Abstract: A method for integrating a large-calibre gun on a ship, including connecting a turret having an armament of a lad gun with a calibre >127 mm in a modular configuration to an adaptor plate and a shock-absorbing mounting, and installing the turret on the ship so that an existing steel structure of the ship withstands increased recoil forces from the armament.

Abstract: A boat having a hull and a separate a passenger compartment with one or more suspension elements suspending the passenger compartment structure relative to the hull, the one or more suspension elements provide means for isolating the passenger compartment from shocks, vibrations and sounds experienced by the hull. According to one aspect of the invention, the means for isolating the passenger compartment from shocks, vibrations and sounds experienced by the hull include the one or more suspension elements formed as blocks of resiliently compressible material.

Abstract: A vessel designed to operate efficiently as both a catamaran and air cushion vessel can travel at low speed in a catamaran or displacement mode, high speed in an air cushion mode, and amphibiously with the aid of deployable side seals. The vessel includes catamaran hulls and flexible air cushion bow and stern seal systems together with retractable side seals having hinged doors containing inflatable, retractable flexible components. The doors form part of the side seal system in the deployed position, and protect the flexible components of the seal in the retracted position. The arrangement reduces the drag associated with the side seals while the vessel operates in its catamaran or surface effect ship modes, and prevents damage to the seals during operation in the high speeds SES mode.

Abstract: A kelp removing system is provided. The system may comprise a kelp remover and an access tube. The access tube is pre-installed on the hull of the boat adjacent to and exterior of the keel for providing access to the leading edge of the keel from within the boat. A proximal end of the access tube is located above the water level such that the water does come into the boat through the access tube and flood the boat. The kelp remover is insertable into the access tube with a blade in a retracted position. Once the kelp remover is inserted into the access tube, the blade may be traversed to the extended position exposing a sharp edge. The blade is rotated against the leading edge of the keel by rotating the handle. The handle is lifted up while applying pressure on the keel leading edge with the blade. In this manner, kelp tangled on the keel is cut off of the keel.

Abstract: A kit features two arm assemblies, each of which features a longitudinal member with a padded portion extending from proximate one end thereof toward the other end and a connection at each end allowing horizontal and pivotal motion of the arm assembly about. A method of mooring a watercraft involves connecting each arm assembly between a respective connection point on the watercraft and a respective securing point on a body distinct therefrom, allowing horizontal pivoting of the arms to horizontally move the watercraft toward a vertical plane in which the securing points lie and blocking further horizontal pivoting of the arms by contact between the watercraft and a respective one of the arm assemblies before the watercraft reaches the vertical plane. The arm assemblies bind due to contact with the watercraft, thereby blocking impact of the watercraft with the body to which the securing points are mounted.

Abstract: A towable structure is configured to be towed behind a boat while floating above the surface of a body of water. In one implementation, the towable structure has a platform for supporting one or more passengers thereon extending between or otherwise supported by at least three water engaging base members. The base members are buoyant to extend above the surface of the body of water. The platform extends from a location sufficiently elevated on each of the base members so that the platform stays out of the water under normal operation when unloaded and when supporting one or more passengers.

Abstract: A vessel transfer system utilizes a larger, surface effect vessel with a hull and a cargo deck, having a pressurized volume of air under its hull. The larger vessel cargo deck is lowered relative to a water surface in order to receive a smaller vessel. Lowering is achieved by depressurizing the volume of pressurized air under the hull. Movable propulsors on an air cushion vehicle permit efficient operation under way in an outer position, while minimizing the envelope dimensions for stowage in a well deck, providing clearance from bridges, docks, etc. in an inner position. In the outer position, the propellers operate in more uniform inflow conditions, resulting in improved performance and lower noise levels. In addition, the craft can be arranged to use a full width stern ramp resulting in time saved during cargo loading/unloading. The propellers will be less likely to ingest green water in high sea states.

