Abstract: Flow velocity sensor and a length sensor are provided on or near an edge of the lip plate which the air jet from the embouchure hole impinges against. Jet flow velocity Ue at the edge and a jet-blowout-outlet-to-edge distance d are detected by the sensors. Jet transfer time ?e is calculated by an equation of ?e=d/Ue, and a jet traveling angle ?e? is calculated by an equation of ?e?=2?fso1×?e (where fso1 represents a frequency of a tone to be generated). When ?e? has decreased to ?/2 during tone generation in a primary mode, the mode changes to a secondary mode to raise the pitch of the currently generated tone by one octave. When ?e? has increased to 3?/4 during tone generation in the secondary mode, the mode changes to the primary mode to lower the pitch of the currently generated tone by one octave.

Abstract: Disclosed is a digital multimedia broadcasting receiver for preset recording and a method thereof.

Abstract: With a decimal-fraction address representing a position between two continuous sample values and input from a decimal-fraction address calculation block (5-2) assumed as x, a product-sum block (5-5) calculates the value of x(1?x) as the sum of exclusive logical sums by approximating the value of (1?x) with a value obtained by inverting the values of all the bits representing x. With the use of the thusly obtained value, the waveform sample value (the waveform value) at a waveform position designated by the decimal-fraction address x is calculated, and time-divided DCO outputs are generated by using the calculation result and output to an accumulation block (5-6).

Abstract: A hybrid musical instrument and a PDA form a musical performance system, and a user controls the hybrid musical instrument by means of the PDA; when the user pairs the hybrid musical instrument with the PDA, the musical instrument converts an identification code to a machine-recognizable image such as an image of a QR code on a monitor display, and the PDA takes in the image of QR code through an image pickup device; the PDA restores the image of QR code to the identification code, and stores it in a memory; and the identification code is directly transmitted from the hybrid musical instrument to the PDA without any keying-in so that the user feels the pairing work easy and speedy.

Abstract: At least one musical instrument, a server computer, a mobile telephone and a communication network form a music performance system; the owner has registered the musical instrument with a client database in the server computer, and a user transmits a request for music data distribution service to the server computer through the mobile telephone; upon reception of the request, the server computer searches the client database to see whether or not the owner has contracted the provider for the music data distribution service; when the server computer finds the owner in the client database, the server computer transmits a set of music data codes directly to the musical instrument so that the mobile telephone is shareable between the musical instrument and another musical instrument.

Abstract: The present system and method describes an ear training system and method designed to teach a subject the ability to recognize and perceive absolute pitch. The system and method present a melody word including a target pitch. The subject is then exposed to a query sound. The subject is then tasked to determine whether the target pitch is present in the query sound. A reinforcing sound and/or a visual indicia associated with the target pitch may be provided to assist the subject in determining the presence of the target pitch in the query sound.

Abstract: A tone control device applied to an electronic wind instrument realizes an octave-changeover-blowing technique in which the same note is produced with different octaves respectively by use of the same fingering state, thus increasing controllable ranges with regard to the tone volume, tone color, and tone pitch. A plurality of flow sensors are arranged in proximity to an edge with which a jet flow caused by blowing air into a blow hole of a lip plate collides within a tube of a wind instrument controller simulating an air-reed instrument. The flow sensors are horizontally arranged to detect a jet width, thus controlling the tone volume; and the flow sensors are vertically arranged to detect a jet eccentricity or a jet thickness, thus controlling the tone color. Ascending or descending of the tone pitch by octaves is controlled by use of the flow sensor and a jet length sensor.

Abstract: An electronic keyboard musical instrument capable of performing delicate sound board vibration control based on outputs generated individually for respective ones of transducers, thereby realizing production of natural sounds with sufficient volume, and an easy tone quality adjustment. A sound board is fixed to a frame, and the transducers are mounted to the sound board so as to be spaced from one another. In accordance with first and second performance signals generated in response to a key operation of a keyboard and a damper pedal operation, driving signals for the transducers are individually generated in consideration of characteristics and mounting positions of the transducers, and the driving signals are supplied to the transducers. The sound board is thereby caused to vibrate at a frequency varying according to a tone pitch, thus producing a musical tone and/or a damper tone.

