Abstract: An engine-flywheel hybrid in which the engine power is varied mainly by the frequency of power cycles, not by the power per power cycle. The flywheel absorbs the energy from the power cycles and delivers energy. The rotary stop start mechanism stops and starts a crankshaft efficiently with minimal energy loss. This is accomplished by varying the offset of a double crank four bar linkage. The invention allows an engine's flywheel to be quickly be brought up to speed in about a half of a revolution, followed by combustion, expansion, and stopped one revolution after starting. Further, utilizing offset, the engine crankshaft will turn faster than the input shaft when the piston is at top dead center, shortening the time of highest heat transfer, making the engine more efficient. Also, that when used as an auto engine, the part load efficiency would be near the maximum efficiency of the engine, nearly doubling the miles per gallon of the auto.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a gear shift assembly for all-terrain vehicles which comprises a gear shift rod, for driving a transmission wheel to drive a first gear shift fork and a second gear shift fork to move for driving a first sliding member and a second sliding member of a gear shift to shift gears, wherein the first gear shift fork is disposed on the external periphery of a sleeve, and a guiding member and a spring are disposed in sequence on the gear shift fork to define a whole gear shift fork module on the sleeve by passing a pin of the first gear shift fork through the guiding member, such that the internal periphery of the gear shift fork module is coupled onto the gear shift fork rod. Thus, the invention can simplify the manufacturing process, lower costs and facilitate the assembly.

Abstract: Working-machine steering apparatus includes an assist mechanism for reducing a force necessary for operating any one of left and right operating members. First and second cord members, connected to the left and right operating members, are wound on first and second pulleys in a U shape with given pre-slack. As a human operator operates any one of the left and right operating members, the corresponding left or right cord member is brought into close contact with the first or second pulley, so that rotation of a drive source is transmitted to the first or second pulley via a rotation shaft. The necessary operating force of the left and right operating members can be reduced using the rotation of the drive source via the assist mechanism.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a pop-up prevention structure for steering columns. This invention employs frictional force obtained by horizontally tightening a tilt lever and the engagement of a fixed gear with a movable gear, thus preventing a steering column from undesirably popping up when a vehicle is in a collision, therefore minimizing injury to a driver.

Abstract: The invention relates to a steering column arrangement for a motor vehicle, in particular a tracked vehicle, with a steering wheel, assigned to which are means for the electrical or electronic transmission of steering movements of the steering wheel to a vehicle control system, and the steering wheel being arranged in a rotationally movable manner on an upper steering column part, which is held adjustably in relation to a lower steering column part arranged fixedly on the vehicle. Means for vertical adjustment and means for longitudinal adjustment are provided between the lower steering column part and the upper steering column part, in order to adjust the upper steering column part in its height and in its length in relation to the position of the driver's seat.

Abstract: A control assembly adapted for use on a vehicle to be controlled in response to variations in first and second control signals, comprising a stationary mounting member and a handle (33;57;69) adapted to be held in the hand of an operator. The handle is moveable in forward and reverse directions to generate the first signal and is moveable in left and right directions to generate the second signal. The control assembly comprises an elongated connector member (23,25;47,53;65) which by itself, or in cooperation with one of the stationary mounting member (11,41;61) and the handle, defines a first pivot axis (A1). When the handle is held in a normal manner in the hand of an operator, the first pivot axis (A1) is oriented generally perpendicular to the arm of the operator, and approximately intersects one of the hand and the arm of the operator.

Abstract: A handlebar for a bicycle has first and second laterally extending portions disposed outboard of a central attachment portion. Each of the first and second laterally extending portions is preferably winged-like in configuration to provide reduced air resistance. The first laterally extending portion includes an aerobar clamping mechanism, and the second laterally extending portion includes a second aerobar clamping mechanism. Each aerobar clamping mechanism includes a tapered receiving sleeve having an axis that is generally parallel to a travel axis of the handlebar. A collet having a major axis that extends in a plane generally parallel to the direction of travel of the bicycle is receivable within the receiving sleeve. The collet includes a plurality of axially extending slots that permits the diameter of the collet to be varied. The collet includes an aerobar receiving slot having a major axis that is generally co-linear with the axis of the collet, and is provided for receiving an aerobar.

Abstract: The invention relates to a pedal system for bicycles that comprises a shoe insert, which can be fastened to the exterior of a shoe and provided with a detent element. The pedal system also comprises a pedal, which can be fastened to the bicycle, can rotate about an axis, and which has a seat for accommodating the detent element. Said detent element can be locked counter to elastic force inside the seat and can be released therefrom by executing a rotating movement. The seat for the detent element is formed between two seat parts which are rotationally symmetrical with regard to the pedal axis and which can be displaced away from one another counter to elastic force in the direction of the pedal axis.

