Abstract: There is disclosed an ice cream freezer comprising a system (1) including a freezer pipe (8) and a cooling system (9), a pipe system I is used for introducing ingredients by means of an introducing pump (1). A pipe system (U) is used for removing finished ice cream by means of a motor (10). There are provided indicators (4, 6) for recording parameters such as pressure temperature flow. In order to provide a situation where condensate dripping which may damage sensitive parts, and which at the same time is service and cleaning friendly, the freezer pipe (8) is placed under the other elements. The cooling system is placed in immediate vicinity of the freezer pipe (8). By this disposition dripping due to condensate on freezer pipe/cooling system may only drip down on the floor and not onto sensitive components.

Abstract: Air conditioner including a case having air inlet and outlet passages therein perpendicular to each other, and a plurality of air inlet and outlets at ends of the air inlet and outlet passages, a regenerative heat exchanger at a cross point of the air inlet and outlet passages for making indirect heat exchange of the external air and room air flowing through the air inlet and outlet passages, a compressor, a flow path control valve for shifting, and guiding a flow path of refrigerant from the compressor proper to respective operation modes, first and second heat exchangers, an expansion device, a first fan in the air inlet passage for blowing external air into a room through the first heat exchanger, and a second fan in the air outlet passage for blowing the room air to an exterior through the second heat exchanger, thereby ventilating as well as heating or cooling the room at the same time.

Abstract: A cool air supplying apparatus of a refrigerator comprises a guide passage formed at a rear wall of a refrigerating chamber and provided with a plurality of discharge ports towards the refrigerating chamber for guiding cool air to a rear side of the refrigerating chamber, and a direction control unit installed at the guide passage for selectively opening and closing the discharge ports in order to control a discharge direction of cool air discharged into the refrigerating chamber.

Abstract: This invention is to increase a floor area ratio of a freezing chamber and a utilization rate of heat transfer. A refrigerator is disclosed, which includes a cabinet having a storage space, a mullion provided in the cabinet to divide the storage space into a freezing chamber and a refrigerator chamber, the mullion having a cold airflow passage provided therein that is communicated with the freezing chamber and the refrigerator chamber, a double suction centrifugal blower provided in a middle space of the mullion and sucking air from the freezing chamber and the refrigerator chamber and exhausting to the cold airflow passage, an evaporator provided in the cold airflow passage for exchanging heat with the air exhausted from the double suction centrifugal blower, a top outlet and a bottom outlet exhausting air being passed through the evaporator to the freezing chamber and the refrigerator chamber.

Abstract: In a refrigerator including a variable temperature storage formed in the chilling chamber so as to have a certain space; a heating room formed on a side of the variable temperature storage; a heating means installed in the heating room in order to generate heat in power supply; a first local circulating path in which cool air in the freezing chamber flows into a rear path through the variable temperature storage; an adjusting means for adjusting a quantity of cool air flowing into/out of the variable temperature storage through the first local circulating path; a second local circulating path in which heated air in the heating room passes the variable temperature storage and flows into the heating room again; and a temperature sensor for sensing a temperature in the variable temperature storage, because various ranges of temperature can be maintained in the refrigerator, it is possible to perform optimum-temperature storing according to kinds of foods, and accordingly various foods can be stored more freshly

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cooling apparatus including a compressor, a condenser, a first expanding unit, a second expanding unit, a third expanding unit, a first evaporator, and a second evaporator; a first refrigerant circuit containing refrigerant discharged from the compressor and flowing into a suction side of the compressor through the condenser, the first expanding unit, the first evaporator, the second expanding unit and the second evaporator; a second refrigerant circuit containing the refrigerant passing through the condenser flowing into the suction side of the compressor through the third expanding unit and the second evaporator; a flow path control unit installed at a discharge side of the condenser, switching a refrigerant flow path so that the refrigerant passing through the condenser flows through at least one of the first and second refrigerant circuits; and a control unit selectively opening and closing the flow path control unit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for treating a natural gas, saturated or not with water, containing essentially hydrocarbons, a substantial amount of hydrogen sulfide and possibly carbon dioxide. The method of the invention comprises a condensation stage intended to condense a major part of the water, a distillation stage wherein a gaseous effluent depleted in hydrogen sulfide and substantially free of water is recovered, and a contacting stage wherein the gaseous effluent from the previous stage is contacted with a solvent so as to obtain a treated gas substantially free of hydrogen sulfide and possibly of carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A heated and softened glass sheet is put on a bending surface of a frame unit to be preliminarily bent by gravity before the glass sheet is pressed by an upper mold and the frame unit. There are steps for using a certain means for controlling an amount of preliminary bending to control deformation of the glass sheet caused by the preliminary bending; and pressing the preliminarily bent glass sheet by the upper mold and the frame unit.

