Abstract: The invention is directed to a process of purifying metal fluoride materials used to make metal fluoride single crystals suitable for making optical elements used in the transmission of wavelengths below 200 nm, and in particular to a process of purifying such materials by the use of a halogen containing plasma to convert metal oxygenates contaminating the feedstocks used in the preparation of the crystals to metal fluorides. The invention also is directed to a process of growing a metal fluoride single crystal using a crystal growth furnace to carry out the foregoing purification procedure followed by the steps of melting the purified material and cooling it using s selected time and temperature cycle to from a metal fluoride single crystal.

Abstract: A vapor transport growth process for bulk growth of high quality gallium nitride for semiconductor applications is disclosed. The method includes the steps of heating a gallium nitride source material, a substrate suitable for epitaxial growth of GaN thereon, ammonia, a transporting agent that will react with GaN to form gallium-containing compositions, and a carrier gas to a temperature sufficient for the transporting agent to form volatile Ga-containing compositions from the gallium nitride source material. The method is characterized by maintaining the temperature of the substrate sufficiently lower than the temperature of the source material to encourage the volatile gallium-containing compositions to preferentially form GaN on the substrate.

Abstract: An electroless deposition system is provided. The system includes a processing mainframe, at least one substrate cleaning station positioned on the mainframe, and an electroless deposition station positioned on the mainframe. The electroless deposition station includes an environmentally controlled processing enclosure, a first processing station configured to clean and activate a surface of a substrate, a second processing station configured to electrolessly deposit a layer onto the surface of the substrate, and a substrate transfer shuttle positioned to transfer substrates between the first and second processing stations. The system also includes a substrate transfer robot positioned on the mainframe and configured to access an interior of the processing enclosure. The system also includes a substrate a fluid delivery system that is configured to deliver a processing fluid by use of a spraying process to a substrate mounted in the processing enclosure.

Abstract: A film forming apparatus which forms a film on a substrate by utilizing a chemical solution, including: a correlation data creating unit which creates a correlation data that is related to the quality of a chemical solution, from data that is related to the properties of the chemical solution including at least one of data on storage temperature for the chemical solution to be loaded and data on pressure applied to the chemical solution to be loaded; and a determining unit which determines whether or not the chemical solution holds expected quality thereof on the bases of the correlation data.

Abstract: Liquid is supplied to a space between the projection system and the substrate by an inlet. In an embodiment, an overflow region removes liquid above a given level. The overflow region may be arranged above the inlet and thus the liquid may be constantly refreshed and the pressure in the liquid may remain substantially constant.

Abstract: The design of this machine presents a simple and low cost solution for automatically canceling old labels and barcodes on packages. The unique design enables the machine to be completely independent from the conveying surface by locating labels with image processing and canceling with ink jets or other marking technologies which can be performed while the package is in motion.

Abstract: A plasma apparatus which includes a vacuum chamber provided with an exhaust port and a chuck assembly disposed inside the vacuum chamber. The plasma apparatus also includes a plasma confinement and pressure control apparatus disposed proximate to the substrate. The plasma confinement and pressure control apparatus includes a plurality of ring members disposed adjacent to each other in a superposed fashion and a plurality of lift assemblies disposed along a circumference of the plurality of ring members. The plurality of lift assemblies are arranged to support the plurality of ring members. The plasma confinement apparatus further includes at least one lift mechanism connected to the lift assemblies. The lift mechanism is configured to translate at least one of the plurality of ring members relative to a reference plane and to tilt at least one of the plurality of the ring members relative to the reference plane.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor including: a reactor; a substrate holder for supporting a substrate; a primary gas supply unit for supplying a primary gas to the reactor; a secondary gas supply unit for supplying a secondary gas to the reactor; a first plasma generator for activating the primary gas to produce an activated gas; and a second plasma generator for activating a gas flow which includes the activated gas, wherein the gas flow is blown substantially perpendicularly onto a surface of the substrate on which surface a film is to be formed, and the second plasma generator discharges toward the center of the gas flow. The present invention also provides a system for manufacturing a semiconductor including the apparatus described above and a unit for moving the substrate holder.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for distributing gases into a processing chamber are disclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a gas distribution plate having a plurality of apertures disposed therethrough and a blocker plate having both a plurality of apertures disposed therethrough and a plurality of feed through passageways disposed therein. A first gas pathway delivers a first gas through the plurality of apertures in the blocker plate with sufficient pressure drop to more evenly distribute the gases prior to passing through the gas distribution plate. A bypass gas pathway delivers a second gas through the plurality of feed through passageways in the blocker plate and to areas around the blocker plate prior to the second gas passing through the gas distribution plate.

