Abstract: In a peeling tape attaching method for attaching a peeling tape (4) on a surface protective film (11) attached on the surface of a wafer (20), the wafer is supported on a movable table (31) with the surface protective film up and the peeling tape is supplied on the surface protective film of the wafer. The movable table is moved in such a manner that an end (28) of the wafer is located under a peeling tape attaching unit (46), and pressure is exerted by pressing the peeling tape attaching unit against the surface protective film of the wafer via the peeling tape. After that, the movable table is moved toward the other end (29) of the wafer, and upon movement of the movable table, by a predetermined distance, from the peeling tape attaching unit, the pressure is canceled. As a result, the wafer is prevented from cracking at the time of attaching the peeling tape. Further, a peeling tape attaching apparatus for carrying out this method is provided.

Abstract: In a method for treating a semiconductor substrate, a single substrate is positioned in a single-substrate process chamber and subjected to wet etching, cleaning and/or drying steps. The single substrate may be exposed to etch or clean chemistry in the single-substrate processing chamber as turbulence is induced in the etch or clean chemistry to thin the boundary layer of fluid attached to the substrate. Megasonic energy and/or disturbances in the chamber surfaces may provide the turbulence for boundary layer thinning. According to another aspect of a method according to the present invention, megasonic energy may be directed into a region within the single-substrate process chamber to create a zone of boundary layer thinning across the substrate surface, and a single substrate may be translated through the zone during a rinsing or cleaning process within the chamber to optimize cleaning/rinsing performance within the zone.

Abstract: A semiconductor processing system is provided. The semiconductor processing system includes a chamber. The chamber includes a gas inlet, a top electrode configured to strike a plasma inside the chamber, and a support for holding a substrate. A controller configured to detect a passivation starved condition during an etching operation is provided. The controller is further configured to introduce a passivation enhancing gas through the gas inlet during the etching operation in response to detecting the passivation starved condition.

Abstract: A plasma immersion ion implantation reactor for implanting a species into a workpiece includes an enclosure which has a side wall and a ceiling defining a chamber, and a workpiece support pedestal within the chamber for supporting a workpiece having a surface layer into which the species are to be ion implanted, the workpiece support pedestal facing an interior surface of the ceiling so as to define therebetween a process region extending generally across the diameter of the wafer support pedestal. The reactor further includes an RF plasma source power generator connected across the ceiling or the sidewall and the workpiece support pedestal for capacitively coupling RF source power into the chamber. A gas distribution apparatus is provided for furnishing process gas into the chamber and a supply of process gas is provided for furnishing to the gas distribution devices a process gas containing the species.

Abstract: A cordless window blind structure comprises a head rail having a fixed seat and a cord-winding control unit with an operating cord attached thereto mounted in both ends, and a movable seat accommodated to situate there-between wherein the operating cord is attached to the movable seat at one end, and retrieving cords are guided through the bottom surface of the head rail. The retrieving cords are respectively led through a blind body to fix to a bottom rail at the bottommost ends, while the other ends thereof are synchronically wound onto the fixed seat and the movable seat before firmly attached to the fixed seat. Therefore, the bottom rail is pushed or pulled by hands to loosen or tighten the retrieving cords and actuate the movement of the operating cord therewith to form a state of counterbalance there-between for easy adjustment of the blind body into a desirable position.

Abstract: By providing a door wherein the components forming a multi-panel unit assembly, a support & alignment mechanism, an automatic actuating panel action locking and release mechanism, sliding mechanism and hinges, a dual action door assembly is achieved which assures component engagement that allows the door assembly to operate within controlled confines combining first a sliding action and then a swing action to open the door for full unobstructed access of a range of doorway widths from narrow to ultra-wide while overcoming the support problems, full open access problems and wide swing radii problems consistent with conventional doors

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide for shock absorbing interlocks for multi-panel sliding doors that operate smoothly and relatively noiselessly. Some embodiments combine external and internal shock absorbers, with friction bearing contacts. An optional motion dampening component can additionally absorb shock.

Abstract: The invention discloses an improved slat of a Venetian blinder that comprises a sheet slat body, and the slat body is covered by a coat, and the coat could be made of an artificial leather having a color patter printed onto its surface and wrapped around the external periphery of the slat body by sewing, such that the Venetian blinder can change its color and pattern easily, so as to achieve the effect of changing the color pattern of the Venetian blinder.

