Abstract: A method for producing a set gypsum-containing product comprising an interlocking matrix of set gypsum wherein said method comprises applying to said set gypsum one or more enhancing materials selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid; condensed phosphoric acids, each of which comprises 2 or more phosphoric acid units; and salts or ions of condensed phosphates, each of which comprises 2 or more phosphate units, and monobasic salts or monovalent ions of orthophosphates.

Abstract: Disclosed is an antibacterial gypsum composition for dental surgery, which eliminates pathogens transferred from the mouth of a patient, so that a dentist or others participating in dental surgery can be prevented from being infected by such pathogens during the work for dental surgery. The antibacterial gypsum composition for dental surgery comprises ?-plaster for a dental model and an organic nitrogen-based compound, polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate, as an antibacterial agent.

Abstract: A single crystal ingot is cut to an axial direction so as to including the central axis, a sample for measurement including regions [V], [Pv], [Pi] and [I] is prepared, and a first sample and second sample are prepared by dividing the sample into two so as to be symmetrical against the central axis. A first transition metal is metal-stained on the surface of the first sample and a second transition metal different from the first transition metal is metal-stained on the surface of the second sample. The first and second samples stained with the metals are thermally treated and the first and second transition metals are diffused into the inside of the samples. Recombination lifetimes in the whole of the first and second samples are respectively measured, and the vertical measurement of the first sample is overlapped on the vertical measurement of the second sample.

Abstract: A crystalline material sufficiently pure for use in pharmaceuticals may be made by forming a saturated solution of the material changing the temperature of the solution so it becomes supersaturated, and briefly subjecting the solution to irradiation by high intensity ultrasound, before allowing the solution to cool gradually without further irradiation. The ultrasound may be applied using a vessel with an array of ultrasonic transducers attached to a wall, so each transducer radiates no more than 3 W/cm2 yet the power dissipation within the vessel is between 25 and 150 W/litre. This method can reduce the metastable zone width to less than 10 K. There is no erosion of the wall and consequently no formation of small particles of metal. It is applicable for example to aspartame, and to amino acids.

Abstract: A crystal substrate and a crystal film of a III-V compound of the nitride system which have no defects in the surfaces. A method of manufacturing a crystal of a III-V compound of the nitride system, and a method of manufacturing a device. A base crystal layer is formed over a basal body. After etching the base crystal layer using a first mask pattern, an intermediate crystal layer is formed. After etching the intermediate crystal layer using a second mask pattern, a top crystal layer is formed. The crystal growth of the intermediate crystal layer starts at the walls of grooves formed by etching in the base crystal layer. This reduces the possibility that dislocations develop into the intermediate crystal layer. No dislocations occurring above the first mask pattern propagate through the top crystal layer since the dislocations are removed by etching using the second mask pattern.

Abstract: In a Czochralski (CZ) single crystal puller equipped with a cooler and a thermal insulation member, which are to be disposed in a CZ furnace, smooth recharge and additional charge of material are made possible. Further, elimination of dislocations from a silicon seed crystal by use of the Dash's neck method can be performed smoothly. To these ends, there is provided a CZ single crystal puller, wherein a cooler and a thermal insulation member are immediately moved upward away from a melt surface during recharge or additional charge of material or during elimination of dislocations from a silicon seed crystal by use of the Dash's neck method.

Abstract: A microdeposition system (20) and method deposits precise amounts of fluid material onto a substrate. A microdeposition head (50) includes a plurality of spaced nozzles that fire droplets having a deposited width when deposited on the substrate. A positioning device moves the microdeposition head (50) relative to the substrate at a head speed. A controller (22) generates over-clocking signals at a rate that is substantially greater than the head speed divided by the droplet width to improve resolution. The controller (22) includes a positioning module that generates position control signals for the positioning device. The controller (22) includes a nozzle firing module (114) that generates nozzle firing commands based on the over-clocking rate to fire the nozzles to form droplets that define features on the substrate.

Abstract: A plasma processing system and methods for processing a substrate using a heat transfer system are provided. The heat transfer system, which is capable of producing a high degree of processing uniformity across the surface of a substrate, comprises a uniformity pedestal supported on and in good thermal contact with a heat transfer member. The uniformity pedestal includes a pin array which provides a conformal substrate support surface (i.e., contact surface) that can conform to the profile of a backside surface of a substrate during processing. To uniformly cool a substrate, a large thermal gradient can be established between the uniformity pedestal and the heat transfer member during the processing of a substrate.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to sago fluidity starch and the use thereof. Such fluidity starches exhibit exceptionally fast gelling properties, high gel strengths, and exceptional elasticity. These properties allow for significantly reduced processing times, including reduced hold times. Further, the higher gel strength allows for reduced starch levels without loss of final product gel strength integrity or texture.

