Abstract: A housing apparatus for receiving an image pickup device provided with a light projecting portion for projecting light is provided. The housing apparatus includes a receiving portion for receiving a diffusion plate for diffusing light from the light projecting portion. The receiving portion discloses a housing apparatus, such as a water-proof case, to which the diffusion plate is detachably attachable.

Abstract: A translator demodulates a received digital television signal so as to produce a digital data stream, a symbol clock, and a byte clock, wherein the symbol clock and the byte clock are corrupted by phase noise. The digital data stream is written into a buffer in response to the corrupted byte clock. The corrupted symbol clock is applied to a frequency/phase locked loop having a narrowband loop filter. The frequency/phase locked loop produces a regenerated symbol clock having substantially no phase noise. The digital data stream is read from the buffer in response to the regenerated symbol clock. The digital data stream read from the buffer and the regenerated symbol clock are applied to a modulator for re-broadcasting of the received digital television signal.

Abstract: A video signal processor is provided to receive a luminance signal, a color-difference signal, and a color signal. The processor comprises a circuit for calculating a low-frequency component of the luminance signal, a circuit for calculating a low-frequency component of the color-difference signal, and a circuit for extracting a high-frequency component of the color signal. The processor also comprises a division circuit, a multiplication circuit, and an addition circuit. In the division circuit, the low-frequency component of the color-difference signal is divided by the low-frequency component of the luminance signal, and in the multiplication circuit, an output signal from the division circuit is multiplied by the high-frequency component of the signal extracted, a multiplied signal being outputted as a correction signal for the color signal. In the addition circuit, the correction signal is added to the color signal.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for changing the brightness of an image are provided. The method for changing the brightness of an image includes obtaining a level incremental rate, which denotes the degree to which the brightness of three input color components, i.e., first, second and third color components, will be increased according to a determined color gamut, scaling the input color components using the level incremental rate and determining the results of the scaling as incremental values of the input color components, obtaining a fourth color component value using the incremental values, and obtaining output color components, the brightnesses of which are increased from those of the input color components, using the fourth color component value and the incremental values.

Abstract: A communication unit comprised a first and second splitting/combining device, each having terminals for receiving and transmitting a CATV signal and a data signal, respectively, means for combining the CATV signal and the data signal and a third terminal for receiving and transmitting the combined signal. The first terminals of the splitting/combining devices are interconnected through a device for extracting said CATV signals and each of the second terminals is connected to a switch controlled in such a way that the second terminals are either connected to each other directly or connected to a connection device for connection to a computer. The data signal can bypass flats desiring no data connection. Also, the communication unit may be implemented in two parts: one wall mounted part and one adapter connectable to the wall mounted part and comprising the connection unit, which is needed only where a data connection is wanted.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a video signal switching apparatus having editing function to select an arbitrary video signal from plural video signals or carry out synthesis thereof, which allows an operation unit to be of modular configuration every respective functions to electrically connect adjacent modules of panel modules (22A to 22D) which serve as respective operation modules to each other by relay bases (23), (24) to carry out transmission of signals between both modules, and to allow connection between the panel modules (22A to 22D) and the relay bases (23), (24) to be connector connection to thereby have ability to freely change layout of the panel modules (22B to 22D) of division size in which 19 inches rack size is fundamental in accordance with fondness of operator.

Abstract: A wireless transmitting and receiving apparatus for wirelessly transmitting a video signal to a remote display apparatus, a transceiver therefor, and a channel determining method for determining a channel to be used in transmitting and receiving a video signal between transmitting and receiving apparatuses are provided. The video signal transmitting apparatus comprises a super heterodyne-type transmitter which selects one of a plurality of channels, modulates a video signal to be transmitted, and provides the modulated signal to an antenna; and a frequency band and channel selector which controls a modulation and demodulation frequency of the transmitter. The apparatus enables wireless transmission and reception of a video signal between a video signal processing apparatus and a remote display apparatus.

Abstract: A digital/analog TV receiver is provided comprising a broadcasting signal receiver for receiving broadcasting signals of both ground wave and cable wave, a main controller which carries out the process of full-range scanning including a transmission route examining step of automatically specifying the transmission route of a broadcasting signal and a channel examining step of automatically specifying the channel of the broadcasting signal received from the transmission route, and a memory for holding a channel map where the channel of each broadcasting signal is stored. The main controller can carry out the transmission route examining step to check the receipt of the ground wave broadcasting signal of a digital form by the broadcasting signal receiver and automatically examine from the result of the checking whether the broadcasting signal is received from the ground wave transmission route or the cable wave transmission route.

