The upper cover at least has a pair of outlet slots and the printed circuit board provides at least an outlet corresponding to the outlet slots. The lower cover provides a plug so that the alternate current source can be connected to the printed circuit board as soon as the plug is inserted into a foreign outlet. Hence, the receptacle with overload protect can perform leakage detection, instantly break of secondary end load protection and automatically switching over AC 110V˜220V/15A in addition to the overload protect.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a circuit and method of providing a voltage having a temperature independent current compliance to a load. The circuit includes a first resistive element having a temperature dependent resistivity, a second resistive element, an amplifier, a current module generating a temperature dependent current, and a load current controller. Temperature dependent voltages developed across the resistive elements track each other to enable a constant current limit over a wide temperature range.

Abstract: An electrical resource device of the present invention includes a current restriction portion for restricting current flowing in a semiconductor element based on a predetermined overcurrent restriction threshold by controlling the semiconductor element when the current detected by a current detecting portion exceeds the predetermined overcurrent restriction threshold. The predetermined overcurrent restriction threshold is defined based on a relationship between time and a change of a destruction current amount by which wiring may be destroyed, and is determined to be under the destruction current. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the wiring from being destroyed.

Abstract: A surge protection device is disclosed that includes an input path for receiving an rf signal, dc power, and a surge, an output path for propagating the rf signal, and a dc blocking device coupled in series between the input path and the output path. The surge protection device also includes a first inductor coupled to the input path for isolating the rf signal and providing a path for the dc power, a gas tube coupled to the first inductor for routing a portion of the surge to a ground plane, a second inductor coupled to the first inductor for providing a path for the dc power, and a metal oxide varistor coupled to the second inductor for routing a portion of the surge to the ground plane.

Abstract: A substrate holding apparatus includes an electrostatic chuck for electrostatically chucking and holding a substrate, an chucking power supply for applying a DC chucking voltage to the electrostatic chuck, a chuck drive device for mechanically driving the electrostatic chuck, and a drive control unit for controlling the chuck drive device by applying command information. The apparatus further includes a chucking control unit which compute the accelerations at each time point that the substrate being held undergoes when the electrostatic chuck is mechanically moved, according to the command information which is applied from the drive control unit to the chuck drive device, computes an chucking force required for holding the substrate at each time point by using the accelerations thus computed, and varies an chucking voltage output from the chucking power supply according to the computed chucking force so that the electrostatic chuck generates the computed chucking force.

Abstract: High-Q, variable capacitance capacitor is formed by including a pocket of semiconductor material; a field insulating layer, covering the pocket; an opening in the field insulating layer, delimiting a first active area; an access region formed in the active area and extending at a distance from a first edge of the active area and adjacent to a second edge of the active area. A portion of the pocket is positioned between the access region and the first edge and forms a first plate; an insulating region extends above the portion of said body, and a polysilicon region extends above the insulating region and forms a second plate. A portion of the polysilicon region extends above the field insulating layer, parallel to the access region; a plurality of contacts are formed at a mutual distance along the portion of the polysilicon region extending above the field insulating layer.

Abstract: In one aspect, a method of interconnecting two or more foils of a capacitor, the method comprising connecting together one or more anode connection members of one or more anode foils and one or more cathode connection members of one or more cathode foils and electrically isolating the one or more anode foils from the one or more cathode foils.

Abstract: Multi-layer and cascade capacitors for use in high frequency applications and other environments are disclosed. The subject capacitor may comprise multiple capacitor components or aspects thereof in an integrated package. Such components may include, for example, thin film BGA components, interdigitated capacitor (IDC) configurations, double-layer electrochemical capacitors, surface mount tantalum products, multilayer capacitors, single layer capacitors, and others. Exemplary embodiments of the present subject matter preferably encompass at least certain aspects of thin film BGA techniques and/or IDC-style configurations. Features for attachment and interconnection are provided that facilitate low ESL while maintaining a given capacitance value. Additional advantages include low ESR and decoupling performance over a broad band of operational frequencies.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for an on-chip decoupling device and method. One aspect of the present subject matter is a capacitor. One embodiment of the capacitor includes a substrate, a high K dielectric layer doped with nano crystals disposed on the substrate, and a top plate layer disposed on the high K dielectric layer. According to one embodiment, the high K dielectric layer includes Al2O3. According to other embodiments, the nano crystals include gold nano crystals and gold nano crystals. One capacitor embodiment includes a MIS (metal-insulator-silicon) capacitor fabricated on silicon substrate, and another capacitor embodiment includes a MIM (metal-insulator-metal) capacitor fabricated between the interconnect layers above silicon substrate. The structure of the capacitor is useful for reducing a resonance impedance and a resonance frequency for an integrated circuit chip. Other aspects are provided herein.