Abstract: In a transmission housing for motor vehicles, which consists of magnesium or a magnesium alloy and is provided with reinforcement ribs having rounded base sections, transverse ribs which extend in the rounded base sections of the housing ribs and the transmission housing wall is relatively thin and provided on the outside at least partially with a waffle-patterned surface reinforcing the housing wall thereby saving weight and providing in the manufacturing process for good casting flow conditions and cooling properties.

Abstract: A liquid for the preparation of powder mixtures on the basis of iron or stainless steel, comprising water, an inhibitor, and a stabilizer, and a method of forming the same.

Abstract: The invention relates to an adaptation of the cold spray process to provide a method of coating fine metal particles, including aluminum and copper, onto a work piece. In one embodiment, the invention is a metal agglomerated hard sphere composition capable of providing about a 1 micron or thicker coating of a metal on a work piece in a cold spray process. In another embodiment the invention is a method of coating metal particles, including metal particles having a particle size of about 0.01 to about 10 micron, onto a work piece. The method of the invention circumvents many of the problems associated with cold spray processing of very fine particles.

Abstract: A mixed powder for powder metallurgy to be used as a feedstock of a green compact includes an iron powder and/or an iron alloy powder, a component for improving mechanical properties, and a thermosetting resin powder. In the mixed powder, the thermosetting resin powder is composed of at least one resin selected from the group consisting of an epoxy-polyester-based resin, an epoxy-based resin, and an acrylic-based resin. In addition, the average particle diameter of the thermosetting resin powder is 100 ?m or less, and the content of the thermosetting resin powder relative to the total amount of the iron powder and/or the iron alloy powder is 0.05 to 1.0 mass percent.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for producing fine particles. According to the production method, a molten material 1 which has been formed by melting a raw material to be formed into fine particles is supplied in the form of droplets 1a or a jet flow to a liquid coolant 3, and a vapor film formed so as to cover the molten material supplied to the liquid coolant 3 is forcedly broken to promote vapor explosion, thereby forming and cooling fine particles for solidification. The production method and apparatus can readily produce fine particles from a raw material having a high melting point, and can relatively readily produce submicron fine particles such particles are difficult to produce by mean of the previously developed technique. The method and apparatus can produce amorphous fine particles, or polycrystalline fine particles having a target particle size by regulating conditions for fine particle formation and for cooling-solidification.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for forming compositions having a plurality of ultra-fine metallic particles, and the metallic composition produced therewith. Also provided is a substrate coated with the plurality of ultra-fine metallic particles obtained in accordance with the method of the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention provides a metallic composition, which contains a plurality of ultra-fine metallic particles (e.g., ultra-fine copper, nickel, or silver particles) having at least one desirable feature, such as, tight size distribution, low degree of agglomeration, and high degree of crystallinity and oxidation resistance. The present invention further provides a method for forming the ultra-fine metallic particles. Also provided are a substance or substrate coated with the ultra-fine metallic particles and a method of coating a substance or substrate with the ultra-fine metallic particles. Furthermore, the present invention provides a method of controlling the size of ultra-fine metal particles formed in a reducing reaction in a liquid. Also provided is a method for producing ultra-fine metallic particles, which utilizes a concentrated reaction system.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for forming compositions having a plurality of ultra-fine metallic particles, and the metallic composition produced therewith. Also provided is a substrate coated with the plurality of ultra-fine metallic particles obtained in accordance with the method of the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention provides a metallic composition, which contains a plurality of ultra-fine metallic particles (e.g., ultra-fine copper, nickel, or silver particles) having at least one desirable feature, such as, tight size distribution, low degree of agglomeration, and high degree of crystallinity and oxidation resistance. The present invention further provides a method for forming the ultra-fine metallic particles. Also provided are a substance or substrate coated with the ultra-fine metallic particles and a method of coating a substance or substrate with the ultra-fine metallic particles. Furthermore, the present invention provides a method of controlling the size of ultra-fine metal particles formed in a reducing reaction in a liquid. Also provided is a method for producing ultra-fine metallic particles, which utilizes a concentrated reaction system.