Abstract: The present invention addresses some of those drawbacks of the prior art through a television control system that controls different models of predetermined number of hospital televisions by measuring the TV's distinct voltage level. The control system is connected to an operating hospital television and has an input device, a controller, a first and second set of control signals, and a voltage reader device. The input device is operable for generating at least one television input signal that corresponds to a television input from a person. The first set of control signals have at least one individual control signal designed to correspond to a first hospital television which is one of the predetermined number of hospital televisions. The second set of control signals have at least one individual control signal designed to correspond to a second hospital television which is one of the predetermined number of hospital televisions, and not the one controlled by the first set of control signals.

Abstract: The addition of a variety of additives to a soluble electroluminescent polymer in solution is used to improve the printability and performance of screen printed light-emitting polymer-based devices. Examples of such additives include transparent polymers, gel-retarders, high viscosity liquids, organic and inorganic salts, and oxide nanoparticles. The additives are used to control the viscosity of the electroluminescent polymer ink, to decrease the solvent evaporation rate, and to improve the ink consistency and working time. In addition, these additives can improve the charge injection and power efficiency of light emitting devices manufactured from the screen printable electroluminescent polymer ink.

Abstract: A television mounting system including a television monitor specifically adapted for mounting on a ceiling or a wall is described. The television monitor includes mounting connectors proximate the top of the left, right and rear sides of the monitor's housing. A ceiling bracket is provided to which the connectors are affixed. The ceiling bracket includes a swivel connector that may be mounted to a ceiling. Each of the left and right sides of the housing further include at least two connectors to redundantly secure the television to the ceiling bracket to provide additional safety. A wall bracket is also provided that is adapted to be coupled with the ceiling bracket, thereby permitting the monitor to be attached to a vertical surface.

Abstract: The invention features a photoconductively addressed display and a method of photoconductive addressing in a display. The method includes providing an electro-optic imaging layer that extends in an X direction and a Y direction and comprises an array of image elements. A column electrode layer is provided adjacent to one side of the electro-optic imaging layer. The column electrode layer includes a plurality of column electrodes that each extend in the Y direction and are spaced from one another in the X direction. A photoconductive layer disposed between the electro-optic imaging layer and the column electrode layer is provided. An elongate portion of the photoconductive layer is illuminated in the X direction while scanning the illumination in the Y direction to translate a location of the illuminated elongate portion.

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid crystal display in which a polymeric component included in a liquid crystal layer is polymerized while adjusting a voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer to regulate the direction of alignment of liquid crystal molecules during polymerization and a method of manufacturing the same. The invention provides a liquid crystal display in which image sticking is mitigated and a method of manufacturing the same. In a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display in which a liquid crystal composition including a polymeric component that is optically or thermally polymerized is sealed between substrates and in which the polymeric component is polymerized while applying a voltage to the liquid crystal composition to regulate the direction of alignment of liquid crystal molecules during driving, a configuration is employed such that a polymerization initiator in the liquid crystal composition has a concentration x that satisfies 0≦x≦0.

Abstract: There is provided an optical element having: a laminate including a reflective type polarizer for separating incident light into polarized light components through reflection and transmission, and a dichromatic polarizer, wherein a variation of hue between two points calculated by the expression: {square root}{(x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2} is not larger than 0.06 when x1 and y1 express a hue at a point with a predetermined elevation angle and any azimuth angle, and x2 and y2 express a hue at another point with the same elevation angle and a changed azimuth angle in the case where transmitted light is obliquely viewed in the condition that the laminate is disposed on a planar light source so that the reflective type polarizer is located in an inner side.

Abstract: A polarizing plate is provided with an optical compensation film and includes a polarizing plate, an adhesive layer A, an optical compensation film, and an adhesive layer B adhered to one another, wherein the polarizing plate comprises a polyvinyl alcohol polarizing film containing a dichroic substance, and wherein the elastic modulus of the adhesive layer A of the polarizing plate with an optical compensation film is not greater than 0.06 MPa. Furthermore, a liquid crystal display is provided in which the polarizing plate with an optical compensation film is furnished on at least one side of the liquid crystal cell. Thus, display irregularities can be improved.