Abstract: A furnace for heating a wafer is provided comprising a process chamber including a space for processing a plurality of wafers. A heating member is disposed in the process chamber which generates a light and heat for heating the wafers. Moreover, a light blocking member is disposed in the process chamber for preventing the light from being transmitted onto the wafers but which permits the heat to be transmitted onto the wafers for heating the wafers. The furnace can be employed in an apparatus for chemical vapor deposition.

Abstract: A film formation source of a vacuum film formation apparatus for forming thin film on the film formation surface of a substrate comprises: a material accommodating unit containing a film formation material; heating means for heating the film formation material contained within the material accommodating unit; a film formation flow control unit provided at an emission outlet of the material accommodating unit for controlling the direction of the film formation flow. The film formation flow control unit provides a strong directivity to the film formation flow with respect to the moving direction of the film formation surface relative to the film formation source.

Abstract: A delivery system for vaporizing and delivering vaporized solid and liquid precursor materials at a controlled rate having particular utility for semiconductor manufacturing applications. The system includes a vaporization vessel, a processing tool and a connecting vapor line therebetween, where the system further includes an input flow controller and/or an output flow controller to provide a controlled delivery of a vaporizable source material to the vaporization vessel and a controlled flow rate of vaporized source material to the processing tool.

Abstract: Provided is an atomic layer deposition (ALD) apparatus that has an improved reactor and sample holder. The apparatus includes a reactor including an upper plate and a lower plate and accommodating a reaction chamber; and a sample holder supporting a sample loaded into the reaction chamber. The upper plate includes a bottom having a predetermined depth and a sidewall surrounding the bottom, and the bottom and the sidewall of the upper plate define the reaction chamber. At least one gas inlet and at least one gas outlet are installed at the sidewall of the upper plate. The sample holder includes a body and a cylindrical support member. The body has a support plate and a cylindrical support skirt. The sample is mounted on one side of the support plate and the support skirt extends from the other side of the support plate. Also, the support member is inserted in the body and supports the sample. The support plate includes a window that exposes the surface of the sample on which a thin layer is grown.

Abstract: The present method features an active compliant pin chuck to hold a substrate, having opposed first and second surfaces, and compensates for non-planarity in one of the surfaces of the substrate. To that end, the method includes creating a point contact on the first surface to generate a change in shape of the second surface to obtain a desired shape of the second surface. The desired shape may be smooth, if not substantially planar or any other shape desired within the operational parameters of the chuck and the substrate. For example, the method may compensate for non-planarity due to particulate matter on the first surface and substrate topography. These and other embodiments are discussed more fully below.

Abstract: The invention relates to a drive mechanism for a vacuum treatment apparatus by which substrate holders can be transported around an axis (A-A) from an entrance airlock to an exit airlock. A stationary supporting column (1) is disposed in the center and on it a rotatory drive chamber (6) is borne which has control rods (9) for a rotation and a radial displacement of the substrate holders. In the rotatory drive chamber (6), a motor (4) and rotatory displacement drives for the control rods (9) are arranged on the supporting column (1), the control rods being in active connection each with a corresponding substrate holder.