Abstract: A method for quality control of a body comprising an optical raw material and for optimizing its being cut apart into optical elements is described, in which optical discontinuities in the body are detected and the optical elements are cut from those body parts that have as few discontinuities as possible or are essentially free of discontinuities. The method is distinguished in that the three-dimensional shape of the body is detected by means of three-dimensional geometry recognition in a coordinate system, and the optical properties of the body are detected, in body planes located above the other and formed of pixels, by means of scanning radiation, and from that, a three-dimensional image of the optical properties of the body is generated. The optical elements obtained by the method are suitable for DUV lithography, among other purposes.

Abstract: A process for forming glass or glass ceramics is disclosed, wherein a glass ceramics form (12) is made from a starting glass by molding, which is transformed by a heat treatment into a keatite glass ceramic comprising predominantly keatite mixed crystals. With such a keatite glass ceramics form (12) formed bodies can be prepared from blank parts by sagging under gravity force at a temperature above the glass transition temperature of the blank part (14).

Abstract: A float glass chamber and related methods comprising a hot section having an atmosphere in at least the lower plenum comprises less than 3 percent hydrogen based on volume and a cold section, wherein the boundary line between the hot section and the cold section is where the temperature of the glass falls below a threshold temperature

Abstract: A method for forcedly cooling sheet glass includes the step of causing water-cotaining members (11,31) to contact with both surfaces of sheet glass (27) to cool the sheet glass. Sheet glass heated to a predetermined temperrature is brought into contact with water-containing members to thereby quench the surface of the sheet glass. Water in the water-containing members partly evaporates owing to the heat of the sheet glass, and the sheet glass is thereby effectively cooled by the heat of evaporation of water.

Abstract: The present invention provides systems and methods for removing or decreasing the undesirable oscillations in MFD and dispersion in an OTDR trace of an optical fiber. In addition, the present invention removes the undesirable oscillations in core ovality of a preform fabricated by a vapor deposition technique. Briefly stated, the present invention comprises increasing the rotational rate of the substrate tube during the deposition process to between 50-65 rpm, preferably approximately 60 rpm.

Abstract: An optical fiber preform includes a core rod and an overclad tube having an open, distal end dimensioned to enter the mouth of a vertical fiber draw furnace. A plug is fixed in the region of the distal end of the tube, and the core rod is disposed axially inside the overclad tube so that a distal end of the rod is restrained from downward movement by the plug as the tube enters and descends into a hot zone of the draw furnace. The distal end of the tube is heated in the furnace hot zone until the tube and the plug soften and fuse with one another. The tube then collapses onto the core rod to produce a drop from which an optical fiber having desired properties may be drawn.

Abstract: A furnace is provided. The furnace includes a chamber for heating a portion of a preform to draw a fiber. The chamber has a melt region for melting the preform, and at least one port disposed proximate to the melt region. A purge gas supply is provided for supplying a purge gas into the chamber. The purge gas moves vapor products away from the fiber and exits the chamber through the at least one port.

Abstract: An energy-efficient inductive heater operable to heat a rotary glass fiber discharging spinner. The heater includes shielding disposed between the induction coil and the metal guard plates of the heater. The shielding may comprise any electrically insulative or dielectric material that is capable of withstanding the high operating temperatures occurring in a glass making environment.

Abstract: Disclosed is a washing machine and cabinet thereof, which prevents a stress from being concentrated on the cabinet while the washing machine operates. The present invention includes a washing tub having an inner tub rotatably installed to hold a laundry for washing and an outer tub holding the inner tub, a drive means for rotating the inner tub, a body holding the washing tub and the drive means inside, and a front panel in front of the body to have a plurality of notch recesses for preventing stress concentration to improve a rigidity. And, the body includes a base plate at a bottom of the body, a pair of side panels on both sides of the base plate, a rear panel in rear of the base plate and the side panels, and a top panel on the side panels and the rear panel.