Abstract: A polarizing plate having excellent moisture durability and a liquid crystal display using the same are disclosed. The polarizing plate is produced by covering all surfaces and sides of a polarizer with low moisture-permeable layers having moisture permeability of 310 g/m2·24 h or less. The rate of change in dimension of the polarizer in the uniaxially stretched direction is ±0.1% or less after left at a temperature of 60° C. and humidity of 95% for 100 hours.

Abstract: A protective film for polarizing plate is disclosed in which an contact angle of the surface in contact with a polarizer with respect to pure water is less than 55° and the surface in contact with a polarizer becomes hydrophilic due to a plasma treatment.

Abstract: The present invention provides a color filter which is more durable than a dye-type color filter and also has green pixel portions which exhibit a bright green color having a strong yellowish tinge when used in a liquid crystal display device using a three-band lamp having a main emission line of green light of about 545 nm as a light source, thus enabling the liquid crystal display device to display bright images even when using a backlighting light source having a low intensity. This color filter comprises green pixel portions which (1) contain a halogenated metal phthalocyanine dye wherein 8 to 16 halogen atoms are bonded to benzene rings in one phthalocyanine molecule, and (2) exhibit maximum transmittance at a wavelength within a range from 520 nm to 590 nm with respect to the transmission spectra of the entire range of visible light.

Abstract: The thickness of a liquid crystal layer of a reflection type or semi-transparent type liquid crystal display device and the driving voltage are determined in such a manner that the reflectance of the liquid crystal layer to the blue light component has a maximum value; the values of reflectance to the red, green and blue light components are close to one another in the range lower than the driving voltage; the reflection type or semi-transparent type liquid crystal display device produces a full color image in the driving voltage range where the values of reflectance are close to one another so that the color irregularity and tint irregularity are suppressed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes two substrates and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the substrates and performs display by changing the orientation of the liquid crystal layer from a splay orientation to a bend orientation. Application of a voltage of less than a threshold voltage to the liquid crystal layer allows the liquid crystal layer to have a region where liquid crystal molecules parallel to the substrates predominantly lie on one substrate side and a region where those liquid crystal molecules predominantly lie on the other substrate side, and the two regions are present in substantially equal proportions. In a similar liquid crystal display, the absolute value of a pretilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules in the vicinity of one substrate differs from the absolute value of a pretilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules in the vicinity of the other substrate, and at least one of the substrates is provided with a bend transition nucleus induction means.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display having electrodes on a single substrate. A transparent planar electrode elongated in the transverse direction is formed on the inner surface of a substrate, and an insulating film is deposited thereon. A plurality of linear electrodes, which are elongated in the longitudinal direction and either transparent or opaque, are formed on the insulating film. Potential difference between the planar and the linear electrodes generated by applying voltages to the electrodes yields an electric field. The electric field is symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal central line of the linear electrodes and the longitudinal central line of a region between the linear electrodes, and has parabolic or semi-elliptical lines of force having a center on a boundary line between the planar and the linear electrodes.

Abstract: An LCD apparatus having a liquid crystal layer sealed between a first substrate having a first electrode and a second substrate having a second electrode, wherein the first substrate comprises a reflective layer formed only in a subregion within a pixel region, for reflecting light. A transparent conductive material is used for the first electrode and the first electrode made of the transparent conductive material is layered to cover a transmissive region within a pixel region and over the reflective layer in a reflective region within the pixel region to directly cover the reflective layer.