Abstract: A key operation detection unit of an electronic keyboard instrument that suppresses increase in reaction forces with key depression operation, to improve a key touch feeling. A depression operation of any one of keys of the keyboard instrument is detected by first and second corresponding detectors of the detection unit. The detectors are surrounded by an outer resilient projection and each comprised of an inner resilient projection and a movable portion extending therefrom toward a base plate of the unit. With key depression, the movable portion of the first detector is in contact with the base plate and its inner resilient projection is deformed to generate a reaction force. With further key depression, the inner resilient projection of the second detector brought in contact with the base plate is deformed to generate a reaction force smaller than the reaction force from the first detector.

Abstract: A new and improved electromagnetic pickup for a musical instrument having a plurality of ferromagnetic strings includes an elongated ferromagnetic core and an elongated, annular, electrically conductive pickup coil disposed in encompassing relation to the core to enable the pickup to generate a favorable signal-to-noise ratio and to generate signals having a broad range of frequency and “sustain” characteristics.

Abstract: A keyboard apparatus is including a plurality of keys and a plurality of mass members provided under the respective keys to be pivotably supported on a keyboard frame being a support member, each of the mass members extends along a longitudinal direction of the key and has a mass concentration part in its rear end portion, and when not driven by a mass driving part of the key, each of the mass members is in an inclined state with the mass concentration part being at the lowest descended position. The keyboard frame has a rib provided between two adjacent mass members among the plural mass members, and at least part of a lower edge of the rib is formed along lower edges of the mass members in the inclined state.

Abstract: Blank cartridge devices for attachment over a muzzle flash suppressor and methods of operating the same are disclosed. A disclosed example includes a muzzle flash suppressor mounted on a barrel that includes a muzzle, a longitudinal bore including internal threading, an inner cone in communication with the longitudinal bore, and a lateral opening located in a side of the muzzle flash suppressor between the inner cone and the muzzle of the muzzle flash suppressor. A disclosed example further includes a blank cartridge device that includes a tube, a cover and a stop block. The tube is sized to penetrate the longitudinal bore of the muzzle flash suppressor, and the tube has external threading to threadingly engage the internal threading in the longitudinal bore of the muzzle flash suppressor. The tube also includes an outer cone to form a seal with the inner cone of the muzzle flash suppressor. The tube further defines a core bore that is in communication with the bore of the barrel.

Abstract: Paintball or non-lethal gun or marker apparatuses are disclosed to prevent projectiles from being inadvertently discharged from a paintball or other non-lethal gun or markers.

Abstract: A composite armor panel and method of manufacturing the same are disclosed. In one embodiment, a plurality of ceramic spheres are positioned in contact with an armor substrate. A polyurea layer is interposed between the plurality of ceramic spheres such that the polyurea layer partially encapsulates the plurality of ceramic spheres and bonds the plurality of ceramic spheres to the armor substrate. The plurality of ceramic spheres are partially exposed and oriented in a direction of anticipated impact.

Abstract: The invention provides a modular armored vehicle system comprising an armored combat vehicle chassis having a plurality of areas substantially free of metallic ballistic armor and a plurality of composite armor plates for absorbing and dissipating kinetic energy from high velocity, armor-piercing projectiles, each of the plates being adapted for attachment to the chassis and sized to cover at least one of the plurality of areas, wherein each of the plates comprises a single layer of bodies which are directly bound and retained in plate form by a solidified material wherein a majority of each of the bodies is in direct contact with at least four adjacent bodies, wherein the solidified material and the plate are elastic and wherein the bodies have a specific gravity of at least 2.4 and are made of a ceramic material.

Abstract: An active armor system which includes an outer and an inner armor layer with a medial space between these inner and outer armor layers layer. One or more relatively small shaped charges are positioned on the inner armor layer in the medial space. If the outer armor layer is struck by a projectile having a shaped charge, one or more of the small shaped charges positioned in the medial space near where the projectile has struck the outer armor layer are detonated. The small shaped charges in the medial space are positioned so that when they are detonated, their jets will tend to intersect with or be oppositely directed to the jet from the shaped charge on the projectile so as to disrupt the jet from the projectile and prevent the penetration of the inner armor layer. The small shaped charges in the medial space may be detonated by an electrical current produced when a piezoelectric material, an electrostrictive material, or a magnetostrictive material in the outer armor layer is struck by the projectile.

Abstract: A pneumatic valve includes a housing having an inlet port and a delivery port and an exhaust port. A valve element is movable in the housing to control air flow between the inlet port and the delivery port and the exhaust port. The valve includes a rolling element actuator for converting a rotary actuation force to linear movement of the valve element.