Abstract: Disclosed is a drum type washing machine, by which washing performance is increased as well as laundry damage and water pollution are reduced. The present invention includes a tub provided in a cabinet to hold water, a drum rotatably installed in the tub, at least one or more ceramics, and at least one or more ceramic receivers provided on an inside of the drum to hold the ceramic therein.

Abstract: Disclosed is a drum type washing machine and apparatus for water supply thereof, by which an inlet hose is prevented from being frozen to breakage. The present invention includes an inlet valve selectively supplying or cutting off water, a second hose connecting portion provided at the inlet valve, a detergent box storing a detergent and having a water/detergent passage inside, a first hose connecting portion provided at the detergent box, and an inlet hose having one end connected to the second hose connecting portion and the other end connected to the first hose connecting portion, wherein the second hose connecting portion is disposed higher than the first hose connecting portion.

Abstract: Door for a washing machine and dryer, and a washing machine and a dryer with the door, the door including a frame (31) or (32) having a system for opening/closing an opening (15) or (25) provided for introducing laundry into a washing machine or a dryer; and a hinge assembly (100) including a bracket (110) attached to an inside surface of a housing (11) or (21) of the washing machine or the dryer, and a hinge arm (120) having a first member (121) rotatably connected to the bracket (110), and a second member (122) extended in succession to the first member (121) and rotatably connected to the frame (31) and (32) for being drawn to an outside of the washing machine and the dryer, thereby enabling to be rotated relative to the bracket and the hinge arm respectively, so as to be opened at a great angle.

Abstract: Disclosed is a drum type washing machine having a gasket for preventing leakage of water in the tub and the laundry from being stuck in a laundry opening part.

Abstract: Disclosed is a drum type washing machine having a gasket blocking a gap between a laundry entrance and a tub to prevent particles from being put therein. The present invention includes a cabinet having a first opening through which a laundry is put in, a tub having a second opening at a tub front side, a drum provided in the tub to have a third opening at a drum front side corresponding to the second opening, a rotation mans having a rotational shaft penetrating a rear side of the tub to be connected to the drum, a door opening/closing the first opening, and a gasket blocking a gap between the first and second openings to prevent leakage of water and blocking a gap between the second and third openings to prevent a particle from being put between the tub and the drum.

Abstract: A lock assembly includes two mounting seats for mounting respectively on two objects. Each mounting seat has a shackle engaging lobe. A slide seat is slidable between the mounting seats for selectively engaging the mounting seats. A cover member is pivoted to the slide seat for pivoting between closed and open positions, and has another shackle engaging lobe. The lobe on the cover member is disposed between the lobes of the mounting seats to permit extension of a padlock shackle through the three lobes when the cover member is in the closed position while the slide seat engages the two mounting seats. The cover member is turned away from the lobes of the mounting seats to permit sliding movement of the slide seat between the mounting seats when the cover member is moved to the open position after removal of the shackle from the lobes.

Abstract: A lock adapter for an ammunition can having a clamp lever with an aperture includes a rod element received through the aperture and mounted to a side of the can. The rod element incorporates a relieved portion on an end opposite the side of the can and has a length and diameter sized in combination with the relieved portion for clearance of the aperture through an angular displacement of the clamp lever for opening the can. A hole substantially perpendicular to an axis of the rod receives a padlock. A bolt received through a drilled hole in the side of the can engages a tapped bore in the rod. A Bellville washer is placed on the bolt between the side of the can and the head of the bolt. The Bellville washer includes a sealing gasket adjacent the side of the can to seal the bolt and bolt hole preventing moisture from entering the can.

Abstract: A door lock has a primary dead bolt adapted to be controllably connected to a knob and an inner handle, a latch adapted to be controllably connected to the inner handle and an outer handle and a secondary dead bolt adapted to be controllably connected to the inner handle and driven by a key. Therefore, operation of the outer handle retracts the latch and operation of the inner handle retracts both the primary dead bolt and the secondary dead bolt.