Abstract: A mounting system for securing a non-retractable covering material in an architectural opening includes an anchor strip securable to the covering material having a plurality of openings therethrough and a three piece clip securable to the surrounding frame of the architectural opening including a taper head pin for insertion into an opening in the anchor strip with the pin being universally movable through a unique design of the clip which includes a base, a pivot arm and a slide clamp on the pivot arm.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a window curtain rolling device that comprises a guide module, a fixed casing, a movable coupling module, a coupling module, and a rotary module, wherein a guide rod of the guide module having a fixed casing is coupled with the movable coupling module, and the movable coupling module includes a corresponding guide groove around the periphery of the movable coupling module for allowing a rolling bead covered by the coupling module to slide or latch along the guide groove or at other positions and directions, so that when a user operates a pulling up and close device coupled to the embedding member at another end of the fixed casing, the user can control the speed of rolling the window curtain effectively.

Abstract: A pool or lanai screen enclosure or a screen for a window is constructed of hollow frame members having grooves at the corners of the frame members. The grooves receive splines of different cross-sections. The splines have one part of a hook and loop system attached thereto. The splines are pressed into the grooves the screens having at their edges the other part of the hook and loop fastener system attached thereto. When each part of the respective hook and loop fasteners are pressed or attached together, a complete screen between the frame members is established.

Abstract: An enclosure is placed over a pool or patio and the enclosure consists of vertical columns and horizontal beams including screening material placed between said columns and/or beams. Each of the columns and horizontal beams have channels therein and a fastening tape is placed each into the channels. The tape is constructed of a multitude of stems thereon. Each of the stems have mushroom heads thereon. The mushroom heads will penetrate through interstices in the screening material when the screening material is pressed over the mushroom heads, whereby the screening material is held firmly in place.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods for reducing wax content of pulp furnish by treatment with a wax agglomeration agent followed by removal of wax particles.

Abstract: A method for alteration of the morphology of cellulose fibers, particularly softwood fibers, by (a) subjecting the fibers to a metal ion-activated peroxide treatment carried out at a pH of between about 1 and about 9, preferably between 3 and 7, and (b) subjecting the treated fibers to a refining treatment thereby converts SW fibers to HW-like fibers in many respects. The metal ion-activated peroxide treatment has been noted to act on pulp cellulose and hemi-cellulose, causing oxidation and oxidative degradation of cellulose fibers. The chemical treatment of the pulp, taken alone, is not sufficient to attain the desired modification of the morphology of the fibers, however, subsequent refining or like mechanical treatment of the chemically-treated fibers to achieve a given degree of refinement of the fibers requires dramatically less refining energy to achieve a desired end point of refinement and to impart other desirable properties to the pulp.

Abstract: A method for recovering heat from a pulp refining process comprising: discharging pressurized pulp from a high pressure refiner, wherein the pressurized pulp comprises a pressurized slurry of fibers and liquid; introducing at least the liquid from the pressurized pulp slurry to a pressurized flash tank; exchanging heat from the pressurized flash tank with water, such that the water is heated, and using the heated water in the pulp refining process.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for the production of a tissue paper web, which is produced from a pulp suspension having fibers. The method according to the present invention is characterized in that the pulp suspension is formed, at least partly by, a pulp suspension fraction obtained through the treatment of old paper, has a refining degree of less than 30° SR and is of such condition that a laboratory sheet according to TAPPI 205 SP 95 (Rapid Kothen), whose breaking length measured according to TAPPI 220 and TAPPI 494 is 4.0 km or more, is produced therefrom.

Abstract: The invention relates to processes for treating a pulp, and for making a paper material such as paper, cardboard linerboard, corrugated paperboard, tissue, towels, corrugated containers boxes etc. these processes comprising an alkaline treatment of a pulp, a treatment with a pectin lyase and/or a pectate lyase, and, if desired, a draining of the pulp. Pectate lyase in combination with pectinesterase may be substituted for pectin lyase. The invention also relates to the use of xylanase, pectin lyase, pectate lyase, and/or the combination of pectate lyase with pectinesterase for anionic trash reduction and/or reduction of cationic demand of a paper pulp.