Abstract: A pontoon for use in a lake, pool or corresponding water area includes a carrier element and a support surface. The carrier element is intended to realise buoyancy and the support surface is intended to carry a load. The carrier element and the support surface are of one piece manufacture with one another. A series of carrier elements with integrated support surfaces are advantageously united with one another by means of an included frame. The carrier elements included in the pontoon have a shell and foamed material disposed therein.

Abstract: A boat having a jump seat is provided. The boat includes a boat hull having a recessed passenger compartment. The jump seat includes a support assembly comprising a support deck and a sleeve. A seat cushion is provided for selectively resting on a portion of the deck assembly and being stowed within the pocket. The deck assembly can be used both as a seat support and as a standing deck eliminating the need to stand on a cushion to thereby provide a more stable convertible standing area.

Abstract: A system and method for indication of temperature exposures beyond a set of predetermined limits employs the salts of weak acid-strong base or of a strong acid-weak base compound as reactants. A device includes a housing and capsule. A first reactant and a liquid are included within the capsule. The liquid is chosen such that it expands upon freezing. The capsule is sized such that when the liquid freezes and expands, the capsule fractures. A second reactant is provided within the housing. The location of the second reactant and the method of attaching (if any) the second reactant to the housing may take various forms. When the liquid within the capsule freezes, it expands and fractures the capsule. Upon thawing, the reactant within the capsule escapes and mixes with the reactant located outside the capsule. A second embodiment is a time-temperature indicator. A flexible housing is used, allowing the user to manually deform the housing to fracture a capsule enclosed therein.

Abstract: Disclosed is a pneumatic actuator movement indicator comprising a housing adapted to be connected in series between a pneumatic actuator and a source of pressurized fluid for the actuator, and an indicator located in, and having an equilibrium position in, the housing. The housing includes a first chamber for placing the housing in fluid communication with said actuator at a pressure P1, and a second chamber for placing the housing in fluid communication with said source of pressurized fluid at a pressure P2. The indicator is movable in the housing in response to a difference between P1 and P2. Movement of the pneumatic actuator produces a difference between P1 and P2; and in response to this difference, the indicator moves away from its equilibrium position, indicating the movement of the pneumatic actuator.

Abstract: There is provided a quartz glass article having a surface treated with novel coating materials which provides a reduced chemistry, wherein the quartz glass surface having a reduced chemistry upon exposure to melted silicon or similarly corrosive environments, forms crystalline structures covering at least 75% of the coated surface of the quartz glass crucible. Said crystalline covered surface provides a more stable surface of contact with the silicon melt and the growth of single crystal silicon. In one embodiment of the invention, the coating material comprises at least a methyl group for providing at least one of a hydrogenated and a methylated surface on the coated surface, forming rosette structures, or other crystalline morphologies covering at last 80% of the coated surface. In another embodiment of the invention, the coating material is selected from at least one of an amine, an organosilane halogen and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: In a method for producing a high quality silicon single crystal by the Czochralski method, a lower portion of a solid-liquid interface of a single crystal growth is divided into a central part and a circumferential part, and the temperature gradient of the central part and the temperature gradient of the circumferential part are separately controlled. When a silicon melt located at a lower portion of a solid-liquid interface of a single crystal growth is divided into a central part melt and a circumferential part melt, the method controls the temperature gradient of the central part melt by directly controlling the temperature distribution of a melt and indirectly controls the temperature gradient of the circumferential part melt by controlling the temperature gradient of the single crystal, thereby effectively controlling the overall temperature distribution of the melt, thus producing a high quality single crystal ingot free of defects with a high growth velocity.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes an image display unit including a plurality of pixels having a first liquid crystal material, a temperature detecting unit for detecting an environmental temperature using a second liquid crystal material, and a temperature control unit for controlling a temperature of the layer of the first liquid crystal material based on temperature information from the temperature detecting unit.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a light modulation optical system having a first element which forms a desired light intensity gradient distribution to an incident light beam and a second element which forms a desired light intensity minimum distribution with an inverse peak shape to the same, and an image formation optical system which is provided between the light modulation optical system and a substrate having a polycrystal semiconductor film or an amorphous semiconductor film, wherein the incident light beam to which the light intensity gradient distribution and the light intensity minimum distribution are formed is applied to the polycrystal semiconductor film or the amorphous semiconductor film through the image formation optical system, thereby crystallizing a non-crystal semiconductor film. The pattern of the first element is opposed to the pattern of the second element.