Abstract: A door lock linkage is adapted to securely engage with an inner handle and a secondary linkage adapted to be securely engage with a knob to deactivate a primary dead bolt. Engagement between the linkage and the secondary linkage allows the pivotal movement of the inner handle to drive the secondary linkage to pivot so that the primary dead bolt is also driven so that the primary dead bolt is retracted.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a simple deadbolt assembly for hinged doors. The deadbolt assembly includes a deadbolt slideably mounted between two side plates for movement between an extended position and a retracted position. A cam is rotatably mounted between the side plates and actuates movement of the deadbolt upon rotation of the cam. The cam is mounted through an elongated opening in the deadbolt and includes an actuating arm with a guide. The guide is positioned within a corresponding guide channel formed in the deadbolt. Upon rotation of the cam, the guide is rotated through the guide channel and the force of the cam guide is transferred to the deadbolt causing the deadbolt to move between its extended and retracted positions. Opposing leaf springs are mounted to the deadbolt, along the length of the elongated opening to engage the cam and prevent binding between the cam and deadbolt during actuation of the deadbolt.

Abstract: In a steering lock device wherein engagement and disengagement of a lock pin to and from a steering shaft can be selected by the rotation of a rotor, the steering lock device comprises: interlocking means provided between a cylinder body and a joint so that when the cylinder body is pulled out from a housing, the interlocking means causes the joint to move in an axial direction together with the cylinder body; an axial movement preventing member disposed in the housing so as to be moveable in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the joint to engage the joint and thereby prevent the axial movement of the joint when the joint is pulled out a predetermined distance; and a rotation preventing portion provided to the housing so as to engage an outer circumferential surface of the joint to thereby prevent rotation of the joint in a state that the axial movement preventing member engages the joint.

Abstract: An electrically-operated steering lock device, having a lock bolt which is movable between a protrusion position where the steering shaft is locked and a retreat position where the steering shaft is unlocked, and a cam member which is rotated by an electric motor to actuate the lock bolt, is further provided with rotation blocking means which is electrically driven and which, when the lock bolt is placed at the retreat position, engages with a first engagement portion formed in the cam member to block rotation of the cam member, and holding means for holding the rotation blocking means in a state that rotation of the cam member is blocked. In the electrically-operated steering lock device, the steering shaft is not locked during a running of vehicle even if any electrically-operated member has malfunctioned due to noise or the like.

Abstract: An electromechanical locking mechanism provides a plug with a rekeyable primary lock mjechanism such as a tumbler stack, an electromechanical operator such as a solenoid or a motor, and an electronic circuit having a memory, or an electronic memory and an electronic logic stage, controlling activitiation and operation of the electromechanical operator, contained entirely within the plug. Insertion of a blade of a key that is properly profiled and bitted to correctly displace the primary lock assembly relative to a cylinder encasing the plug, and application by the key of electrical power, or of electrical power and a correct data signal, to the electronic circuit, will cause activation of the electrical operator and repositioning of a distal member of the operator relative to the cylinder, and thereby enable torque manually applied to the blade of the key to rotate the plug within the cylinder.

Abstract: A dead bolt lock having a slot or slots for insertion on a dead bolt and legs for spanning the underlying door knob of a door to secure the dead bolt. In an adjustable embodiment the dead bolt lock includes a lock housing having a circular rim and downwardly-extending legs, with notches disposed around the curved top portion of the housing rim. A round opening in the center of the housing rotatably accommodates at least a middle plate, closed by front plate, and a rear plate, the middle plate provided with a middle plate profile slot for receiving a sliding retainer block. The retainer block alternately recesses in a corresponding retainer block slot adjoining the middle plate profile slot and extends into the middle plate profile slot for selective engagement with the dead bolt when the dead bolt lock is in locked configuration. The front plate and rear plate are connected to the middle plate and each have slots that correspond to the middle plate profile slot for accommodating the dead bolt.

Abstract: What is described herein is an aqueous dispersion for coating water-soluble granules of a water soluble active agricultural chemical to substantially increase the rain fastness of the active. The dispersion includes by wt.

Abstract: The invention relates to an expansion tool (1) for expanding tube ends (7). Said expansion tool has an expansion mandrel (8) and a counter-support (9), said expansion mandrel (8) consisting of a tow-bar (10) and an elastic rubber expansion element (11) surrounding it. The counter-support (9) supports the expansion element on the base extremity and radially surrounds it at a distance. In order to improve an expansion tool of the above-described kind, the tow-bar (10) is anchored in a bolt fastening element (20) and the counter-support (9) can be impinged upon via a pressure bar element (25) that projects beyond the bolt fastening element (20) in the longitudinal direction of the tow-bar (10).