Abstract: A plasma etch process includes a plasma etch step performed with a photoresist mask on a workpiece using a polymerizing etch process gas that produces in the plasma polymerizing species which accumulate as a protective polymer layer on the surface of said photoresist mask during the etch step, the process including the following steps performed in the same chamber after the etch step and prior to removing the photoresist mask: (a) removing residue of the type including polymer material from chamber surfaces including a ceiling of said chamber, by coupling RF plasma source power into the chamber while coupling substantially no RF plasma bias power into the chamber, and introducing a hydrogen-containing gas into the chamber, until said residue is removed from the chamber surfaces; (b) removing the protective polymer layer from the surface of the photoresist mask, by coupling RF plasma bias power into the chamber while coupling substantially no RF plasma source power into the chamber, and introducing into the

Abstract: A system for recycling reusable resin mold products recovered from discarded apparatuses is disclosed. This recycling system includes a crushing system for crushing resin mold products one kind by one kind into crushed resinous pieces and packing the same in a bag, a classification system for irradiating a light beam to the resin in the bag and classifying the bags into respective kinds of resins based on a reflected beam therefrom, a cleaning system for separately cleaning the respective kind of crushed resinous pieces taken out of the bag to remove foreign matters adhered onto the surfaces of the crushed resinous pieces therefrom, and a recovery system for recovering the cleaned crushed resinous pieces.

Abstract: Improved methods of rinsing and drying microelectronic devices by way of an immersion processing apparatus are provided for effectively cleaning microelectronic devices. Methods and arrangements control the separation of one or more microelectronic devices from a liquid environment as part of a replacement of the liquid environment with a gas environment. Cleaning enhancement substance, such as IPA, is introduced into the gas environment according to a controlled profile while the separation step is conducted. The controlled profile being directed to the timing of introduction of cleaning enhancement substance, the concentration of cleaning enhancement substance and/or flow rates thereof into the vessel. Controlled timing of gas and cleaning enhancement substance delivery can also improve effectiveness of separation.

Abstract: A two-step chemical treatment method for chemically conditioning a sensor element comprising an electrolyte in ionic communication with a first electrode and a second electrode is described. The method comprises treating at least a portion of a sensor element with a first solution comprising an inorganic base, a carbonate salt and an acid salt; heating the sensor element; treating at least a portion of the sensor element with a second solution comprising an inorganic base and a carbonate salt; and drying the sensor element. The gas sensors comprising the two-step treated sensor elements have reduced lean shift, green effect, sensor output amplitude drop, and the light-off time is improved.

Abstract: A dispensable brazing paste useful in lamp manufacturing includes a brazing powder and a water soluble vehicle that has water, glycerin, a binder, and a dispersant that includes ammonium stearate and ammonium citrate. Preferably, the brazing powder is 84-87 wt % of the paste, the water is 3-5 wt %, the glycerin is 3-4 wt %, the binder is 1-2 wt %, and the dispersant is 4-6 wt %, and a weight of the water is within a range of 60-90% of a weight of the dispersant. The brazing paste does not include the troublesome organic solvents of the prior art.

Abstract: A blended powder including a first powder containing an R2T14B phase as a main phase, and a second powder containing an R2T17 phase at 25 wt % or more of the whole is prepared. Herein, R is at least one element selected from the group consisting of all rare-earth elements and Y (yttrium), T is at least one element selected from the group consisting of all transition elements, and Q is at least one element selected from the group consisting of B (boron) and C (carbon). The blended powder is sintered, so as to manufacture a permanent magnet having a structure in which a rare-earth element included in the second powder is concentrated in a grain surgace region of a main phase.

Abstract: An improved guiding member for use within a body lumen having a unique combination of superelastic characteristics. The superelastic alloy material has a composition consisting of about 30% to about 52% (atomic) titanium, and about 38% to 52% nickel and may have one or more elements selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, platinum, palladium, vanadium, copper, zirconium, hafnium and niobium. The alloy material is subjected to thermomechanical processing which includes a final cold working of about 10 to about 75% and then a heat treatment at a temperature between about 450° and about 600° C. and preferably about 475° to about 550° C. Before the heat treatment the cold worked alloy material is preferably subjected to mechanical straightening. The alloy material is preferably subjected to stresses equal to about 5 to about 50% of the room temperature ultimate yield stress of the material during the thermal treatment.

Abstract: Systems and methods for repairing Thermo-Span® gas turbine engine components are described herein. Embodiments of these methods minimize post-weld residual stresses in a weld repaired Thermo-Span® component by solution heat treating the component by heating the component to about 2000° F.±25° F., holding the component at about 2000° F.±25° F. for about one hour; and cooling the component to below about 700° F. at a rate equivalent to cooling in air; and precipitation heat treating the component by heating the component to about 1325° F.±25° F., holding the component at about 1325° F.±25° F. for about 8 hours, cooling the component to about 1150° F.±25° F. at a maximum rate of about 100° F./hour, holding the component at about 1150° F.±25° F. for about 8 hours, and cooling the component at a predetermined cooling rate. Dimensions of the fully-machined and weld repaired component are maintained during solution heat treating and precipitation heat treating via custom designed furnace tools.