Abstract: In the present invention, there are provided self-assembled ZnO nanotips grown on relatively low temperatures on various substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The ZnO nanotips are made at relatively low temperatures, giving ZnO a unique advantage over other wide bandgap semiconductors such as GaN and SiC. The nanotips have controlled uniform size, distribution and orientation. These ZnO nanotips are of single crystal quality, show n-type conductivity and have good optical properties. Selective growth of ZnO nanotips also has been realized on patterned (100) silicon on r-sapphire (SOS), and amorphous SiO2 on r-sapphire substrates. Self-assembled ZnO nanotips can also be selectively grown on patterned layers or islands made of a semiconductor, an insulator or a metal deposited on R-plane (01 12) Al2O3 substrates as long as the ZnO grows in a columnar structure along the c-axis [0001] of ZnO on these materials.

Abstract: A composition including a polycrystalline metal nitride having a number of grains is provided. These grains have a columnar structure with one or more properties such as, an average grain size, a tilt angle, an impurity content, a porosity, a density, and an atomic fraction of the metal in the metal nitride. An apparatus for preparing a metal nitride is provided. The apparatus may include a housing having an interior surface that defines a chamber and an energy source to supply energy to the chamber. A first inlet may be provided to flow a nitrogen-containing gas into the chamber. Raw materials may be introduced into the chamber through a raw material inlet. A second inlet may be provided to flow in a halide-containing gas in the chamber. The apparatus may further include a controller, which communicates with the various components of the apparatus such as, sensors, valves, and energy source, and may optimize and control the reaction.

Abstract: This invention is based on the problem of achieving the most planar possible phase boundary extending in the horizontal direction between the still molten material and the material that has already crystallized out in a vertical Bridgman crystal-growing furnace or vertical gradient freeze crystal-growing furnace for crystallizing out the semiconductor melt (4) and doing so at a low cost. Therefore, jacket heaters (11, 12) are provided coaxially with the furnace core containing the crucible (6) and measurement devices for determining radial temperature differences in the space between the jacket heaters (11, 12) and the crucible (6), whereby the heat output of the jacket heaters (11, 12) is adjusted so that the measured temperature differences become zero. Thus, at least in the planes in which the measurement devices are located, radial heat transport is prevented and a phase boundary that is not curved is implemented.

Abstract: A film applicator which includes an applicator housing, an applicator blade positioned within the housing, a micrometer secured to the applicator housing and having a plurality of shafts and a plurality of magnets each having one end secured to a respective micrometer shaft and another end in releasable magnetic engagement with the applicator blade.

Abstract: A sealant forming device, a sealant forming method and a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device using the same are disclosed. According to the present invention, a sealant coagulated in a nozzle can be minimized or prevented by performing an instantaneous suction process. A sealant forming device includes a dispenser including a syringe, and a nozzle connected to a lower end of the syringe to discharge a sealant therethrough; a dispensing tube connected to the syringe to apply a pressure to the syringe; and an instantaneous suction tube connected to the syringe to extract the sealant remaining in the nozzle after discharging the sealant.