Abstract: Paper, board and cardboard are produced by adding (i) at least one retention aid and (ii) ionic, water-insoluble, uncrosslinked, organic microparticles which have an average particle size of less than 500 nm and a content of polymerized ionic monomers of less than 1% by weight or water-insoluble, uncrosslinked, organic microparticles having an average particle size of less than 500 nm and a content of polymerized ionic monomers of not more than 10% by weight, which are obtainable by polymerizing the monomers in the presence of silica, waterglass, bentonite and/or mixtures thereof, to a paper stock and draining the paper stock over a wire.

Abstract: SC paper which is produced from a fibrous stock suspension containing fibers which are partially loaded with ash is characterized in that the ash content in the SC fiber web which was produced from the fibrous stock suspension is higher than 35%, preferably higher than 39%. Newsprint which is produced from a fibrous stock suspension containing fibers which are partially loaded with ash is characterized in that the ash content in the newsprint fiber web which was produced from the fibrous stock suspension is higher than 15%, preferably higher than 19%. Wood-free, uncoated paper which is produced from a fibrous stock suspension containing fibers which are partially loaded with ash is characterized in that the ash content of the wood-free, uncoated fiber web which was produced from the fibrous stock suspension is higher than 15%, preferably higher than 19%.

Abstract: The invention disclosed herein provides a drag socket comprising a frame, a first attachment means for connecting the frame to a control line, a second attachment means for connecting the frame to a drag line, a socket body removably attached to the frame, a releasing wedge releasably inserted into the socket body, a locking wedge releasably inserted into the releasing wedge, a wire rope termination fused to a wire rope adjacent the locking wedge, and a load plate movably attached to the frame adjacent the releasing wedge whereby the releasing wedge is retained in the socket body when a force is applied to the wire rope.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing iron ore agglomerates comprising agglomerating fine iron ore particles in the presence of a binder system wherein the binder system comprises a binder and an alkali metal silicate and wherein the alkali metal silicate is present in an amount of between 0.0001 to 0.08 percent by weight, based on the total weight of dry iron ore agglomerate, wherein the binder system is free of synthetic polymer, and preferably comprises carboxymethyl cellulose as binder.

Abstract: A cooling module (1) comprises a first heat exchanger (3), which has a first pair of parallel manifolds (10, 11), and a second heat exchanger (4), which is in back-to-front relationship with the first heat exchanger (3) and has a second pair of parallel manifolds (7, 8) perpendicular to the first pair of manifolds (10, 11). The first pair of manifolds (10, 11) is fastened to the second pair of manifolds (7, 8) at four corners (13, 14, 15, 16) by means of four fasteners, of which the first is a rigid fastener (19), the second (20) and third (22) are two-way fasteners, and the fourth (27) is a four-way fastener. The four-way fastener (27) is situated at the corner (16) diametrically opposed to the corner (13) with the rigid faster (19), and the two-way fasteners (20, 22) are situated at one of the remaining corners (14, 15) each.

Abstract: A cooling device has a large number of closely spaced impinging jets, adjacent an impingement gap, with parallel return paths for supplying coolant flow for the impinging jets with the least possible pressure drop using an interdigitated, branched hierarchical manifold. Surface enhancement features spanning the impingement gap form U-shaped microchannels between single impinging jets and single outlets.

Abstract: A heat dissipation device includes a fin set including a plurality of fins assembled together and a fan located beside the fin set. Pluralities of air passages are defined between the fins. Each fin has two spaced flaps extending from a main body thereof and dividing the main body to upper and lower portions and a middle portion between the two flaps. The middle portion has a converging entrance between two corresponding end sections of the two flaps. The fan confronts to the air passages and the converging entrances of the middle portions of the fins of the fin set.

Abstract: A heat dissipation device includes a heat sink, a cooling fan having a frame arranged on the heat sink, and a fan holder disposed between the heat sink and the cooling fan. The fan holder includes a square shaped frame defining an opening therein. A pair of flexible fasteners extend upwardly from a pair of opposite sides of the frame and abut a pair of opposite side edges of the frame of the cooling fan. At least a clamping arm extends upwardly from one of the other pair of opposite sides of the frame of the fan holder and abuts one of the other pair of opposite sides of the frame of the cooling fan.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the invention, a cooling system for a heat-generating structure comprises a channel having an inlet and an exit and a plurality of pin fins extending at least partially across the channel. The inlet is operable to receive a fluid coolant into the channel substantially in the form of a liquid. The exit is operable to dispense of the fluid coolant out of the channel at least partially in the form of a vapor. The plurality of pin fins are operable to receive thermal energy from the heat generating structure and transfer at least a portion of the thermal energy to the fluid coolant. The thermal energy from the heat-generating structure causes at least a portion of the fluid coolant substantially in the form of a liquid to boil and vaporize in the channel upon contact with the plurality of pin fins.