Abstract: The present invention provides a metallic composition, which contains a plurality of ultra-fine metallic particles (e.g., ultra-fine copper, nickel, or silver particles) having at least one desirable feature, such as, tight size distribution, low degree of agglomeration, and high degree of crystallinity and oxidation resistance. The present invention further provides a method for forming the ultra-fine metallic particles. Also provided are a substance or substrate coated with the ultra-fine metallic particles and a method of coating a substance or substrate with the ultra-fine metallic particles. Furthermore, the present invention provides a method of controlling the size of ultra-fine metal particles formed in a reducing reaction in a liquid. Also provided is a method for producing ultra-fine metallic particles, which utilizes a concentrated reaction system.

Abstract: The present invention provides a metallic composition, which contains a plurality of ultra-fine metallic particles (e.g., ultra-fine copper, nickel, or silver particles) having at least one desirable feature, such as, tight size distribution, low degree of agglomeration, and high degree of crystallinity and oxidation resistance. The present invention further provides a method for forming the ultra-fine metallic particles. Also provided are a substance or substrate coated with the ultra-fine metallic particles and a method of coating a substance or substrate with the ultra-fine metallic particles. Furthermore, the present invention provides a method of controlling the size of ultra-fine metal particles formed in a reducing reaction in a liquid. Also provided is a method for producing ultra-fine metallic particles, which utilizes a concentrated reaction system.

Abstract: A method of leaching a metal value from a heap of a metal-containing ore and a heap leaching operation are disclosed. The method includes establishing a downward flow of a leach liquor through a section of the heap by supplying the leach liquor onto a top surface of the section and allowing the leach liquor (containing metal values in solution) to drain from a lower part of the section. The method is characterized by supplying the leach liquor onto the top surface of the section at a flow rate that is sufficient so that the downwardly flowing leach liquor saturates the section of the heap.

Abstract: A process for forming knife blades such as for kitchen or sport knife use comprises injecting a compound including a binder and a metallic powder into a mold having a shape of the knife blade, removing a green blank from the mold and sintering the green blank to produce a sintered blank. The sintered blank is then subjected to a hot-isostatic-pressure to produce a finished blank. An insert may be placed in the mold to impose a desired feature, such as a logo or legend, on the green blank during the molding process. The mold is so configured as to changeably receive the insert so that a first series of blanks can be made using the insert, then a new insert may be emplaced to impose a different feature on succeeding blanks formed in the mold. An edge component may be placed in the mold, around which the blank is injected, to form a compound blade.

Abstract: A combination of tools for use in adjusting the valves in an internal combustion engine, and particularly the movement of the valve contacting end of a rocker arm in a motorcycle engine, comprises a socket, a hollow rod sized to fit in the opening in the top of the socket and a screw driver sized to fit through an upper opening in the rod so that the valve adjustment screw can be adjusted while the locking nut thereon is easily unlocked using the socket.

Abstract: A hammer equipped with a mallet attachment and a measuring scale. The mallet attachment includes a surface cap for covering the striking surface of the hammer such that the hammer is visible as a mallet which provides a resilient surface. A surface cap holder stores the surface cap when using the hammer. The measuring scale is located on a grip which surrounds a hammer shank. The hammer functions as both a hammer and a mallet.

Abstract: A wrench with torque augmenting means consisting of an output socket wrench which utilizes a ratchet arrangement and which includes an input cog that is adapted to receive an external drive tool. The input cog constantly rotates under the influence of the external drive tool and a camming surface formed on the arm of the input cog coacts with a cam follower surface on the drive plate of the output to move the drive plate. A spring within the housing of the apparatus connected to the drive plate will cause the drive plate to return to its initial position where the action of the camming surface of the rotating cog arm from the input cog can then repeat its function. Rotary movement of the output in one direction is accomplished during the oscillation of the drive plate by means of the ratchet positioned within the drive plate.

Abstract: A new mechanism of an open-end adjustable spanner includes right latch, left latch, return spring, and control containing hairpin springs and serrated bit respectively installed by deck into an accommodation trough of a handle to create a torque transmission structure to turn a ratchet by gearing to permit easy alignment of the ratchet at the bolt or nut and avoid falling off before and after tightening or loosening up the bolt or nut; and allow efforts-saving and convenient torque application in clamping head of a bolt or nut by selecting a proper specification of the configuration of the open end of the ratchet.

Abstract: A torque-indicating socket wrench control mechanism to provide safe, high efficient, and high strength torque operation by preventing accidental falling off or out of control due to improperly use of external force is essentially by having a primary control to plunge a the socket at a proper angle by dialing a rotation part to drive the primary control to displace by rotation when an auxiliary positioning lever being pushed in by a spring to lock to an end of a wing retainer for assuring of an effective positioning of one-way retaining thus to select the torque direction desired for transmission for the handle of the wrench.