Abstract: A spray nozzle for use in the manufacture of an image display device includes a first body having a first injection hole, and a second body configured to be rotatably coupled to the first body and having a second injection hole to inject fluid that is supplied thereinto from the first injection hole.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an apparatus for performing an atomic layer deposition process is provided which includes a chamber body having a substrate support, a lid assembly attached to the chamber body, and delivery sub-assemblies coupled to the lid assembly and configured to deliver process gases into a centralized expanding conduit, which extends through the lid assembly and expands radially outward. The first gas delivery sub-assembly contains an annular mixing channel encircling and in fluid communication with the centralized expanding conduit, wherein the annular mixing channel is adapted to deliver a first process gas through a plurality of passageways and nozzles and into the centralized expanding conduit. A first gas inlet may be coupled to the annular mixing channel and positioned to provide the first process gas to the annular mixing channel. The second gas delivery sub-assembly contains a second gas inlet in fluid communication to the centralized expanding conduit.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a multi-chamber semiconductor device fabrication apparatus. The invention provides a multi-chamber semiconductor device fabrication apparatus comprising a transfer chamber, a plurality of outer chambers connected to the transfer chamber, and a wafer handling and cooling mechanism comprising a wafer-cooling blade adapted to support a wafer seated on the wafer-cooling blade. In addition, the wafer handling and cooling mechanism is adapted to transfer the wafer seated on the wafer-cooling blade from an interior of the transfer chamber to a first outer chamber during a transfer period, and the wafer-cooling blade is adapted to actively cool the wafer seated on the wafer-cooling blade during the transfer period.

Abstract: The vapor deposition apparatus has an electrode plate, which is capable of being easily produced, reducing a production cost and enhancing the ionization efficiency of the reactants. The chemical vapor deposition apparatus comprises a processing chamber and the electrode plate provided in the processing chamber, reactants are spouted from the electrode plate toward the work piece with applying radio frequency energy between the electrode plate and the work piece so as to produce plasma there between to process the work piece. The electrode plate has a plate proper including a plurality of gas spouts, which run through the plate proper in the thickness direction thereof, and the gas spouts are opened in inner bottom faces of any grooves, which are formed in a surface of the plate proper facing the work piece and extended to linearly transect the plate proper.

Abstract: A heater for depositing a thin film to deposit a thin film on a seated wafer by heating is provided. The heater for depositing a thin film includes: a wafer supporting plate on which a wafer is seated and a plurality of injection holes are disposed at the edge of the wafer supporting plate and in which a heat generating member is included; a shaft disposed at the lower side of the wafer supporting plate which comprises an inert gas pathway through which inert gas is provided; and a flow channel forming cover bonded to the lower part of the wafer supporting plate, and comprising an inner space formed between the flow channel forming cover and the wafer supporting plate, wherein the injection holes and the inert gas pathway are connected via the inner space.

Abstract: In an evaporator for evaporating mists of liquid raw material to thereby generate start gas for layer-formation, an evaporator body has an evaporator chamber defined therein, and a mist supply throat for introducing the mists into the evaporating chamber. The evaporator chamber is defined by a principal evaporating face which opposes to the mist supply throat. The evaporator body also has a start-gas supply passage which is formed therein between the mist supply throat and the principal evaporating face such that the start gas flows out of the evaporating chamber through the start-gas supply passage. A ridge member is provided on an inner side wall surface of the evaporating chamber between the start-gas is supply passage and the principal evaporating face so that a tip edge of the ridge member is directed to the principal evaporating face.

Abstract: A device for distributing fish feed to multiple fish receptacles in a fish farming plant, with at least one fish feed tank (12-16). The feed tank has several outlets (17-19) with a pump (21,22,23) and a conduit (24) connected to each outlet for transport of fish feed to the fish receptacles. Each pump (21-23) is individually controllable. The conduits (24) from the pumps (21-23) are connected to a connector assembly (25-27) at the exterior (28) of the device. The connector assembly has several outlets, each outlet communicating with one of the fish receptacles. A multiple valve (30) acts as the connector assembly.