Abstract: A video signal is sampled in response to a sampling signal, and is fed to a data line. The sampling signal is generated based on an enable signal EN. A timing control circuit includes a group of delay circuits for delaying a reference clock signal CLK, a selector circuit for selecting signals C1-C6 in response to a selection signal CTL, and an enable signal generator circuit for generating an enable signal based on an enable clock signal CLKe. The selection signal CTL is generated based on a phase difference signal M2, and has a constant fluctuation.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a driving voltage supply line 115 connected to a transfer pad 116 through a contact hole 116a. The contact hole 116a is corroded under the open air in a prior art liquid crystal display device. According to the present invention, however, the contact hole 116a is provided in an air tight space between a display area 103a and a sealing material 300, e.g., underneath the sealing material 300. With this structure the contact hole 116a is not exposed to the open air so that its resistance to corrosion is significantly improved.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device with spacers integrally formed at a plastic substrate. The liquid crystal display device comprises: upper and lower substrates joined with liquid crystals interposed there-between, at least one substrate of which is made of plastic; a driving electrode for the liquid crystals formed at the lower substrate; polarizers attached at respective rear surfaces of the upper and lower substrates; and spacers interposed between the upper and lower substrates to maintain cell gaps, wherein the spacers are integrally formed at the substrate, and concurrently act as posts. Also, spacers can be integrally formed at either one of the lower plastic substrate and the upper plastic substrate, or the spacers can be integrally formed at both the lower plastic substrate and the upper plastic substrate, and the spacers have a height of “cell gap±a”, wherein the cell gap is 0.2 to 10 &mgr;m and “a” is not more than 1&mgr;m.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a pair of opposing substrates, a liquid crystal film sandwiched between the opposing substrates, plural electrodes of a first kind disposed on an inner surface of one of the opposing substrates for defining plurality pixels, at least one electrode of a second kind disposed on an inner surface of one of (1) the one of the pair of opposing substrates so as to be adjacent to, but spaced from the plural electrodes of the first kind and (2) another of the opposing substrates so as to face the plural electrodes of the first kind, and at least one spacer disposed approximately at a center of at least one of the plural pixels for establishing a spacing between the opposing substrates. The at least one spacer is fixed to one of the opposing substrates and covered with one of (1) a corresponding one of the plural electrodes of the first kind and (2) a corresponding one of the at least one electrode of the second kind.

Abstract: A device for cutting a liquid crystal display panel includes a first scribing unit for forming a first scribing line at first and second mother substrates by using first and second wheels and pressing at least a portion of the first scribing line with a first roll, a second scribing unit for forming a second scribing line at the first and second mother substrates by using third and fourth wheels and pressing at least a portion of the second scribing line with a second roll, and a first rotating unit for rotating the first and second mother substrates to form the second scribing line.

Abstract: Contact lenses for use in eyes are provided and include a lens body and a plurality of microchannels defined in a posterior face of the lens body. The microchannels are structured to promote effective tear fluid exchange between an exposed surface of the eye and a surface of the eye covered by the lens body. Each of the microchannels preferably includes a substantially junctionless, convex surface along a major portion of a length of the microchannel.

Abstract: Novel optical elements are provided which are capable of post fabrication modifications. Specifically, the invention includes lenses, such as intraocular lens, which can undergo changes in storage modulus after fabrication.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus and method for determining a relative positional and rotational offsets between a first and second imaging device. In exemplary embodiments, the present invention may be used to determine the relative offsets between a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor and a pupil camera.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining the objective refraction of a patient's eye includes a transparent window and a wavefront measurement device that determines aberrations in a return beam from the patient's eye after the beam passes through a corrective test lens in the apparatus. The wavefront measurement device outputs an instant display representative of the quality of vision afforded the patient through the test lens. The display can be a representation of a Snellen chart, convoluted with the optical characteristics of the patient's vision, an overall quality of vision scale or the optical contrast function, all based on the wavefront measurements of the patient's eye. The examiner may use the display information to conduct a refraction examination and other vision tests without the subjective response from the patient.

Abstract: A video projection system employing a concave video screen which provides for enhanced depth cueing. A method of designing a variety of shapes of video screen surfaces by varying certain parameters of a common master equation. Video screen surface shapes providing optimum viewing for specific applications.

Abstract: A color field sequential projector includes an electronically controllable quarter waveplate positioned between a reflection device and a polarized light beam splitter, wherein the controllable quarter waveplate is switched to be optimum for particular wavebands as the illumination distribution changes during a color field sequence. The electronically controllable quarter waveplate provides for improved contrast performance and color purity in the projected image.

Abstract: A projection type display apparatus which can maintain a high contrast for a long period of time and can be produced simply and at a low cost. The display apparatus includes an illumination optical system for emitting a light flux, a decomposition optical system for decomposing the light flux into color lights of red, green and blue, liquid crystal light valves for the colors for receiving the decomposed color lights, a synthesis optical system for synthesizing the image lights of the colors from the liquid crystal light valves, and a projection optical system for projecting the synthesized image lights to a screen. The first optical path from the illumination optical system to one of the liquid crystal light valves for a predetermined one color through the decomposition optical system is formed longer than second optical paths to the liquid crystal light valves for the other two colors.