Abstract: An in ovo jet injection apparatus and related methods for treating live eggs. The jet injection apparatus includes one or more jet injection delivery devices configured to deliver one or more treatment substances to predetermined areas of eggs using a high pressure stream of the treatment substance(s). Multiple treatment substances can be delivered so that they are spatially and/or temporally separate. The devices and methods of the invention enable the effective use of a plurality of treatment substances, including those that are effective when used alone but can be noxious if mixed. The methods and apparatus for the jet injection of substances into embryonic chicks reduce the risk of mechanical injury to the developing birds that would be caused by injection needles. The methods and apparatus of the invention can also reduce the introduction of an infection into the chicks.

Abstract: The present invention is directed towards an absorbent material for use as a bedding for animals comprising an absorbent layer comprising OCC or Kraft clippings and gypsum, and a support layer comprising OCC or Kraft clippings and gypsum. The absorbent layer may be fluted and may contain AKD sizing, and the support layer may contain AKD sizing. The present invention also is directed to a method for providing animal bedding for animals by dispersing the absorbent material of the present invention about an area in which the animals are housed. In addition, the present invention is directed to a method of making a multi-layer absorbent material.

Abstract: A supplement storage and organizing system configured to make animal dietary supplements available in proximity to an animal confinement area such as a horse stall. A supplement storage system includes a receptacle having a cavity for receiving supplement material, a cover that is coupled to the receptacle, and a supplement identifier that is coupled to the receptacle. The supplement identifier provides information regarding at least one animal that is associated with the supplement organizing system. The supplement storage system may include a mounting system that has components for removably coupling the supplement storage system to a wall or other object proximate to the animal confinement area. Multiple receptacles may be mounted together to provide an organized storage system. Mounting components may be installed both in a horse stall and in a horse trailer to allow the receptacle to be selectively installed in the stall or the trailer.

Abstract: A manually operated dog treat dispensing machine capable of dispensing dog treats one at a time, the dispenser having a rectangular housing with a hinged housing door and hinged capital that serves as a food supply reservoir which is gravity fed into a spring loaded spindle chamber mounted on an axel and hand crank. Treats exit the dispenser through a chute output consisting of a hinged chute lid, two side walls and a base block and a retaining plate mounted in the end of the chute lid and adjacent to the spindle chamber acts as a stop preventing dispensing of more than one dog treat at a time. The dispenser also can function using a magazine that is inserted inside the rectangular housing area. Magazine stop tabs at the base of the magazine along with the retaining plate mounted on the chute lid prevent the dispenser from dispensing more than one dog treat at a time.

Abstract: The present invention provides a bird feeder apparatus for providing a readily available supply of feed for birds. The apparatus comprises a telescopic-operational assemblage, a shroud assembly, and a hopper assembly. The telescopic-operational assemblage provides a nonlinear, geometrically-based closure mechanism for effectively closing the bird feeder when a large load is placed upon the shroud assembly such as when a squirrel attempts to gain access to feed outlets of the hopper assembly by positioning itself upon the apparatus. Further, the apparatus provides a partitioned, selectively removable (drop out-type) hopper for enabling easy refills; a feed-level status flag assembly for indicating to the user whether the hopper assembly is full or empty; and at least one surround perch assembly for accommodating birds of various sizes.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are rotatable bird feeders. The bird feeders are composed of a generally planar surface having one or more containers positioned about the perimeter of the generally planar surface. In one embodiment, the containers have a first well coupled to a second well. The bird feeder also includes an axle having a first and second end where the first end of the axle is pivotally coupled to the generally planar surface and the second end is coupled to an adapter. The adapter may be coupled to a post or rod or the like to mount the bird feeder in a desired location.

Abstract: A port assembly for mounting within an opening of a mounting structure, such as a feed port assembly for mounting within a bird feeder opening. The port assembly includes a feed port having a port plate with a port opening therethrough aligned with the housing opening to enable access to the bird feed within the housing. The port plate includes a flange engageable with the housing wall. Disposed within the interior of the housing is an anchor having a pair of clamping feet in engagement with the inwardly facing housing wall whereby the anchor is movable with respect to the feed port to clamp the wall between the feed port flange and the clamping feet of the anchor.