Abstract: A removable cap assembly employs a cap with a curved side wall having an inner surface and an outer surface. A top portion extends from the curved side wall. A boss extends perpendicularly from the top portion. The boss further has a bottom and a top with a circumferential rib extending perpendicularly from the top and at least one ridge on the inside surface of the boss below the top and above the bottom. A stopper is dimensioned to seal the opening. The stopper has a hole therein configured to allow a fluid to flow therethrough. The stopper is maintained in the cap by the boss and the at least one ridge. The stopper includes a disc shaped base and a cylindrical wall portion extending from the base having at least one cavity corresponding to the location of the at least one ridge on the boss. A first groove in the base surrounding the wall portion is dimensioned to receive the bottom of the boss.

Abstract: A removable cap assembly includes a cap having a curved side wall having an inner surface and an outer surface. A top portion extends from the curved side wall, a boss extending perpendicularly from the top portion. The boss has a bottom and a top, a first circumferential rib extending perpendicularly from the top of the boss and a second circumferential rib extending perpendicularly from the bottom of the boss. The boss and rib defining an opening in the cap, the opening has a width and a height. A stopper is dimensioned to seal the opening, the stopper has a hole therein configured to allow a fluid to flow therethrough. The stopper is maintained in the cap by the boss and second circumferential rib, the stopper includes a disc shaped base. A cylindrical wall portion extends from the base, a first groove in the base surrounding the wall portion.

Abstract: A system and method provide an intensive aquaculture system for producing caviar or other goods. The system has a photosynthetic subsystem to consume waste from a production species, a food production subsystem to consume the photosynthetic species and be eaten by the production species. Optionally, the food production species may be pelletized or otherwise refined before being consumed by the production species. While each subsystem may have its own water chemistry, gas scrubbers may be used to control gas levels among the subsystems. In one implementation, an enclosure is used with a sensor to measure the gas above the water in the photosynthetic species. Water and species may be transferred among the subsystems as desired. Multiple aquaculture systems may be used in combination to provide age-specific systems operating in conjunction with one another and distribute risk of disease or failure across multiple systems.

Abstract: A fantasia aquarium, comprising a characterizing building and a plurality of see-through sealing walls, such that the aquarium provides a decorative function not only when it contains living water creatures within the water container, but also when the container contains no water creatures, allowing the aquarium to be appreciated as a piece of art-work, such that when the aquarium is empty for any reason, it can still act as a piece of decoration itself to decorate a room that conventional aquariums cannot. The fantasia aquarium also allows a viewer or a manufacturer to show off their artistic talents since the characterizing building can be decorated in many different ways, such as attaching paintings or figures onto the frame and integrally forming the decorations with the frame.

Abstract: A calf catching apparatus that attaches to an ATV or similar vehicle and operates along the side of the vehicle. The calf catching apparatus has a pair of doors or gates that open to the front and are operated from ATV. The operator drives along side the cow/calf pair until the calf is inside the pen. The gates are closed and the calf is caught and separated from the cow. The operator can enter into the pen and treat the calf. If the calf needs to be transported, the calf is placed on a transportation platform and a gate is closed to restrain the calf on the platform. The calf catching apparatus can also be transformed to a tow behind version to minimize the width and bring the unit down the road behind a vehicle. There is also a fold-up embodiment that allows for the pen to be folded beside the ATV to reduce the overall width of the ATV and calf catching apparatus for traveling through narrow openings or on roads without unhooking from the ATV.

Abstract: A boiler apparatus for leading fluid from a plurality of upper walls (2) to (4) to a ceiling wall (7) through a ceiling wall inlet header (11), characterized in that a ceiling wall inlet mixing header (8) is installed between the plurality of upper walls (2) to (4) and the ceiling wall inlet header (11).

Abstract: A diesel engine system comprising a diesel engine provided with a crankcase comprising a crankcase lubricating oil, an air intake, an air compressor, an effluent turbine, an after cooler, and a blow by gas recirculation system comprising a conduit to recirculate the blow-by gas to the air intake, wherein the crankcase lubricating oil comprises an iso-paraffinic base oil having a saturates content of greater than 99 wt % and a viscosity index of greater than 120, a performance additive package system, and a viscosity modifier additive.