Abstract: A ratchet wrench includes a handle having a head portion provided with a through hole, an inside chamber laterally recessed from a surrounding wall of the through hole, and a top notch formed in a top side of the handle in communication with the inside chamber, a driving member with toothed portion rotatably mounted in the through hole of the head portion, a pawl mounted in the inside chamber of the handle and provided with a toothed portion for detachably engaging the toothed portion of the driving member, a switching member fixedly connected to the pawl for moving the pawl along the top notch of the handle, and a positioning device mounted in the inside chamber of the handle for forcing the pawl into engagement with the toothed portion of the driving member.

Abstract: A sleeve includes a passage defined therethrough so as to accommodate a polygonal object. A plurality of ridges extend from an inner periphery of the passage at even spaces and grooves are defined between the ridges. Each of the grooves is a rounded groove and each ridge has two side surfaces and a top surface which is in connection with the two side surfaces. A clamp angle between two extension lines of the two side surfaces of each ridge is in a range between 40 to 60 degrees.

Abstract: A fastener has provided particularly useful for mounting a panel to an underlying supporting structure. The fastener includes a socket component and a plug component. The socket component has a cup open at one end and an external spiral thread. The axis of the spiral thread is parallel with the open direction of the cup. The socket may be embedded in a predrilled aperture in a supporting structure by a rotary driving action. The wall of the cup provides a constriction or throat spaced from the bottom of the cup. The plug component has a base with an external spiral thread and a protrusion from the base. The base of the plug can be screwed into a predrilled aperture in a panel. A protrusion from the base extends substantially co-axial with the axis of the thread. The protrusion includes a head portion spaced away from the base. The protrusion is sized to enter the cup of the socket component and the head portion is sized to interfere with the throat but to be forcible past the throat.

Abstract: A socket includes a dark surface defined in an outer surface thereof and a specification is engraved in the dark surface and electro-plated with an anti-rusting light color layer which is clearly seen. The dark surface is treated by manganous phosphate and coated with a transparent protection layer.

Abstract: The pivotal retaining device comprises; a pivotal portion having at least one first pivotal blocks at a distal end of a clamping portion and at least one second pivotal block at a front end of a handle portion; each first pivotal block having a respective first through hole. Each second pivotal block has a respective screw hole positioned corresponding to the through hole; each second pivotal block having a positioning hole which communicates into the screw hole; a pin inserting into the positioning hole; at least one retaining shaft; each retaining shaft inserting through the through hole and the positioning hole so as to fix the first pivotal block to the second pivotal block. Each retaining shaft has an insertion hole. The pin passing through the positioning hole further inserts through the insertion hole; thus the first pivotal block being firmly secured to the respective second pivotal block.

Abstract: A manually operated rotatable impact tool including: a driven member having means for retaining and driving a fastener about an axis, the driven member further having at least one impact stop offset from the axis; a driving member rotatably connected to the driven member for driving the driven member about the axis to loosen or tighten the fastener; an impact mass movable along a path in communication with the impact stop; a spring disposed in the path for storing energy upon rotation of the driving member; and an energy releasing mechanism for releasing the stored energy and allowing it to be at least partially transferred to the impact mass such that the impact mass accelerates and strikes the impact stop upon the release of the stored energy.

Abstract: It is an object of the invention to provide a technique that can alleviate noise when the clutch comes into engagement. Representative tightening tool according to the invention comprises a motor, a driven shaft driven by the motor, a tool bit driven by the driven shaft and a clutch mechanism. The clutch mechanism includes a driving-side clutch element, a driven-side clutch element and an engagement speedup mechanism. The engagement speedup mechanism causes the driven-side clutch element to move at higher speed than the driven shaft when the driven-side clutch element moves toward the driving-side clutch element together with the driven shaft so as to engage with the driving-side clutch element. According to the invention, because driven-side clutch element can swiftly move toward the driving-side clutch element by the engagement speedup mechanism, noise when the clutch comes into engagement can be alleviated.