Abstract: A redundant assembly for an air and liquid cooled module is provided. The redundant cooling assembly comprises an air and liquid cooled module having a cold plate in thermal communication with a side attached auxiliary drawer. The auxiliary drawer houses a heat exchanger, a liquid pump with piping such that the heat exchanger, the liquid pump with piping and the cold plate form a closed liquid cooling loop. The auxillary drawer also housing an air moving device such that air can readily pass through the air moving device and the heat exchanger in order to provide air cooling. In one embodiment of the invention, fins are disposed on the cold plate to provide cooling in case the pump or the air moving device or both encounter a failure. In alternate embodiments, multiple pumps and/or multiple air moving devices can be used with or without the cold plate fins to provide redundancies.

Abstract: A heat dissipation system including at least a water block, a pump, a water cooler and a plurality of hard tubes is provided. The water block is used to contact a heat source, and the pump is used to circulate the liquid coolant to remove heat generated by the heat source. In addition, the water cooler is used to cool the liquid coolant passing through the water block, and the hard tubes are connected to the water block, the pump, and the water cooler to form a circulation tube. At least a buffer material is set in the hard tubes for regulating the pressure within the circulation tube.

Abstract: An electronic device cooling apparatus is disclosed that includes a cooling unit that is thermally connected to an electronic device and is configured to induce heat generated from the electronic device to be conducted to a cooling medium that is channeled into the cooling unit; and a heat dissipating unit including a cooling chamber configured to cool the cooling medium that is heated by the heat conducted from the electronic device, wherein the cooling unit and the heat dissipating unit are integrated.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the invention, a cooling system for a heat-generating structure comprises a chamber and structure disposed within the chamber. The chamber has an inlet and an outlet. The inlet receives fluid coolant into the chamber substantially in the form of a liquid. The outlet dispenses the fluid coolant out of the chamber at least partially in the form of a vapor. The structure disposed within the chamber receive thermal energy from the heat generating structure and transfers at least a portion of the thermal energy to the fluid coolant. The thermal energy from the heat-generating structure causes at least a portion of the fluid coolant substantially in the form of a liquid to boil and effuse vapor upon contact with a portion of the structure. The effusion of vapor creates a self-induced flow in the chamber. The self-induced flow distributes non-vaporized fluid coolant substantially in the form of a liquid to other portions of the structure.

Abstract: A method for constructing a thermal management system is provided herein. In accordance with the method, a fan (405) is provided which is adapted to provide a global flow of fluid through the device. A synthetic jet ejector (409) is also provided which is adapted to augment the global flow of fluid over the surfaces of a heat sink (403). The ratio of the flow per unit time of the synthetic jet ejector to the flow per unit time of the fan is selected so as to achieve a desired level of heat dissipation.

Abstract: A cooling unit for cooling in particular power semiconductors contains a distributor for guiding liquid across a surface to be cooled. The distributor comprises an inlet manifold (8) and outlet manifold (9), whereby the inlet and outlet manifolds are connected through a flow cell, which has a main flow channel (50). The main channel is formed as a meandering sequence of channel segments (61,62,63,64). It has been found, that the transfer of heat by the liquid in the main flow channel can be improved by introducing a bypass flow channel (71,72,73) which allows the flow of liquid from the cell inlet to the cell outlet, wherein the bypass flow channel interconnects the channel segments of the main flow channel.

Abstract: A thermal management system (201) is provided which comprises a first heat spreader (205) comprising a heat pipe material, a plurality of fins (217) disposed on said first heat spreader, and a synthetic jet actuator (209) adapted to direct a synthetic jet between at least a pair of said plurality of fins.