Abstract: An anti-roosting device is disclosed. The device includes a track, an electrical conductor, and an electrical source. The conductor is embedded within the track, with a portion of the conductor left exposed. The electrical source provides low amperage at high voltage to the electrical conductor such that the device is harmless to both birds and humans, but will deliver a shock that is effective in keeping birds from roosting thereon. The anti-roosting device may be provided in the form of a ledge or shade having a groove formed therein into which the track and other components are placed.

Abstract: A pet waste disposal device is comprised of a waste bag dispenser, a carrying pouch, a panel, a belt retainer and a belt. The dispenser has a delivery slit for delivering waste bags and a releasably securable cover for retaining the bags within the dispenser. The carrying pouch holds filled waste bags. The panel connects the dispenser to the pouch such that the pouch is positioned below the dispenser a sufficient distance to permit a filled waste bag to be inserted by hand into the pouch. The belt retainer is attached to the rear side of the device. The belt is secured to the device by the belt retainer. The device is intended to be strapped onto the hip of a user. There, it provides for easy access to the waste bags and provides a receptacle for depositing filled waste bags.

Abstract: A high walled litter box having a high entry platform which forces an animal to climb up onto the platform to enter/exit the box, the high walls blocking soiled litter and misdirected waste from being thrown from the box. The entry platform includes a grate with apertures therethrough which allows any litter clinging to the animal to drop through to a sloping floor which returns the litter to the interior of the litter box. A scoop rack has a similar design which returns any litter clinging to the scoop to the interior of the box. A bag clip at the top of one of the walls hold one side of a bag so that a user may hold the bag open with only one hand to facilitate the removal of animal waste or soiled litter to the bag.

Abstract: A pet toilet that prevents scattering of litter material or tracking of litter material into the home is disclosed. The pet toilet comprises a toilet body having a box portion for containing sand or litter, a seat having a floor defining an opening so that dung and urine may pass from the animal to the sand. The seat is removably mounted on the upper opening of the box portion, and the seat may be lifted from a first position to a second position. Preferably, the seat structure defines a plurality of holes. These holes encourage sand to return to the box rather than to be tracked into the house. The toilet may be used without the seat for small pets such as kittens and still provides advantages to prevent the scattering of sand or litter during digging.

Abstract: In order to generate waves in a volume of water (12) of an aquarium, it is proposed that a storage container (22) which extends beyond the surface of the volume of water (12) should be provided in the aquarium (10). Using a pump (32), water is periodically pumped from the water container (10) into the storage container (22) and returned from the storage container (23) into the aquarium (10). The energy delivered to the water during this leads to fluctuations in the position of the free surface (14) of the volume of water (12) and in-phase operation of the pump (32) provides stronger surface displacements in the aquarium (10), which are comparable with a wave in open water and which expose the plants and living beings in the aquarium to an alternating mechanical load.

Abstract: A door-attached pet enclosure apparatus includes a first housing portion attached to a door. A group of sidewall panels and a group of roof panels are retained in the first housing portion when the apparatus is in a folded-up, storage condition and are erected when the apparatus is in the extended, pet-enclosure condition. A second housing portion is attached to the first housing portion. Roof-to-sidewall securing means secure the roof panels to the sidewall panels when the apparatus is in an extended, pet-enclosure condition. When the apparatus is in the extended, pet-enclosure condition, the apparatus provides a pet enclosure. When used in conjunction with a conventional pet access portal in the door, the conventional pet access portal provides an access portal for entry of a pet into the pet enclosure and for exit of the pet from the pet enclosure to outside.