Abstract: A rolling die for a ball screw has: a cylindrical portion including a helical protrusion formed in an outer peripheral surface thereof for forming a helical ball groove in a raw material of a screw shaft of the ball screw; and a conical lead-in portion formed in one end portion of the cylindrical portion, the lead-in portion including a plurality of frustum-cone-shaped portions, wherein the contact angles of the frustum-cone-shaped portions with respect to the raw material of the screw shaft are each set so as to increase sequentially in the order starting at and from the frustum-cone-shaped portion adjoining the cylindrical portion.

Abstract: The invention provides a tubing straightening system having two orthogonally positioned sets of rollers for straightening tubing in a first and second plane. Each set of rollers includes two pairs of opposing and corresponding rollers wherein the position of the two pairs of opposing rollers with respect to the corresponding pair yields tubing passing through the set of rollers in two directions to produce a straightened tube in either of the first or second plane respectively. The tube straightening system is particularly effective in straightening tubing for downhole torsional applications.

Abstract: Elongated structural components having regions of different thicknesses, especially for use in automobile bodies, are produced by flexible rolling metal strip so as to form along a length thereof rolled-strip segments of different wall thickness. The sheet bars are cut from the rolled strip and have regions of different wall thickness. Each sheet bar is reshaped in at least one hot-forming tool in at least one hot-forming state and the reshaped sheet bar is then rapidly cooled in the hot-forming tool of the last reshaping stage.

Abstract: A modified cross-section wire material is formed into piston rings such as oil-control rings for use in an engine. An apparatus of the present invention for forming the modified cross-section wire material has a forming unit (15) comprising in combination a non-powered pre-stage four-roll turks-head (16) and a powered post-staged four-roll turks-head (17). Disposed in tandem and downstream of the forming unit (15) is a non-powered finishing four-roll turks-head (21). A forming roll of the powered turks-head (17) has a diameter equal to or larger than 70 times as much as a height-of a flange of the material. In forming, the material is kept at a tension equal to or less than 300 N between the non-powered turks-head stand (16) and the powered turks-head (17), and at a tension of from 50 to 200 N between the forming unit (15) and the finishing turks-head (21).

Abstract: A metallic plate member is provided. A first punch is operable to perform a first forging work to mold a first member in the plate member. The first member has a first function. A second punch is operable to perform a second forging work to mold a second member in the plate member. The second member including at least one kind of positioning member. The first forging work and the second forging work are performed at a single stage.

Abstract: The object of the invention is a pair of crimping pliers that comprises two arms (10) and (12), a fixed jaw and a movable jaw (34), which is articulated in regard to the two arms, and a hinge link interposed between the two arms.

Abstract: The Wheel Well Straightener of the present invention consists of a curved panel having one or more grasping channels for effectively grasping a segment of a damaged wheel well. The Wheel Well Straightener of the present invention also includes an attachment hole such that a come-along, frame machine, power post, hook and chain, or any other suitable pulling apparatus known in the industry can successfully be attached to provide the tension necessary to reform the dented wheel well. Once tension is applied, the Wheel Well Straightener may be advanced along the pinch-weld of the wheel well to smooth any damaged portions and return them to the original wheel well shape.

Abstract: A vehicle exhaust measurement system is provided includes that a conduit having a conduit inlet and a conduit outlet. A make-up air tube is connected to and is in fluid communication with the conduit inlet. The make-up air tube provides make-up air for mixing an exhaust gas. A mixed gas tube is connected to and is in fluid communication with the conduit outlet. The mixed gas tube conveys a mixture of make-up air and exhaust gas to analysis equipment. In the preferred embodiment, the exhaust gas tube extends through an outer wall of the conduit. A mixing plate is arranged in either the conduit or the mixed gas tube with the exhaust gas tube extending to a position adjacent to the mixing plate. The exhaust gas tube conveys the exhaust gas to the mixing plate to mix the exhaust gas and the make-up air at the mixing plate.

Abstract: The present invention continuously monitors the amount of oxygen dissolved in a beverage in a beverage storage tank in a beverage filler. Gas is continuously sampled via the vent holes 28 and the vent pipe 29 from the space part inside the beverage storage tank 1 of the beverage filler and is supplied to the oxygen measuring apparatus 40. The oxygen measuring apparatus 40 includes the oxygen measuring device 45 and measures the concentration of oxygen gas of the delivered gas. Based on the concentration of oxygen gas, it is monitored whether or not the amount of oxygen dissolved in the beer inside the storage tank is at or below a predetermined level. Further, the beverage is sampled from a supply channel supplying the beverage to the beverage storage tank so that the concentration of oxygen in the beverage is measured and monitored.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring trace gases contained in a liquid or a gas using Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. The apparatus comprises a chromatograph for separating a fluid into a plurality of gaseous components, the plurality of components are output from an output port of the gas chromatograph. A cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) unit is coupled to the output port of the gas chromatograph, and the CRDS unit determines at least one level of a trace species based on at least a portion of the plurality of gaseous components provided by the chromatograph.