Abstract: A heat exchanger includes a shell that has an inner chamber defined by an inside wall surface. A tube stack disposed within the inner chamber and includes a plurality of flat elongated tubes that define a first fluid flow path. The tubes each include a wire that is wound around a tube outside surface and that extends in a helical manner along a tube length. When stacked together, the wires of adjacent tubes connect with one another to form an “X” pattern connection that operates to both distance the adjacent tubes and form a second fluid flow path along the outside surfaces of the tubes. The connection between the wires causes turbulent flow in the coolant that improves the heat transfer characteristic of the coolant, and the connection between the wires provides structural support to the tubes in the tube stack to help reduce vibration induced heat exchanger failures.

Abstract: A radiant syngas cooler used to contain and cool the synthesis gas produced by coal gasification processes employs radiant and convection surfaces in a specific arrangement to achieve a cost-effective, compact design.

Abstract: A hot water supply heat exchanger includes a water pipe (1) including a water pipe (W) and a refrigerant pipe (2) forming a refrigerant passage (R) and heats water flowing through the water passage (W) by a refrigerant flowing through the refrigerant passage (R). An inlet part (A) of the water passage (W) including water of a predetermined temperature or less is provided with a heat transfer enhancer. This sharply enhances the performance of the whole heat exchanger.

Abstract: The aim of the invention is to provide a heat exchanger, in particular a stacked-plate cooler for a vehicle, which increases the heat transfer, thus maximising the utilisation of the heat transfer surface. To achieve this, the inventive heat exchanger (1) is equipped with several tray-shaped plates (2a to 2z). Said plates (2a to 2z) are placed on top of one another, are sealed together on their peripheral edge and are provided with passages (4). The passages (4) lying essentially above one another form a continuous flow channel (6a to 6d) that traverses the plates (2a to 2z) and adjacent flow channels (6a to 6d) are traversed by different media (M1, M2) from an inflow side to an outflow side, the respective flow channel (6a to 6d) having an elongated cross-section (QS).

Abstract: The invention is directed to a heat exchanger (10) having a block (2) which includes a plurality of tubes (11) for conducting a fluid therethrough. The heat exchanger also includes a collector (5) having a tube base (4). The tubes have tube end sections (11) and the tubes are inserted into the tube base so that the end sections are accommodated therein and extend into the collector to an insertion depth (x). The insertion depth (x) of the end sections (11a) is variable. The heat exchanger is preferably used as an evaporator in climate control systems for motor vehicles.

Abstract: In a heat exchanger tube, a brazing material, which is required for brazing tops (310) of inner fins (300) which are a flow passage dividing body and the inner surface of a tube body portion (200), not clad to a first material which constitutes the tube body portion but clad to a second material which constitutes the inner fins. In the heat exchanger tube, the tube has a thickness ttube of 1.2 mm or less and a width Wtube of 16 mm or less, the first material has a thickness t1 of 0.25 mm or less, the second material has a thickness t2 of 0.10 mm or less, and the flow passages divided by the inner fins have an equivalent diameter of 0.559 mm or less. Besides, when brazing in a furnace, a brazing material disposed within the flow passages melts earlier than a brazing material which penetrates from outside into the flow passages, thereby preventing the flow passages from being clogged.

Abstract: An apparatus and system, as well as fabrication methods therefor, may include a thermal interface material comprised of an array of carbon nanotubes and a buffer layer disposed between the thermal interface material and one of a die or a heat spreader. In some embodiments the carbon nanotubes may be formed above a buffer layer formed above a surface of the head spreader.

Abstract: A heat sink for distributing a thermal load is disclosed that includes a bottom plate, a top plate, a right plate, and a left plate, the plates connected along edges so as to define a space generally cubical in shape with four closed sides and two open ends; heat-dissipating fins connected to each plate, the fins spaced apart in parallel and extending from each plate towards a central axis of the heat sink; and a thermal transport connected to the plate receiving the thermal load and to at least one of the other plates so as to distribute the thermal load among the plates of the heat sink.

Abstract: A process for temperature regulation of sections of the interior of an aircraft with the following steps: recording of the respective actual temperatures and the respective nominal temperatures in the individual sections; mixing of engine bleed air and air which is cooler than the engine bleed air in order to obtain pre-tempered mixed air at a temperature which essentially corresponds to the lowest of the nominal temperatures recorded; distribution of the pre-tempered mixed air to all sections; and post-tempering of the mixed air distributed to the sections with higher nominal temperature corresponding to the differences between the respective nominal temperatures and the respective actual temperatures can be carried out in a device with a controlled mixer valve for the mixing of engine bleed air and air that is cooler than the engine bleed air in order to obtain pre-tempered mixed air flowing out of the mixer valve; to a distribution line connected to the outlet of the mixer valve which is connected to the r

Abstract: Device and method for temperature control in an aircraft cabin (104) wherein is controlled with a first supply control arrangement the supply of heated air from a first source into a first temperature area (106) of the aircraft cabin (104) depending upon a specified first temperature for the first temperature area and with a first pressure control arrangement (176) a current pressure in the first supply control arrangement in the event of a malfunction of the first supply control arrangement depending upon the specified first temperature.