Abstract: A cylindrically shaped valve rod is housed in a valve hole formed in a cylinder body in a manner so as to be rotatable around a center axis line, and a connecting hole having a first hole opening that is allowed to communicate with a first flow path hole, and a second hole opening that is allowed to communicate with a second flow path hole is formed in the valve rod. A flow adjusting groove that is extending in a circumferential direction around an outer periphery of the valve rod from a position of the first hole opening is formed, and the flow adjusting groove is formed such that a groove width gradually narrows toward a tip end side and the groove depth gradually shallows at the same time, so that the valve opening extent is adjusted along with rotating operation of the valve rod.

Abstract: A hydraulic grip-control unit provided with at least two gripping arms driven hydraulically to seize loads while cooperating with a striker arm of the grip with the control unit in use being connected hydraulically between a hydraulic fluid source under pressure and hydraulic cylinders each of which drives a gripping arm to form a closed supply circuit in which the source feeds fluid to the cylinders connected hydraulically in parallel and with the unit including a flow divider connected along said supply circuit between said source and said cylinders to apportion the flow of the circuit between the cylinders in parallel.

Abstract: In an actuator for a brake system or a method for making a brake actuator, an attachment mechanism for attaching a diaphragm to a piston includes a plurality of protrusions on one of the piston and diaphragm and a plurality of cavities on the other of the piston and diaphragm, each protrusion being insertable into a corresponding cavity to attach the diaphragm to the piston. Alternatively, a retaining ring is provided that need not be precisely made and yet can attach the diaphragm to the piston securely and sealingly.

Abstract: A contactor for effecting passage through a membrane from a first fluid a second fluid is provided. A cylindrical pleated membrane cartridge is positioned within a housing having a first inlet and a first outlet from a first fluid and at lest a second outlet for a second fluid. At least one baffle is positioned within a first flow path for the first fluid.

Abstract: A method of operating a fuel cell system includes providing a fuel inlet stream into a fuel cell stack, operating the fuel cell stack to generate electricity and a hydrogen containing fuel exhaust stream, separating at least a portion of hydrogen contained in the fuel exhaust stream using partial pressure swing adsorption, and providing the hydrogen separated from the fuel exhaust stream to a hydrogen storage vessel or to a hydrogen using device.

Abstract: A four-step partial pressure swing adsorption method and apparatus is provided for gas separation, such as for recovering fuel from the fuel exhaust of a fuel cell stack.

Abstract: A method of operating a fuel cell system includes providing a fuel inlet stream into a fuel cell stack, operating the fuel cell stack to generate electricity and a hydrogen containing fuel exhaust stream, separating at least a portion of hydrogen contained in the fuel exhaust stream using partial pressure swing adsorption, and providing the hydrogen separated from the fuel exhaust stream into the fuel inlet stream.

Abstract: A filter element (102) comprising a filter media (106) and a membrane (114). The filter media (106) filters impurities (e.g., water and/or contaminants) from a liquid (e.g., a liquid fuel initially containing impurities) as the liquid passes from the inlet side (110) to the outlet side (112) of the filter element (102). The membrane (114) is permeable to air and impermeable to the liquid and the impurities. The membrane (114) is positioned to provide a bypass from the inlet side (110) to the outlet side (112) of the filter element whereby air intermixed with the fluid will not accumulate on the inlet side (110) of the filter element (102).

Abstract: Arranged within a cylindrical housing 1 are capturing cells 2 each including a cylindrical outer electrode 7 capable of capturing particulates and an inner electrode 6 inserted into the outer electrode and lined at its outer surface with a dielectric 5. Exhaust divergent means 3 is arrange on an end of the housing 1 so as to guide exhaust G to interiors in the respective capturing cells 2; exhaust convergence means 4 is arranged on the other end of the housing 1 so as to communicate with a gap 14 between an inner surface of the housing and outer surfaces of the outer electrodes 7 in the respective cells 2. The inner and outer electrodes 6 and 7 are connected to an electric discharge controller 15. Thus, provided is an exhaust emission control device with high removal efficiency of particulates and with easiness in maintenance.