Abstract: An elevated-beam cow stall assembly has a plurality of tubular cow stall dividers supported on a single horizontal beam. This provides room for the cow to lunge slightly to assist her in lying down or getting up. In an embodiment, stanchions or brackets are formed of vertical channel members affixed onto the beam. The tubular stall dividers each have an upper and a lower horizontal rail, the ends of which are mounted into the upper and lower ends of the channel member. Short upper and lower channel portions are fastened to the main vertical channel members, web-to-web, and the tubular stall dividers from a facing row of stalls are mounted on these. The brackets or stanchions may be mounted to the beam using square U-bolts, or by other techniques such as welding.

Abstract: The present disclosure concerns embodiments of a fence-covering system for covering the openings in fence structures, such as an animal corral or arena. According to one aspect, a fence-covering system includes one or more removable fence-covering members that snap-fit onto the existing rails of a fence. Each fence-covering member can include an upper rail-engaging end portion that engages a horizontal rail of the fence, a lower rail-engaging end portion that engages another horizontal rail of the fence, and a generally flat panel member that covers the openings between the rails. According to another aspect, a fence-covering system comprises a sheet of a strong, flexible material, such as a fabric or fabric-like material, that is wrapped around the rails of a fence.

Abstract: A door suspended bird perch includes an overhang over a door. An optional clamp tightens the bird support perch bar in any desirable position. The perch is positioned parallel to, the door, so that the door surface is at the bird's back, which is less confirming visually to the bird. The perch can be moved adjustably outward away from the door. The angle of the perch away from the door can be adjustable as well. A gripping surface is provided upon which the bird can cling or sharpen its claws. Optionally, the perch can be folded flat against the door when stored and not used. In further options the bird perch may have optional food and bowls and/or a litter catch.

Abstract: The apparatus has a circulating moveable cable. The cable runs around a drive cable pulley and a guide cable pulley. Several gates are suspended from the cable. These gates are mounted to the cable by coupling units. In operation the gates abut the horses from behind and induce the animals to walk forwards.

Abstract: A pet furniture system includes a base and a column configured to be coupled to the base. The column includes a plurality of wall sections adaptable to be folded to assemble the column, and adaptable to be unfolded to disassemble the column. The pet furniture system also includes a cover for at least partially covering the column. The cover is configured for repeated removal from, and covering of, said column.

Abstract: A pet toy (20) made up of a wand (26) and a play object (22) flexibly coupled to an end of the wand (26) is taught. The wand (26) has a wand shaft (50) and a wand head (52) rigidly affixed to the end of the wand shaft (50). The wand shaft (50) has a predetermined shaft diameter (54). The wand head (52) has a base width (58) greater than the shaft diameter (54). A flexible coupling (24) flexibly couples the play object (22) to the wand (26). The flexible coupling (24) has a coupling pocket (74) encompassing the wand head (52). The coupling pocket (74) is configured so that the wand head (52) has limited free movement therein. Motion of the wand (26) by a human therefore imparts a complex motion to the play object (22). This complex motion emulates the motion of prey and stimulates the instinct of the pet.

Abstract: An animal reward dispensing apparatus for attaching to an animal trainer's forearm, the apparatus having a dispensing tube defined about a longitudinal axis, the dispensing tube having at least a first and second attaching straps for attaching the dispensing tube to the animal trainer's forearm. The dispensing tube also having a first and second spaced apart ends defining an interior cavity, and a spring located inside the interior cavity of the dispensing tube and positioned between the first and second ends of the dispensing tube.

Abstract: A method of modifying the behavior of an animal including the steps of increasing a stimulation level of a stimulation device in stimulating contact with the animal, the stimulation level associated with one of a plurality of levels, the plurality of levels including a minimum level, applying a stimulation to the animal associated with the stimulation level, determining a compliant behavior of the animal and reducing the stimulation level to one of the plurality of levels between a current stimulation level and the minimum level dependent upon the determining step.