Abstract: Disclosed related to a ventilating apparatus according to the present invention comprising an outer air suction duct having an outer air inlet opening; an inner air suction duct having an inner air inlet opening; a heat transferring exchanger heat exchanging the outer air and the inner air inhaled through the outer suction duct and the inner suction duct; a blowing module discharging the outer air and the inner air passed through the heat transferring exchanger to inside and outside separately; and a ventilating apparatus including dampers controlling the flowing direction of the outer air inhaled through the outer air suction duct.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for maintaining the single phase integrity of a deep well formation sample that is removed to the surface comprises a vacuum jacket insulated single working cylinder divided by two free pistons into three variable volume chambers. The intermediate chamber is pre-charged with a fixed quantity of high pressure gas. Wellbore fluid freely admitted to one end chamber bears against one free piston to further compress the gas. The formation sample is pumped into the other end chamber to first, displace the wellbore fluid from the first end chamber and, sequentially, to further compress the gas to preserve the sample phase state upon removal to the surface.

Abstract: A downhole gas separator includes an external tube having a closed bottom and an open top; and an internal tube positioned eccentrically within the external tube and having an open bottom and a top adapted for connection to a production tube. The internal tube can alternatively be connected to a pump intake. The separator is positioned eccentrically within a casing, and provides for separation of gas from produced fluids before the fluids enter the production tube and/or pump.

Abstract: A downhole tool string component has a tubular body with a first and second end. At least one end is adapted for axial connection to an adjacent downhole tool string component. A covering, secured at its ends to an outside diameter of the tubular body, forms an enclosure with the tubular body. The covering has a geometry such that when a stress is induced in the sleeve by bending the downhole tool string component, that stress is less than or equal to stress induced in the tubular body. The covering may be a sleeve. Further, the geometry may comprise at least one stress relief groove formed in both an inner surface and an outer surface of the covering.

Abstract: An improved apparatus and method for gravel packing is provided. The apparatus includes a substantially tubular-shaped base pipe having a plurality of apertures disposed along part of its length and a dual-wall sand screen coaxially secured to the base pipe. The dual-wall screen is substantially permeable to fluids and impermeable to sand. The apparatus provides a plurality of fluid permeable channels formed within the sand screen, which are disposed along the entire length of the screen. Each channel has an associated plurality of ports spaced along discrete intervals of the screen, which communicate with an annulus formed between the apparatus and the wellbore. The method provides for injecting a sand and fluid slurry mixture through the screen and out of the ports. This design reduces the incidence of sand bridge formation, and packs gravel around any sand bridges, which may be formed.

Abstract: A method for releasing a drill string stuck against a wall of a well bore due to pressure differential between the hydrostatic pressure of a fluid in the well bore and the pressure of a formation at the point where the drill string is stuck. The method includes injecting a first fluid into the annulus via the drill string and simultaneously injecting a second fluid into the annulus at an upper end of the annulus. The first fluid and the second fluid are injected into the annulus at a volume and rate sufficient to cause at least one of the first fluid and the second fluid to penetrate the formation and increase the pressure of the formation adjacent the well bore so that the pressure of the formation adjacent the well bore is substantially equalized with the pressure of the well bore. A jarring force is simultaneously exerted to the drill string to cause the drill string to release.

Abstract: An earth loop heat transfer system which, in certain aspects, has a heat transfer loop extending down into the earth and having a first portion, a second portion, and a bottom portion at a first level in the earth, heat transfer fluid flowable down to the bottom portion and up therefrom and in the second portion to the earth surface, and valve apparatus in the heat transfer loop for controlling flow of heat transfer fluid; and, in one aspect, such a system combined with a rig useful in well operations for supplying heat transfer fluid for use on the rig, either from a loop or loops with portion(s) in water or portion(s) in earth, or both.