Abstract: A dehydrogenated fuel tank 32 which is replenished with an organic hydride-contained hydrogenated fuel and a gasoline tank 48 which is replenished with normal gasoline are provided. In order to separate the hydrogenated fuel into a hydrogen rich gas and dehydrogenation product, a dehydrogenation reactor 22 and a separator 40 are provided. The hydrogen rich gas flows into a hydrogen pipe 44 and is supplied into the intake pipe 12. A dehydrogenation product pipe 42 is provided with a flow separator 46. The dehydrogenation product is guided into the gasoline tank 48 until the mixed ratio of the dehydrogenation product reaches the maximum allowable ratio in the gasoline tank 48. Only if the ratio reaches the maximum allowable ratio, the dehydrogenation product is collected into a dehydrogenation product tank 50.

Abstract: A method of compressing a medium in the combustion chamber of a combustion engine, wherein a liquid spray is introduced into the compression chamber during a compression stroke, the liquid is pressurized and heated before introduction into the compression chamber to such a degree that at least a part of the droplets of the spray explode spontaneously upon entrance in the compression chamber. The pressurized liquid has a steam pressure that is above the pressure in the compression chamber, and the liquid has a temperature that exceeds the boiling point of the liquid for the temperature and the pressure that, at the moment of introduction, exists in the compression chamber, and the heat being water. The liquid is heated to such an extent that, at the moment of introduction, it has a temperature that is below the temperature of the medium at the moment of introduction of the liquid.

Abstract: An engine is provided comprising a cylinder, a piston, a connecting rod, and a crank. A cylinder combustion occurs in the cylinder to induce movement of the piston in a lateral direction. The cylinder combustion comprises a first stage during which a first portion of a fuel and air mixture is burned over a substantially constant volume, and a second stage during which a second portion of the fuel and air mixture is burned over a substantially constant pressure. The piston comprises a piston head and a rigid piston rod mounted to the piston head. The connecting rod is pivotally mounted to the rigid piston rod and capable of receiving a pulling force applied by the piston. The crank is pivotally mounted to the connecting rod such that the connecting rod applies a torque capable of rotating the crank about a fixed axis as the piston moves within the cylinder.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a camshaft (1) for more preferably motor vehicle engines with a termination element (2) arranged with an axial end side in or on the camshaft (1) and permanently joined to the latter which closes off the camshaft (1) in axial direction and which is designed as drive element for an auxiliary unit on the output side. Here it is essential to the invention that the termination element (2) is formed as a formed sheet metal part.

Abstract: An electromagnetically driven valve includes a driven valve having a stem and carrying out reciprocating motion along a direction in which the stem extends, a disc support base having an abutment surface, a disc extending from one end coupled to the stem toward the other end supported by the disc support base so as to allow free oscillation of the disc, and an electromagnet applying electromagnetic force to the disc. The disc has a root portion formed at the other end, and an arm portion formed from the root portion to one end. The electromagnet has a surface facing the arm portion. When the disc is attracted to the electromagnet the abutment surface abuts on the root portion and a gap is created between the surface and the arm portion. With such a structure, excellent quietness and durability can be achieved and energy loss can be reduced.

Abstract: A variable ratio rocker assembly for increasing the amount of air entering a combustion cylinder. The rocker assembly includes a rocker arm adapted to move a valve between a closed position and an open position, a radiused follower adapted to interact with a portion of the rocker arm, and a push rod for moving the follower in response to a camshaft. The follower causes the rocker arm to move the valve between the closed position and the open position.

Abstract: A lever for a valve control of a piston engine is provided, which is embodied as a rocker arm, rocker lever or finger lever. A roller (6) is rotationally mounted on a support pin (7) in an intermediate space of the lever. The lateral sides (1, 2) are tapered (8, 9, 10, 16) in a region of a bore (14) which receives the support pin (7), whereby the sum of the widths (12, 13) of the lateral parts (1, 2) is smaller than a total width (11) of the intermediate space (5) enabling a counter perforation of the bore (14) to be possible.