Abstract: A vinyl window scoring tool useful for rapid modification to the width of various standard sizes of flat vinyl trims to a smaller chosen width. Further, the tool may be used for edge-guided scoring on either or both sides of vinyl window flush-fins. And similarly, also for edge-guided scoring parallel to existing drywall window casing and sill ends. The tool comprises a slitting-component and a scoring-component hinged together in front by a coupling pin inserted through aligned holes. Each component possesses a laterally moveable and securable blade-hold apparatus including a captured blade. An element spanning both components provides controllable pressure on the vinyl trim by the aligned blade points sandwiching the trim as it's pulled through. Removal of the coupling pin disconnects the scoring-component and permits its independent use for modification facilitated by edge-guided scoring techniques on flush-fins and drywall casings.

Abstract: An order transition in a corrugated is accomplished by creating an overlap of the slits made by the slitting tools associated with the expiring (running) and new orders. However, the slit tool associated with the innermost slit between the upper and lower level outs is maintained in slitting contact with the board to extend the slit line into further overlap with the slits made by the new order tools to create an order change region. A lateral cut is made to connect the innermost slit between the upper and lower level outs on the new order and the slit created by the tool delayed from withdrawal in the running order.

Abstract: Provided is a cutting apparatus employing a high pressure fluid jet including a super high pressure pump for increasing pressure of a fluid so as to form a super high pressure fluid, a super high pressure fluid nozzle having an orifice for ejecting the super high pressure fluid so as to form a high rate ejected flow, a super high pressure fluid pipeline for connecting the super high pressure pump and the super high pressure fluid nozzle to each other, and a switch valve interposed between the super high pressure fluid nozzle and the super high pressure fluid pipeline so as to connect or disconnect supply of the super high pressure fluid; wherein the super high pressure fluid nozzle is provided in plurality, in which diameters of the orifices provided with nozzles are different from each other, and supply of the super high pressure fluid from the super high pressure fluid pipeline to the super high pressure fluid nozzle is changed from one nozzle to another nozzle of the plural super high pressure fluid nozzle

Abstract: A rip fence for movable and positionable use on a worktable of a cutting machine includes an adjusting handle for control locking of the fence to the worktable, and a trigger, which keeps the fence locked to the worktable when it is not pressed and, which enables the user to unlock the fence from the worktable by operating the adjusting handle when it is pressed.

Abstract: A complete and portable tool for retaining round, square or other non-flat stock, especially pipes, in a secure fashion while cutting and related operations are performed thereon. The portable pipe cutting tool includes an adjustable work support, V-shaped trough, chain and tightening device, catch tray, left and right support arm bracket, mounting stand, and power tool having a base portion that, as a unit, secure the pipe in place while being cut, grooved or otherwise worked on, by an operator. The portable pipe cutting tool prevents sideways, upward, rotational or other movement of the pipe during such operations.

Abstract: A paper cutter, wherein an interlocking member which moves up and down with always maintaining a condition parallel to a base plate is disposed between a paper pressing plate and a rail; linking pins are inserted into second guide holes formed in cam members of the interlocking member and first guide holes formed in supporting bodies so as to support both ends of the rail with the linking pins; by moving the interlocking member to a right-and-left direction by rotating holding means which supports the interlocking member rotatably on the supporting body; and the rail and the paper pressing plate supported to the rail via a paper pressing spring are moved up and down.

Abstract: A machine for cutting the border of a workpiece using one or more water jet cutting tools. The tools may be carried by one or more monorail track mounted carriage assemblies. The machine can also include an aperture forming apparatus for forming circular openings and/or elongated slots in the workpiece prior to/or simultaneously with the border trimming operation, all while the workpiece occupies a single work station in the machine. In one embodiment, the aperture forming apparatus features a cutting tool mounted on an elongate arm affixed to and extending from a plate which is fixedly oriented in a horizontal plane. In another embodiment of the apparatus, a motor rotates a cam carried on a free end of a stationary arm, the cam containing an eccentrically mounted cutting tool.

Abstract: A metal cutting band saw is provided that includes a main carrier, on which an intermediate carrier is pivotally mounted. The saw frame, which can be adjusted in the direction of the workpiece, is mounted on the intermediate carrier by means of a swivel support or a parallel guide. The swivel support for connecting the main carrier to the intermediate carrier is located above the workpiece to be processed.

Abstract: The apparatus for cutting film tubing described herein is intended for use in a machine for applying tubular labels to each of a series of containers that are transported on a conveyor. The film tubing is advanced incrementally through a ring gear and a bore in a platform on which the ring gear is rotatably mounted. A number of pinions with attached cutting blades are rotatably mounted to the platform in positions to mesh with the ring gear. One of the pinions is driven to rotate a single revolution when the film tubing has been advanced. The driven pinion causes the additional pinions to rotate through rotation of the ring gear, causing the blades to cut the film tubing.