Abstract: A driving section is provided for a housing. A fan is rotated in the housing by the driving section. Saturated steam, which is supplied to the housing, is separated into a liquid component and a gas component by applying the centrifugal force to the saturated steam by the fan to make the saturated steam pass through a cylindrical separating wall. The liquid component is discharged from an outlet port of the housing by the separating wall and a shielding section. On the other hand, the gas component is discharged from a discharge port formed at an upper portion of the housing.

Abstract: A filter condition indicator for a vacuum appliance having a filter includes a housing with a diaphragm dividing the housing into first and second chambers. One chamber receives a pressure indication from inside the filter, and the other chamber receives a pressure indication from outside the filter. An indicator device is activated by movement of the diaphragm in response to a pressure differential between the first and second chambers.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a brew head assembly comprising a gear-driven locking assembly and a sealing assembly, whereby the brew head assembly is capable of sustaining pressures up to four (4) bars. The locking assembly comprises a lever, drive rod having a gear or gear-tooth surface, drive rod clamp, lock plate having a gear-tooth surface or gear on its upper surface, lock plate or gear stopper, lid mount, and brew head bottom, all operatively linked to form the locking assembly. In a preferred embodiment, the lock plate is in the form of a sliding member or rotating disc. The gear or gear-tooth surface on the lock plate will mate or mesh with the corresponding gear or gear-tooth surface on the drive rod, such that movement of the lever translates into rotation of the drive rod and movement of the lock plate into a locked or unlocked position.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a brew head assembly comprising a gear-driven locking assembly and a sealing assembly, whereby the brew head assembly is capable of sustaining pressures up to 20 bars. The locking assembly comprises a lever, drive rod having a gear or a gear-teeth surface, drive rod clamp, lock plate having a gear-teeth surface or a gear on its upper surface, lock plate or gear stopper, lid mount, and brew head bottom, all operatively linked to form the locking assembly. In a preferred embodiment, the lock plate is in the form of a sliding member or rotating disc. Gear or gear-teeth surface on the lock plate mates or meshes with the corresponding gear or gear-teeth surface on the drive rod, such that movement of the lever translates into rotation of the drive rod and into either a linear or rotational movement of the lock plate between a locked or unlocked position.

Abstract: In a coffee automat, a vertically adjustable and lockable outflow unit (3), which comprises at least one coffee outflow tube (6) in fluid-conductive connection with a coffee brewing device is continuously height-adjustable relative to a cup base and can be locked by a locking means. In order to easily and smoothly adjust, in a coffee automat rationally to be manufactured, the outflow unit (3) with the locking means released, the outflow unit (3) is supported on housing (1) by means of a longitudinal ball bearing (12) as a first bearing element, which embraces a vertical longitudinal ball bearing shaft (13) as a second bearing element. One of the two bearing elements is connected with outflow unit (3) and the other of the two bearing elements is in solid connection with a housing (1) of the coffee automat.

Abstract: A beverage maker for pouring hot water flowing out from a hot water pour-out port provided in the top housing 16 of the main body unit 10 of the beverage maker into a beverage extraction funnel 76, and collecting the extract liquid there extracted in a vessel 66. The beverage maker includes a connecting member 30, which is provided above the beverage extraction funnel 76 and rotated about a vertical axis, and a scatter 70, which is detachably provided on the connecting member 30 and conducts hot water to the beverage extraction funnel 76 so that the hot water drip position and drip volume for the beverage extraction funnel 76 varies according to variation in the liquid surface of the hot water in the scatter 70; and the connecting member 30 conducts hot water received from the hot water pour-out port to prescribed positions in the scatter 70.

Abstract: A beverage maker including: a scatter 70 and an ice beverage extraction funnel 50 that are selectively held in a main body unit 10 in a rotatable manner; a hot beverage extraction funnel 76 held in the main body unit 10 in the hot beverage extraction mode for receiving hot water dripped by the scatter 70; a cooling liquid reservoir 52B held in the main body unit 10 in the ice beverage extraction mode for cooling an extract liquid collector unit 52A that receives hot extract liquid from the ice beverage extraction funnel 50 and for cooling the extract liquid; and rotatable stirring members 50A and 50B extending into at least one or other of the extract liquid collector unit 52A and cooling liquid reservoir 52B.

Abstract: A beverage maker including an extract liquid receptacle for accumulating therein extract liquid which is extracted by a beverage extractor, and a cooling liquid reservoir for accommodating therein cooling liquid that contacts the extract liquid with the wall of the extract liquid receptacle in between; and the beverage maker further including a stirring vane for stirring the extract liquid inside the extract liquid receptacle, and a vane drive unit for driving the stirring vane.