Abstract: A force or pressure transducer is disclosed. In one embodiment, the transducer has a substrate, a dielectric material disposed on the substrate, a spacing member disposed on the dielectric material, and a resilient element disposed on the dielectric material and the spacing member. A portion of the resilient element is separated from the dielectric material, and a portion of the resilient element is in contact with the dielectric material. The contact area between the resilient element and the dielectric material varies in response to movement of the resilient element. Changes in the contact area alter the capacitance of the transducer, which can be measured by circuit means.

Abstract: A capacitor having an electrochemical cathode electrode, an electrolytic anode electrode, and a substantially non-aqueous electrolyte disposed between the cathode and anode electrodes. The cathode includes a metal and a finely divided material, i.e. a conducting material with a very high ratio of surface area to volume. The anode includes an oxide forming metal and a corresponding metal oxide. The substantially non-aqueous electrolyte is in contact with the finely divided material forming a double layer electrochemical cathode capacitor. The cathode provides the foundation for interleaving a plurality of anodes with a plurality of cathodes. Insulating layers separate the interleaved anodes from the cathodes.

Abstract: The invention concerns multilayered structures useful for forming capacitors, which may be embedded within printed circuit boards or other microelectronic devices. The capacitor comprises a pair of parallel conductive foils separated by a pair of dielectric layers. The dielectric layers are further separated by a heat resistant film layer such that the capacitor exhibits excellent short circuit resistance. The resulting capacitor exhibits excellent void and electrical short resistance.

Abstract: Analyzing interactions between vias in multilayered electronic packages that include at least two spaced-apart conducting planes, and multiple vias that connect signal traces on different layers. Voltages at active via ports are represented as magnetic ring current sources, which generate electromagnetic modes inside the plane structure. Substantial electromagnetic coupling between vias occurs. A full-wave solution of multiple scattering among cylindrical vias in planar waveguides is derived using Foldy-Lax equations. By using the equivalence principle, the coupling is decomposed into interior and exterior problems. For the interior problem, the dyadic Green's function is expressed in terms of vector cylindrical waves and waveguide modes. The Foldy-Lax equations for multiple scattering among the cylindrical vias are applied, and waveguide modes are decoupled in the Foldy-Lax equations.

Abstract: A computer system includes a speaker-antenna assembly in the base of the system. Multiple speaker-antenna assemblies are situated in spaced apart relationship in the base in one embodiment. This provides both audio separation and isolation between the antennas for space and frequency diversity operation. By locating the speaker and antenna in a common assembly, substantial space savings are achieved.

Abstract: A hinge assembly for pivotably connecting the display portion and the body portion of the portable computer comprises a first fastening portion for attaching to the display portion, a second fastening portion for attaching to the body portion and a pivot portion for pivotably connecting the first fastening portion with the second fastening portion. The second fastening portion also has a first support arm for horizontally inserting into the insertion hole. The cables, for transmitting signals and power extending from the display portion, are electrically connected through connectors to the cable connection region. The cable connect region is formed on the rear wall or bottom wall of the body portion. The hinge assembly of the invention greatly reduces the extraordinary sound resulting from the rotation of the display portion. Also, some covering components can be eliminated to make the assembly much easier.

Abstract: An auxiliary apparatus includes a circuit unit disposed in a housing that is formed with a recess for receiving a personal digital assistant, and a connector mounted on the housing, disposed in the recess, and coupled electrically to the circuit unit. The connector is adapted to couple electrically and directly with the personal digital assistant so as to be able to provide an audio signal from the personal digital assistant to the circuit unit when the personal digital assistant is received in the recess. A loudspeaker unit is mounted in the housing and is coupled electrically to the circuit unit. The circuit unit enables the loudspeaker unit to reproduce the audio signal received by the connector.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus comprises a housing for accommodating a heat generating component and a display unit supported by the housing. A heat receiving head thermally connected to the heat generating component is accommodated inside the housing. A heat radiator is disposed in the display unit. A heat receiving head and the heat radiator are connected to each other through a circulating path for circulating cooling medium. The circulating path is provided with an intermediate cooling unit. Before cooling medium heated by heat transfer by the heat receiving head reaches the heat radiator, the intermediate cooling unit forces cooling medium to be cooled.