Abstract: A projection optical system has three LCLVs; a first color-separating mirror for separating a substantially polarized light into a first and second color lights and a third color light; a half-wave plate for rotating the polarization direction of either one(s) of the separated light; a second color-separating mirror for synthesizing the first and the third color light, and further, separating the second color light; a first PBS for separating the first and third color lights and illuminating the first and third LCLVs, respectively, and synthesizing image lights from the first and third LCLVs; a second PBS for illuminating the second LCLV and emitting a image light modulated by the second LCLV; a half-wave plate disposed external to output surface of the first PBS; and a third PBS for synthesizing three image lights, the third PBS has a dicroic characteristics and a polarization characteristics.

Abstract: A real image projection system is provided including a projection system housing with an aperture. This device provides a real image projected into a viewable volume of space. An optical assembly and an object positioning device adjacent to the optic assembly provide the real image. The object positioning device may position an object adjacent to the optic assembly in dynamic or static fashion. The optical assembly receives the light rays reflected from the object. The optical assembly projects a real image of the object into the viewable volume of space. The invention provides environmental visual cues to promote perception of a three-dimensional image.

Abstract: The invention relates to a rear-projecting device comprising: light guides (13) for distribution of light from at least one light source (30) to a light projecting area (10; 62) via at least one, preferably two spatial light modulating arrangements (41; 26), said light modulating arrangements (41; 26) being arranged in relation to a light-projecting area (10; 52) in such a manner that each of said arrangements (41; 26) illuminates a sub-area (10A; 38; 51; 61) of the said light-projecting area (10; 52), said light projection area (10; 52) being wholly or partly transparent. According to the invention, a compact and light efficient system has been obtained.

Abstract: A projection optical system includes a first objective portion and an optical axis turn portion, each having an optical axis perpendicular to a reticle; an optical axis deflecting portion having an optical axis perpendicularly intersecting the above optical axis; and a second objective portion having an optical axis parallel to the above optical axis. An image-forming light beam from the reticle is returned toward the reticle by the first objective portion and a concave mirror provided in the optical axis turn portion to form a one-to-one image of the reticle. The returned image-forming light beam is led to the second objective portion through the optical axis deflecting portion to form a demagnified image on a wafer. During exposure, nitrogen gas is supplied through a gas changeover device to an illumination system unit, a reticle stage system unit, and a wafer stage system unit. During maintenance, air having ozone removed therefrom is supplied to these units through the gas changeover device.

Abstract: In an image recording device, pressing rollers are disposed closer to an exposure position than conveyance roller pairs disposed upstream and downstream from the exposure position. Thus, rising of a trailing edge of a photographic printing sheet which has passed through a conveyance roller pair disposed immediately upstream from the exposure position and of a leading edge thereof prior to reaching the conveyance roller pair disposed immediately upstream from the exposure position can be suppressed, and excellent image recording can be performed. For example, pressing by the pressing roller and nipping by the conveyance roller pair are released before the leading edge of the photographic printing paper respectively reaches the pressing roller and the conveyance roller pair disposed immediately downstream from the exposure position.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus includes a projection optical system for exposing and transferring a pattern on a mask onto an object, an illumination optical system for forming a secondary light source surface approximately conjugate with a pupil in the projection optical system, and for illuminating the mask, and a mechanism for making non-uniform at least one of a transmittance distribution from the secondary light source to the object and a light intensity distribution on the secondary light source surface.

Abstract: The invention provides systems and a method for reducing pellicle distortion. One feature of the invention reduces distortion of a pellicle by providing an airtight mounting structure for coupling a pellicle to a mask; and a port on the mounting structure though which a pressure difference can be created between the interior portion and an exterior environment. Hence, distortion can be reduced by controlling the pressure in the interior portion between the pellicle, the pellicle mounting structure and the mask. Another feature places an aerodynamic fairing adjacent the mask to reduce aerodynamic drag and, hence, suppress turbulent air flow over the pellicle. The features can be used separately or in combination.