Abstract: A beverage maker including a scatter 70, which is rotated relative to a beverage extraction funnel 76 about a vertical rotational center axis line above the beverage extraction funnel 76 and thus conduct hot water flowing out from a hot water pour-out port, and a rotational drive unit 22, which is for rotationally driving at least one or other of the scatter 70 and the beverage extraction funnel 76; and the scatter 70 has bottom surfaces 72 and 74 which vary in depth, and drip holes 72A and 74A are formed, in the bottom surfaces 72 and 74, at positions of differing depths and differing distances from the rotational center axis line.

Abstract: A beverage maker including an extract liquid receptacle 52A, which is for storing therein extract liquid extracted by beverage extraction section 50 and 76, and a cooling reservoir 52B, which is for accommodating therein cooling material that contacts the extract liquid with the tank wall of the extract liquid receptacle 52A in between, so that the extract liquid is cooled by the cooling reservoir 52B; and in this beverage maker, the cooling material is a combination of a sealed body 53, in which a cooling agent is sealed, and a fluid material (such as water); and this sealed body 53 is cooled and repeatedly used by itself separately from the fluid material.

Abstract: A beverage maker including an extract liquid receptacle 52A for storing therein extract liquid extracted by beverage extraction means 50, and a cooling reservoir 52B for accommodating therein cooling liquid that contact the extract liquid with the walls of that extract liquid receptacle 52A in between, so that the extract liquid is cooled by the cooling reservoir 52B; wherein the extract liquid receptacle 52A and cooling reservoir 52B are integrated to form a cooling unit 52, a cooling material is sealed in the cooling reservoir 52B, so that the entire cooling unit 52 is cooled.

Abstract: Apparatus and process for producing a flat dough product, in particular a pizza, topped with assorted toppings, is provided with a plurality of topping dispensers and at least one movable positioning mechanism, which is provided vertically below a plane spanned by the topping dispensers and to which a dough carrier is associated which may be supported such that it can rotate; the positioning mechanism actuated by an actuating mechanism to position the dough carrier underneath a topping dispenser to allow topping to be dispensed. The topping dispensers are arranged in a matrix configuration, distributed in two mutually perpendicular spatial directions x,y and the positioning mechanism is configured for positioning the dough carrier in the two mutually perpendicular spatial directions x,y corresponding to the matrix configuration. The topping dispensers are actuated passively to dispense topping by rotating the dough carrier and/or by means of the lifting mechanism.

Abstract: There is provided a toaster grill having a lower housing that supports a lower cooking surface and an upper housing that supports an upper cooking surface. The upper housing pivots with respect to a “U” shaped frame that is hinged with respect to the lower cooking surface. A locking hinge allows the pivoting motion of the frame to be automatically arrested in an intermediate orientation between the fully closed and fully open grill orientations. The locking hinge automatically resets when the upper housing is rotated from the fully open grill orientation to the fully closed orientation.

Abstract: A spit holder assembly comprises a longitudinally oriented hollow body having a triangular cross section and opposite ends, and an outwardly directed transverse flange connected to the body between the opposite ends thereof. A lower portion of the body on one side of the transverse flange comprises a base constructed and arranged to fit within an opening in a worktable with the flange functioning as a stop. An upper portion of the body on the other side of the flange includes at least a pair of spaced apart longitudinally oriented slots constructed and arranged to receive and hold a spit.

Abstract: A substrate heat treatment apparatus for heat-treating a substrate includes a bake plate for supporting the substrate, and a cover disposed above the bake plate and temperature-controlled for securing a heat-treating atmosphere of the bake plate. An adjusting device adjusts a space between the cover and the bake plate. A control device adjusts the space, through the adjusting device, successively to a transport space for allowing transport of the substrate, a transitional space smaller than the transport space and close to the bake plate, and a steady space smaller than the transport space and larger than the transitional space.

Abstract: Provided is apparatus for opening and closing an oven door. The apparatus includes an oven main body, a door, a rack, a linkage, and a stopper. The door pivots about a predetermined pivoting axis to open and close the inside of the oven main body. The rack slides from inside the oven main body. The linkage converts the pivoting of the door to the sliding of the rack. The stopper limits the sliding of the rack to restrict the pivoting of the door within a predetermined angular range.