Abstract: A band saw includes a saw base having an upright support, a worktable supported on the upright support and tiltable relative to the saw base, and an adjustment mechanism for driving the worktable to tilt relative to the saw base. The adjustment mechanism includes a locating seat fastened to the saw base and provided with a guiding channel, and a movable bar slidably inserted through the guiding channel of the locating seat. The movable bar has an end slidably coupled to the worktable. A driving unit is connected to the movable bar for driving the movable bar to move axially.

Abstract: The invented teaching method includes setting a token skill mastery task involving one or more repetitions of a two-handed digital maneuver by a student on a musical instrument; thereafter explaining the musical theory behind the maneuver; and associating the maneuver with a musical goal to reinforce the student's mastery of the skill. Preferably, the number of the one or more repetitions is based upon the student's level of skill mastery; the explaining includes asking the student one or more questions configured to elicit verbal responses of understanding; and the associating includes placing the skill in a musical context familiar to the student.

Abstract: A mute device for a stringed instrument is readily attached to the strings of the instrument. The mute can be adjusted longitudinally along the strings while playing the instrument, for achieving a variably muted sound. The invention is preferably used in combination with an electric bass guitar, and is manipulated along the strings near the bridge to acquire a particular muted sound for a note.

Abstract: A pen instrument is provided with a controllable whistle. The whistle includes a tubular body; a sleeve connected at a rear end to a first open end of the tubular body and at a front end to a rear end of the pen instrument to connect the whistle to the pen instrument; a whistle-producing reed structure fixedly provided in an inner space of the tubular body and including a reed; and a cut-off device provided at a predetermined position on the tubular body and operable by a user to allow or cut off flowing of air through the inner space of the tubular body. A balloon is connected to a second open end of the tubular body and inflated when the cut-off device is in a position allowing air to flow through the tubular body into the balloon.

Abstract: A drumstick and method of making it are disclosed, wherein a rigid ring is fixed to a drumstick body. The ring is disposed substantially at a pivot point located at a position disposed sufficiently rearwardly from the drumstick body tip that the majority of the weight of the body is disposed forwardly of the ring. The predetermined distance is determined by supporting the drumstick body between a fulcrum and a scale, and moving the fulcrum and the scale relative to one another until the scale reads a certain percentage of the weight of the drumstick body to determine where the pivot point is located on the body.

Abstract: A wind instrument manifesting a trumpet and a French horn, for example, is for exercising the fingers includes key plungers arranged on a top wall of a housing with the plungers supported by a movable plate in the housing chamber. Springs are associated with each plunger for providing a resilient load on each plunger manifesting the load on valve operating key plungers of a corresponding wind instrument. A mechanism displaces the plate to place a load on the plungers representing a horn or a trumpet or other instruments. A thumb wheel is provided on a screw in a mechanical mechanism to displace the plate. A reversible DC motor is coupled to a screw in an electrically activated mode to displace the plate in opposite directions by reversing the polarity of a current applied to the motor. Two switches reverse the current polarity. Three plungers are associated with the housing top wall and a fourth plunger manifesting a French horn is associated with a housing end wall for exercising the thumb.

Abstract: On the basis of performance event information, at least two notes to be sounded in succession or in an overlapping relation to each other are detected, and a tone pitch difference between the detected at least two notes is detected. Tone pitch difference limitation ranges are set in corresponding relation to various rendition styles. Rendition style to be imparted to the notes to be sounded in succession or in an overlapping relation is designated, and a comparison is made between a tone pitch difference limitation range corresponding to the designated rendition style and the detected tone pitch difference, so as determine whether the designated rendition style is applicable or not. In this way, whether the designated rendition style is to be applied or not is automatically controlled in accordance with the tone pitch difference of the at least two notes to be imparted with the rendition style.

Abstract: Synthesis of time-varying MIDI control signals useful in creating spatial perturbation, chase effects, new forms of rich musical timbre modulation, spatially-distributed timbre constructions, and other types of sonic animation. Phase staggered multi-channel MIDI-format control signals are created using one or more low frequency oscillators, each with a plurality of phase shifting elements. Control signal waveshapers may be included in the control signal synthesis chain. In an exemplary embodiment, frequency and phase parameters are adjustable, with values that may be recalled from stored program control and/or modulated in real-time by incoming MIDI control signals. In another exemplary embodiment, each outgoing control signal additionally may be independently assigned a selectable waveshape, which is determined by values that may be recalled from stored program control and/or modulated in real-time by incoming MIDI control signals.