Abstract: The invention relates to a domesticated collarless pet or pets containment system comprised of a series of detection sensors that serve to establish a boundary, a control means which serves to monitor the detection sensors and should a pet or pets advance beyond the established boundary the control means would activate the perceptive sanctioning means, whereby the perceptive sanctioning means may essentially be comprised of water, however the sanctioning means is environmentally friendly and harmless to all life forms. The sanctioning means could further include an audio means whereby the audio means is activated in conjunction with the perceptive sanctioning means. It may, however, be desirable to deactivate the audio sanctioning means during the hours of darkness. However, careful consideration should be given to local noise ordnances.

Abstract: A handle apparatus for use with a harness comprising a handle grip; a first release joint coupled to the handle grip; a second release joint coupled to the handle grip; and a release line coupled to the first release joint and the second release joint. A harness assembly comprising a harness; a handle assembly including a handle grip; a first release joint coupled to the handle grip; a second release joint coupled to the handle grip; and a release mechanism coupled to the first release joint and the second release joint; wherein the handle grip is released from the harness upon activation of the release mechanism.

Abstract: A wearable, multi-positional apparatus and method for transporting an animal horizontally in an adjustable, body-conforming apparatus worn about the human torso. The carrier consists of a convex shaped main body panel bound at it perimeter by flexible, semi-rigid binding material. The body panel passes beneath and is drawn up around the animal that is secured under its hindquarters and beneath the chest area in front of the forelegs away from the esophageal area with the pet in a natural horizontal level orientation. The carrier provides for leg openings that are cushioned and mold around the animal's legs to produce a custom fit. The animal within the apparatus can be carried by hand via tote style handles, and has a multi-positional strap system that permits the carrier to be draped over the shoulder, around a person's waist, across the human chest, or converted to a leash.

Abstract: The double leash coupler is a dog-restraining device adapted to restrain at least two dogs. The coupler includes a swivel that is connected to a wrist strap and at least two carabiners that are attached to the swivel. The swivel includes a first loop and a second loop joined together by a post. Both loops may either pivot about the post or rotate about the post. The carabiners are attached to the second loop. Either standard or retractable leashes are connected to the carabiners and are available for attachment to a typical dog collar.

Abstract: A uniform is worn by a working canine to identify a task or organization with which the canine is associated. The uniform includes a vest with a back portion across the animal's back, belly panels extending from opposite sides of the back portion to wrap around the animal's torso and connected by appropriate fasteners Neck panels wrap around the animal's neck and are connected by suitable fasteners. Visual indicia are affixed to the uniform displaying the task or organization with which the animal is associated. The animal is thus readily identified to the public and to security personnel as a working animal, not a stray or feral dog. The result is reduced or no interference with the animal as it performs its duties.

Abstract: A disposable sanitary garment for pets, such as dogs, cats, and particularly those who lack control of their waste discharges by reason of advanced age, degenerative disease, and the like, is disclosed. The disposable sanitary garment comprises a disposable absorbent garment for engaging a portion of the back of a pet and extending over the tail area to a portion of the pet's underside for absorbing and containing the waste discharges from the pet. The garment further comprises hook and loop fastening means for securing the disposable absorbent garment on the pet at or about the abdomen area. The disposable absorbent garment comprises a tail aperture, a fluid-permeable top layer, a fluid-impermeable bottom layer, and an absorbent core interposed between the top layer and the bottom layer.

Abstract: A housing (10) for a pet accessory, and an associated collar mounting system for mounting the housing (10) on a pet collar (12). The housing (10) includes a casing (14) for housing at least certain components of the pet accessory. Further, the housing (10) defines at least first and second selectively spaced channels (22, 24) for receiving the pet collar (12) and releasably securing the housing (10) on the pet collar (12). The housing (10) also includes at least one protrusion (26) disposed between the selectively spaced channels (22, 24) and which extends outwardly from the casing (14) for engagement with the pet collar (12) to inhibit movement of the housing (10) along the length of the collar (12).