Abstract: A surface acoustic wave gas sensor for detecting predetermined substances includes a piezoelectric substrate, an input transducer and an output transducer which is formed on the piezoelectric substrate, and a sensitive film which is formed between the input transducer and the output transducer and detects at least one of acetone, benzene, dichloroethane, ethanol, and toluene. The sensitive film includes mercaptoundecanoic acid and CMP composed of cellulose nitrate, dibutyl phthalate, compound of benzene and ethanol, ethyl acetate. The surface acoustic wave gas sensor can quickly detect even small amounts of these substances.

Abstract: An equipment or environment health monitor having a micro gas apparatus incorporating a phased heater array, concentrator, separator and detector for achieving the sensitivity needed for detection of extremely small amounts of fluids. The apparatus is capable of detecting trace gases, and may be utilized to detect “fault” gas of operating equipment so as to determine, for example, the prospects of imminent failure of the equipment. Also, the micro gas apparatus is capable of detecting miniscule amounts of pollutants in ambient environment of a conditioned or tested space. The output of the apparatus may go to a microcontroller and/or processor for prompt analysis. The output from the microcontroller or processor may go to either a transmitter/receiver for wireless communication or a modem for utility line, cable or optical communication with a station for data and results observation and review.

Abstract: A fluid flow control valve is provided with means for detecting and quantifying valve seat leakage when the valve is in its closed position. Any fluid leaking past the seat flows through an orifice of known, fixed dimensions present downstream of the seat when the valve is in its closed position. Pressure transducers measure a first pressure immediately upstream of the seat, a second pressure between the seat and the orifice, and a third pressure immediately downstream of the orifice. The second and third pressures are used to calculate flow through the orifice, and the calculated flow is used with the first and second pressures to determine the size of a leak path across the seat.

Abstract: An arrangement and method for determining one or more characteristics of a sample fluid, and a method to determine the one or more characteristic of the sample fluid, are provided. In particular, a first assembly is contained within a particular housing, and a second assembly is positioned externally from the particular housing. The first assembly includes a first sensor which may be adapted to obtain first data associated with a first characteristic of the sample fluid, and a particular electrical assembly which is electrically coupled to the first sensor, and may be adapted to determine the first characteristic of the sample fluid as a function of the first data. The second assembly includes a second sensor which may be adapted to obtain second data associated with a second characteristic of the sample fluid.

Abstract: The present invention is an apparatus for simulating corrosion activity in liquid and vapor/condensate corrosion environments. The apparatus includes a container, including a lower region containing the liquid and an upper region, including a condenser, a heater for providing heat to the lower region such that the liquid is maintained at a given temperature, a vacuum pump for providing a partial vacuum at a given pressure in the upper region of the container, one corrosion probe removably positioned in the liquid, and a second corrosion probe removably positioned above the liquid.

Abstract: A device for contacting and/or modifying a surface having a cantilever connected to an almost plane carrier element staying apart from said surface, said cantilever having a tip at its loose end being in close contact to said surface. It is proposed that the cantilever stand out of the plane of said carrier element. Further, a method for producing the cantilever having a tip at its loose end. The device is suitable for thermomechanical writing and thermal readout of binary information, lithographic and imaging techniques, and for surface modification.

Abstract: A reverse torque input detection system for a V-belt type continuously variable transmission detects a reverse torque input without using a revolution sensor. The process of detecting a reverse torque input to a V-belt type continuously variable transmission starts at time t2 when a time period for preventing erroneous detection has elapsed subsequent to time t1 when a throttle valve opening was 0/8 and the brake state changed from ON to OFF. The detection process determines the presence of a reverse torque input to a V-belt type continuously variable transmission when primary pressure decreases no less than &Dgr;Ppri from the hydraulic pressure Ppri0 obtained while the brake state was ON and secondary pressure decreases less than &Dgr;Psec from the hydraulic pressure Psec0 obtained while the brake state was ON.