Abstract: A laser Doppler velocimeter is formed using erbium-doped fiber as the lasing medium. The fiber is diode-pumped. By properly modulating the lasing in the fiber, pulses of radiation may be generated. A telescope acts as the transmission device to focus the radiation at a specified point, and may also act as the receiving system for reflected radiation. The portion of the reflected radiation collected by the receiving system is analyzed to determine the Doppler shift caused by aerosols or objects at the focal point of the telescope.

Abstract: A method is provided wherein a temperature reading error of a pyrometer is avoided. An upper pyrometer is used to detect infrared radiation from a test layer formed on a test substrate under standard processing conditions. The infrared radiation from the test layer has a period having a length which is indicative of growth rate of the layer. The period is generally inversely proportional to the growth rate. The growth rate is directly related to the temperature.

Abstract: Method and system for detecting the presence and determining characteristics of objects such as ink cartridges in printing systems. The system includes a signal transceiver capable of transmitting signals using a photo emitter and capable of receiving signals sent from the objects using a photo detector, and a monitoring system coupled to the signal transceiver for processing received signals to determine characteristics of the objects. Further, the photo emitter is at least partially covered by a first optical polarizer and the objects include a reflective surface that is at least partially covered by a second optical polarizer. When signals are transmitted from the signal transceiver to the objects, the second optical polarizer allows the signals to reach the reflective surface and reflect back towards the signal transceiver if the orientations of the first and second optical polarizers are substantially the same.

Abstract: An image detection apparatus comprises a light source and a holding apparatus adapted to hold a substrate on which a biological sample may be mounted. Light from the light source impinges on the biological sample and causes light that is representative of the sample to be emitted from the sample. A light detector is positioned in the path of the emitted light and is scanned across the emitted light. The emitted light may be focused on the light detector with optical assembly. The emitted light may be generated by chromophores on probes in the biological sample.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring chromatic dispersion in a waveguide uses a probe signal and a modulated pump signal which are coupled together into a waveguide. The modulated pump signal causes spatial and temporal Raman gain modulation of the probe signal. The amplitude of the pump signal is modulated and the frequency response of the probe signal at the output end of the waveguide is measured. The chromatic dispersion of the waveguide at a given wavelength is determined from the measurements. The probe signal is provided by a CW laser or corresponds to the ASE generated by the pump signal.

Abstract: an apparatus for inspecting a collimator including a pigtail to which a fiber is connected to transmit an optical signal, a GRIN lens coaxially arranged with the pigtail, a glass tube accommodating and supporting the pigtail and the GRIN lens, and a metal sleeve protecting the glass tube, comprising an inspection table; a grip part provided on the inspection table, and gripping the collimator to be inspected; a first camera provided over the grip part having an axis perpendicular to a length of the collimator, and photographing the collimator along the length of the collimator; a second camera arranged coaxially with the collimator on the inspection table, and photographing the collimator perpendicular to an axis of the collimator; and a displaying part connected to the first and second camera, and displaying pictures transmitted from the first and second cameras.

Abstract: The present invention is a method and an apparatus for the purpose of monitoring steam quality, temperature, and pressure, all located at the head of an injection well; steam along with high temperature and pressure are applied towards extraction of dense oil. The space index of refraction, representing the status of the mixture ratio in regards to steam and water, determines steam quality; a fiber optic method is employed for the above-mentioned task. Sensors, in the optical fiber, possess capabilities to also measure the temperature and pressure status throughout the fluid. Continually operating in all weather conditions, without flow obstruction, the sensors directly contact the steam; high temperature and pressure ratio determination would be the resulting outcome.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for quantitatively measuring ripple and distortion levels in a transparent sheet (or film) material is provided. The apparatus includes a light source for projecting light beams onto a screen. A frame assembly is positioned intermediate to the light source and is adapted to hold the transparent sheet material at a predetermined angle and distance from the screen. The light beams pass though the transparent sheet material and projects an image onto the screen. The process includes digitally capturing the image and generating parameter signals from the digital image. The parameter signals are used in a model to quantitatively assign a value to the level of ripple and distortion present in the transparent sheet material.

Abstract: A light source for an atomizing device, specifically an atom absorption spectrometer comprising one, two, or more lamps, whose ray can be selected by means of at least one two-dimensionally moveable optical selection element, and which can be directed in the direction of atomizing device. Fine-tuning is thereby achieved quickly with little constructive expenditure and with low costs. A very high degree of accuracy is possible from the selector through a rotational and highly adjustable rotation spindle.