Abstract: A humidity maintenance and deodorization structure for a Kimchi storage includes a cooling air circulating fan which is mounted in a fan mounting portion provided on the bottom of a door which opens and closes a storage room or chamber in the Kimchi storage. A deodorizing agent receiving portion is formed in the bottom of the door to receive a deodorizing agent at the one side of the fan mounting portion. In the Kimchi storage, an air flow path is formed between the fan mounting portion and the deodorizing agent receiving portion. A constant humidity agent is disposed along the flow path of the cooling air circulating fan and moreover a constant humidity agent cover which supports and receives the constant humidity agent is mounted while covering the fan mounting portion.

Abstract: A chafing dish system having at least one chafing dish with at least one leg with a top end and a bottom end, the top end of the leg having an upwardly projecting formation, and the bottom end of the leg being configured to fit over the upwardly projecting formation of another leg. When two chafing dishes are used, at least one leg of one of the chafing dishes is engageable with the upwardly projecting formation of one leg of another of the chafing dishes.

Abstract: An apparatus for removing foreign matters from construction waste. A feeding section is installed at a lower end of a hopper. A heating and compressing section has an entrance which is coupled to the feeding section and an exit which is defined at a lower end of the heating and compressing section. A shooter opening and closing section is coupled to the exit of the heating and compressing section. The heating and compressing section comprises a hollow casing having a vertical flange on a side thereof, a compression cylinder installed on the casing, a compression plunger fitted into the casing and coupled to a piston rod of the compression cylinder, and a band heater wound on a circumferential outer surface of and adjacent to a lower end of the casing.

Abstract: The invention relates to a pad printer comprising a rotary table (12), at least two printing blocks (16) that are located on the rotary table (12), a respective inking device (18) that is situated on each printing block (16) and can be displaced radially between an idle position and an inking position and a respective pad (24) that can be displaced vertically between an idle position and a first and second working position. According to the invention, the pad (24) and the inking device (18) are fixed to a radially displaceable carriage (14).

Abstract: The present invention refers to a doctor blade (1) comprising a metal support (3) completely coated with a polymeric material. The doctor blade (1) works in combination with a cylinder (2) and consists of a steel support (3) with a polished surface coated with a layer of variable thickness of polymeric material, comprising: an ultrathin layer (0) which coats the whole surface of the doctor blade (1); a thicker layer (6) which coats one side of one edge (4, 5) of the doctor blade (1) or both sides of one edge (4, 5) of the doctor blade (1) or the same side of both edges (4, 5) of the doctor blade (1) or both sides of both edges (4, 5) or one side of the doctor blade (1) or both sides of the doctor blade (1). In any case, the thicker layer (6) coats at least the side of the edge (4 or 5) of the doctor blade (1) that works in contact with the surface of the cylinder (2) and the front head part of said side.

Abstract: A printing press arrangement comprises at least one printing press including a control device and an input. At least one auxiliary system is provided that includes a control device. At least one system interface is provided for connecting the control device for the printing press to the control device for the auxiliary system. Data is exchanged continually between the printing press and the auxiliary system, thus permitting a joint operation and data management.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for fixing scraper strips to a printing roller scraper. The inventive device comprises at least one magnetic element (3) which is configured and disposed such as to hold a first face of a longitudinal support portion (1a) of at least one scraper strip (1) in firm contact with a support surface of a body (2) of said scraper (10), a second free longitudinal portion (1b) of said scraper strip (1) occupying a projecting position. Alternatively, the magnetic element (3) is also configured and disposed such as to maintain a hold-down plate (5) in firm contact with a second face of the support portion (1a) of the scraper strip (1), whereby said second face is located opposite the aforementioned first face which is in contact with the body (2). In this way, the support portion (1a) of the scraper strip (1) is trapped between the hold-down plate (5) and the support surface of the body (2).

Abstract: Disclosed in this specification is a method and apparatus for uniformly heating a substrate, comprising the steps of disposing a substrate over heating elements, irradiating the bottom side of the substrate, thus producing a non-uniformly heated substrate. Thereafter the transporter moves the substrate such that the unheated sections are disposed over heating element and heated sections are disposed over the transporter. The substrate is then re-irradiated such that the unheated section becomes uniformly heated. Heat is allowed to radiate from the bottom side to the top side of the substrate, such that the top side achieves a uniform temperature.