Abstract: A tappet assembly includes a first follower engaging a cam lobe profile, and a second follower engaging an engine poppet valve. A latch member is operable to fix the first follower in an extended position, to provide a high lift condition. The first and second followers define first and second stop surfaces, respectively, such that when the latch member is retracted, the lift portion engages the first follower and moves it toward the poppet valve until the stop surfaces engage, and thereafter, further downward movement of the first follower moves the second follower to provide a low lift. One benefit of this feature is to prevent accumulation of unburned fuel in a port fuel injection type of gasoline engine.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved push rod for actuating poppet valves in internal combustion engines. The improved push rod provides a vibration dampening beam member to alter push rod vibration frequency spectrum, levels and amplitude introduced through push rods to valve systems. Reducing push rod vibrations and amplitude improve valve system and engine performance.

Abstract: A counterweight 40 attached to a crankshaft 38 has a projection 42, which is aligned with and faces an electromagnet 44 attached to a crank casing 46 when the crankshaft 38 is at a preset rotational position of ensuring good startability of an engine 22. Engine stop control starts a power supply to the electromagnet 44 to attract the projection 42 of the counterweight 40 at a timing when the projection 42 of the counterweight 40 is practically aligned with the electromagnet 44, on the condition that the revolution speed of the crankshaft 38 is lowered to or below a preset level immediately before a full stop of rotation of the crankshaft 38. This engine stop control stops the rotation of the crankshaft 38 and desirably holds the crankshaft 38 at the preset rotational position of ensuring good startability of the engine 22.

Abstract: Rotary valve system for controlling communication with a port in an internal combustion engine which, in one disclosed embodiment, has a crankshaft, compression and expansion pistons connected to the crankshaft for reciprocating movement within compression and expansion chambers, a combustion chamber in which air from the compression chamber is combined with fuel and burned to produce an increased gas volume.

Abstract: Rotary valve system for controlling communication with a port in an internal combustion engine which, in one disclosed embodiment, has a crankshaft, compression and expansion pistons connected to the crankshaft for reciprocating movement within compression and expansion chambers, a combustion chamber in which air from the compression chamber is combined with fuel and burned to produce an increased gas volume.

Abstract: A heat shield assembly includes shroud or housing fabricated from a heat shielding material having at least one pair of spring arms extending from side walls of the shroud for engaging a member to which the heat shield assembly is to be attached, and one or more retention tabs projecting into a longitudinal channel in position to limit longitudinal movement of the assembly relative to the member when the member is attached to the spring arms

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes neighboring main and auxiliary combustion chambers that are separated by a partition wall including a communicating passage. Ignition of an air/fuel mixture in the auxiliary combustion chamber produces a fuel torch that is jetted into an air/fuel mixture in the main combustion chamber. Under a predetermined operation condition, timing for opening an intake valve is retarded relative to both the timing for closing an exhaust valve and the timing for top dead center of a piston on an exhaust stroke. By retarding the timing for opening the intake valve, residual gas in the auxiliary combustion that is left over from a previous cycle can be reduced.

Abstract: The invention relates to a combustion recess in the head of a piston for a diesel engine, the piston being provided with a cooling duct optionally existing in the form of a cooled ring carrier. This combustion recess has, in the radially outer edge area, an undercut which is formed such that the radially outer delimitation of the combustion recess is situated sufficiently near the cooling duct so that the cooling duct has a cooling effect upon the combustion recess.

Abstract: A control system for an internal combustion engine having at least one fuel injection valve for injecting fuel into a combustion chamber of the engine and burning the injected fuel by compression ignition. A fuel injection control parameter for controlling at least one fuel injection valve is changed. A combustion state of the engine is then detected. A cetane number of the fuel is then estimated based on the changed fuel injection control parameter and the detected combustion state.