Abstract: A heat sink assembly for use with edge connectors, e.g., card edge connectors, of cards or printed circuit boards. The heat sink assembly provides a relatively large heat transfer capacity to control temperatures in contacts of the edge connectors which increases the current rating of the connector by allowing more current to pass through the connector. The heat sink assembly includes fins attached to the edge connector power and ground leads by direct thermal connection, such as soldering, to traces in the board. The fins are connected to the power and ground leads in an alternating or interweaved fashion. The fins are fabricated from thermal conducting material and heat is conducted to the fins where it is removed by the relatively large surface area of the fins. Adjacent fins are electrically isolated such that power and ground fins do not contact.

Abstract: A lead frame of a circuit board is punched in a direction opposite to a heat sink plate. Even if burrs are produced due to the punching, the burrs do not penetrate a sheet or short-circuit to the heat sink plate. A resist film tightly contacts on the periphery of a land of the lead frame of the circuit board, and a plated layer tightly contacts on the land. This prevents electronic components from defective mounting on the land.

Abstract: An optical transceiver module comprises a base (1), a pair of metallic releasable latches (4) attached to opposite lateral sides of the base, and a housing. The housing includes an upper housing (71) and a lower housing (72), which are mounted to an upper side and a lower side of the base respectively. Each latch includes a retention portion (41), and a spring portion (42) bent generally perpendicularly from an outer end of the retention portion. The retention portions of the latches are inserted into receiving grooves (17) defined in side walls (14, 15) of the base. The spring portions of the latches sit on the side steps (152) of the base. The upper housing electrically engages with rear parts of the spring portions. Any electrostatic charge that develops on the upper and lower housings is dissipated to external ground via the latches.

Abstract: A card cage having a series of circuit board slots may be modified using various components of a circuit board adapter. The card cage has a series of slots, each slot having common dimensions and including card guides adapted to house a full height circuit board card by holding a top end and a bottom end of the full height circuit board card. Each modified slot also includes a set of cooperating vertical support member guides located within the slot which cooperate to house the vertical support member within the slot by holding the top end and the bottom end thereof. The vertical support member supports an intermediate card guide which cooperates with at least one of the card guides to house a smaller circuit board within the slot by holding a top end and a bottom end therebetween. Thus, when the intermediate card guide is removed from the slot, a full vertical height circuit board card may be inserted within the slot.

Abstract: A circuit board plug-in system includes a frame, a mother board mounted on the frame and including a mother board connector, and a circuit board including a circuit board connector capable of mating with the mother board connector. Guide rails are mounted on the frame, and each is formed with a channel for the insertion of the circuit board. An actuator moves, under the control of a plug-in controller, the circuit board inserted into the guide rails to thereby selectively connect or disconnect the circuit board connector to or from the mother board connector. The actuator is arranged partly on the circuit board and partly on the guide rails. The plug-in controller is mounted on the frame.

Abstract: A resistive element, a circuit board, and a circuit package, as well as a method of adding a resistive element to a circuit board are described. The resistive element includes a first contact point connected to a capacitor terminal, a second contact point connected to a circuit board plane, and resistive material connected to the first and second contact points. The invention may also include a circuit board with one or more resistive elements, as well as a circuit package, such as an integrated circuit or a discrete bypass capacitor, including one or more resistive elements, applied to an outside surface. The value of resistance for the resistive element can be selected by design to have a predetermined relationship with the equivalent resistance of an associated circuit board and connecting circuitry.

Abstract: An electronic device includes: a substrate; a plurality of operating elements provided in an operating region of the substrate; a first wiring pattern which is provided outside the operating region in the substrate so that the first wiring pattern has the width longer than the operating region; a first electrode formed in a layer different from the first wiring pattern, partially overlapping the first wiring pattern, and supplying common electrical energy to the operating elements; and a conductive section provided in a region in which the first wiring pattern partially overlaps the first electrode, electrically connecting the first wiring pattern to the first electrode.