Abstract: A device particularly adapted for carrying one or more plastic bags of the type used to gather a dog's excrement while walking the dog on a leash. The device comprises a flexible planar body portion, an attachment surface proximate one end of the body portion for securing the body portion to a dog leash and a plurality of slits extending through the body portion and intersecting at a common aperture so as to define a plurality of adjacent resilient fingers between the slits for engaging and pressing against a portion of one or more plastic bags inserted therethrough. A tether is preferably provided between the attachment surface and the leash for the securement of the device on the leash.

Abstract: A liquor gun holder for a recovery furnace includes a rail assembly, a carriage assembly moveably mounted onto the rail assembly such that the carriage assembly is moveable longitudinally along the rail assembly, a pivot pin supported by a bearing and extending laterally from the carriage assembly, and a cleaning assembly pivotally mounted onto the pivot pin such that the cleaning assembly is rotatable about a horizontal axis extending longitudinally through the pivot pin and is positioned laterally from the carriage assembly and the rail assembly, the cleaning assembly including a clamp adapted to secure a liquor gun thereon such that the liquor gun is rotatable with the cleaning assembly and is positioned laterally from the carriage assembly.

Abstract: The monitoring system has particularly utility in monitoring the coolant system of an internal combustion engine of an automotive vehicle. The system will alert the driver of changes in the coolant system due to leaks or overheating much faster than a conventional temperature gauge. The system includes a low pressure switch connected to the coolant system by a manifold and a high pressure switch connected to the manifold. Each of these pressure switches are connected to alert displays, such as LEDs. If the pressure of the coolant system is below a preset limit, the low pressure display will alert the operator. Similarly, if the pressure of the coolant system exceeds a preset limit, the high pressure system will alert the operator. A pressure gauge can also be incorporated into this system to provide a constant status report of the pressure of the coolant system. This is particularly useful when the LEDs are powered down.

Abstract: A cooling water communication passage extending in a cylinder disposition direction is provided at a cylinder block-integrated crankcase of an engine with parallel multiple cylinders loaded by being tilted forward, and cooling water is supplied to a water jacket from the cooling water communication passage. The cooling water communication passage is adjacently disposed below the water jacket at a rear side of the cylinder bank, a water pump is placed at a crankcase side wall located at a rear side from a crankshaft, and a downstream side cooling water pipe through which the cooling water discharged from the water pump is passed is connected to an intermediate portion of the cooling water communication passage.

Abstract: A cylinder block for an internal combustion engine has a water jacket formed between cylindrically configured cylinder walls and a jacket sidewall. The cylinder walls is arranged to slideably retain pistons therein. The jacket sidewall is disposed around an external periphery of the cylinder walls. A pair of external block walls is provided on transverse sides of the cylinder block to extend almost an entire longitudinal length of the cylinder block. The external block walls are spaced apart from the jacket sidewall in a transverse direction to form gaps therebetween. The top end portions of the external block walls constitute an external flange portion of a top deck of the cylinder block. Thus, the rigidity of the top deck of the cylinder block is improved, and the sealing between the cylinder block and a cylinder head via a head gasket is improved.

Abstract: A rotational engine structure is disclosed. The rotational engine comprises a cylinder seat body, a cylinder seat, a piston and a cap body. The interior of the cylinder seat body is an oval rail having a hole for the shaft of the cylinder seat to pass through. The cylinder seat has two parallel circular paths having an air hole. A valve body is provided to the air hole, and the top section of the cylinder seat is a cylinder seat cover and the piston is positioned within the two paths. The external end face of the piston is a recess for mounting to a rotating wheel.

Abstract: A combustion type nailing machine includes: a cylinder; a piston movably supported in the cylinder; a combustion chamber provided in an upper portion of the cylinder, the combustion chamber in which mixture of fuel and air is burned so as to drive the piston; a driver blade integrated with the piston, for ejecting a nail when the piston is driven; and at least two piston rings with which a seal between an outer periphery of the piston and an inner wall of the cylinder are maintained, the piston rings each having one opening portion. The piston rings are superimposed on each other such that the opening portions are shifted not to overlap with each other.