Abstract: In a wiring board having a terminal for connection of circuits in a variety of electronic devices, a joining section of the terminal is placed on a connecting section of a wiring pattern on the top surface of a lower substrate, two layers of adhesives having different softening temperatures are formed between the lower substrate and an upper substrate, and the lower substrate and the upper substrate are cemented sandwiching the joining section. With this structure, a stable holding force can be secured over a wide temperature range.

Abstract: A structure for a circuit board attaching portion includes a circuit board on which an engaged portion are formed and a mounting part in which an engaging claw are formed. The circuit board is attached to the mounting part by engaging the engaging claw with the engaged portion. A catch preventing portion, which prevents the engaging claw from being caught, is formed on the engaged portion. Even when an edge portion of the engaged portion has an acute angle or even when there is a difference in hardness between the circuit board and the mounting part, the catch preventing portion effectively prevents a catch between the engaged portion and the engagement claw from occurring. Therefore, the efficiency of the attaching work can be improved and the circuit board can be prevented from cracking.

Abstract: A technique for supplying power and data signals to panel-mounted components includes distribution of power and data conductors in a trunk wireway and further distribution to component locations via drop cable assemblies disposed in drop wireways. The drop cable assemblies and trunk cable assemblies may include identical cable. The cables have a plurality of parallel conductors in an insulated jacket. Connectors are mounted on the drop cable assemblies for receiving plug-in component cable assemblies routed to individual components mounted within component panels or bays. The components are thus electrically coupled in parallel with one another and may receive both power and data signals via the drop and trunk cable assemblies coupled to a network. Individual components may be independent installed and removed for servicing with interrupting service to upstream or downstream components in the system.

Abstract: The invention is a low voltage ceiling or wall mounted light fixture for residential and commercial lighting, having included a plurality of high lumen white LED lights incorporated within the fixtures, a light color diffusion panel and a household current to low voltage DC converter within the fixture to convert the AC current to low voltage DC current, saving on the cost of power required to provide illumination for the resident or commercial application and virtually eliminating the need to replace incandescent or fluorescent bulbs, the LED lights having an average duration of over 150,000 hours.

Abstract: A backlight module for a flat panel display comprises a light guide plate having at least one projecting lug on the peripheral edge of at least one side thereof, said projecting lug being connected to a peripheral edge of the light guide plate with a top front portion thereof and connected to the other peripheral edge on the same side of the light guide plate with a bottom end portion thereof; and a frame which surrounds at least a part of the peripheral edge of the light guide plate and includes an opening to closely receive the projecting lug of the light guide plate; wherein the top front portion of the projecting lug, the bottom end portion of the projecting lug and the tip portion of the projecting lug at the utmost distance from the peripheral edge on the same side of the light guide plate are disposed in a nonlinear manner among themselves.

Abstract: A storage compartment is equipped with a light emitting diode (LED) light source for illuminating contents inside the compartment. The LED light source includes a LED light engine outside the compartment and a light guide inside the compartment. The light guide is optically coupled to be LED light engine to bring light from the LED light engine into the compartment for providing illumination inside the compartment. The LED light engine may include red, green, and blue LEDs that contribute to the illumination inside the compartment. Respective outputs of the red, green, and blue LEDs may be separately controllable to allow a variably controlled color point of illumination inside the compartment. Total output of the LED light engine may be controllable to vary intensity of illumination inside the compartment.

Abstract: The present invention includes a dart carrier for carrying darts, dart parts and other items associated with dart throwing. The dart carrier includes a quiver member having storage chambers such as through-bores, reentrant bores, and recesses, for example. The various storage chambers retain and store assembled darts and accessories. The carrier further includes a plunger or piston to elevate stored items resting on a lifter plate in the housing for easy access. The plunger retracts the lifter plate during storage.

Abstract: The Flicker is a portable battery operated, hand held light. This product is unique by the cover it contains. It allows light to shine through a transparent cover that simulates a small flickering fire. The Flicker can be used with or without the plastic slides for numerous looks. The performer returns their appreciation to the audience by performing to greater heights. In addition The Flicker is distinctive by the label which includes the name of the performer, or event and year. Many consumers would find this product appealing and may like to start a collection from several events they have attended therefore making The Flicker unique and collectable memorabilia.