Abstract: A composite metal object comprises ductile crystalline metal particles in an amorphous metal matrix. An alloy is heated above its liquidus temperature. Upon cooling from the high temperature melt, the alloy chemically partitions, forming dendrites in the melt. Upon cooling the remaining liquid below the glass transition temperature it freezes to the amorphous state, producing a two-phase microstructure containing crystalline particles in an amorphous metal matrix. The ductile metal particles have a size in the range of from 0.1 to 15 micrometers and spacing in the range of from 0.1 to 20 micrometers. Preferably, the particle size is in the range of from 0.5 to 8 micrometers and spacing is in the range of from 1 to 10 micrometers. The volume proportion of particles is in the range of from 5 to 50% and preferably 15 to 35%. Differential cooling can produce oriented dendrites of ductile metal phase in an amorphous matrix.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for forming a fire combustion modified batt. The method comprises the step of forming a blend of nonwoven and oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers into a web. The oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers are fire resistant and when blended with nonwoven fibers are relatively easily processed into a batt. A second blend of nonwoven fibers can be formed into a web and layered with the oxidized polyacrylonitrile fiber web to form the batt. The fibers are bonded together with heat, resin or other bonding material and are compressed and cooled. The fire combustion modified batt is useful as fire barriers and fillers in bedding, upholstery and vehicle and aircraft seats, as insulators for apparel, appliances, walls and ducting, as barriers to separate control systems from a heat source, and as components in fire safety gear such as race driver suits and oven and welding mitts.

Abstract: Materials and methods inhibit the localized build-up of material with respect to certain additive manufacturing processes, including those based on ultrasonic consolidation. Where an object is fabricated by consolidating material increments from a feedstock in accordance with a description of the object, the invention prevents the consolidation in specified regions to provide for an intrinsic support or to otherwise build a part or component in accordance with the description. The object being fabricated, the feedstock, or both, may be treated so as to inhibit the consolidation of material increments in the localized area. That is, such treatment may affect the surface chemistry of the feedstock to prevent local bonding, or the treatment may be applied to a previously built surface of the object.

Abstract: An air spring assembly including a first end member having a peripheral edge, a second end member in spaced relation to the first end member, and a flexible sleeve secured between the first and second end members at least partially defining a spring chamber. A label is formed from sheet material and includes a first portion coated with adhesive and a second portion spaced from the first portion that includes a plurality of indicia. The label is disposed along the first end member with the first adhesive portion secured thereto and the second portion extending outwardly beyond the peripheral edge. A method is also disclosed.

Abstract: A metallized coating is applied to a first surface of a multi-layered window film, the coating applied by vacuum deposition to form a laminated film composite. A second surface of the multi-layered window film composite is adhesively attached to a first glass pane. A thin outer edge strip of the outermost layer of the film coated with the metallized layer is removed. A second glass pane is prepared in the same way. The two glass panes are adapted to be mounted in a frame with the first surface of the film coated with the metallized coating facing each other spaced apart with a spacer. A sealant fills a cavity between the two glass panes to form an insulated glass unit.

Abstract: A method for assembling a device. The method comprises placing a functional element in a first opening formed in a template substrate and transferring the functional element to a device substrate having a second opening formed therein wherein the functional element is held within the second opening and against an adhesive film coupled to the device substrate.

Abstract: A method for substantially lifting dry-erasable marked images (4) from a whiteboard surface (2) includes providing a rolled transparent adhesive film sheet (6) for lifting the image, a rolled paper sheet (8) having a shade or color that is contrasting to the image (4) allowing for clearer viewing and easy handling of the lifted image when the sheets (6,8) are adhered together. The sheet rolls (24,26) are positioned, utilizing an elongated handling unit (12,36) that enables dispensing and joining of the sheets (6,8). An urging slit (16) is provided on the unit to urge consistent adherence together of the two sheets (6,8) when pulled through. At least one suction cup (30) is provided on at least one side of the handling unit (12,36) that is provided, in order to mount the unit (10,34) on or near the whiteboard surface (2). Permanent mounting and motorized operation alternatives and a surface cleaning method are provided.

Abstract: A method for making the core of a door of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). A billet of AAC is provided from which slabs are cut to the approximate dimensions of the door core. A reinforcing band is secured about the perimeter of a slab. The thickness of the slab is then sized for the door core as by sanding. The door is finished by applying skins to the core surfaces and trim to the reinforcing band.

Abstract: A composite having two structural layers of (independently) metal, polymer, or ceramic is connected with a polymeric adhesive layer positioned in solid form between the two layers. The adhesive layer is inter-bonded after positioning with at least one structural layer by a bi-modal molecule derived from treating the solid adhesive and other layers with radiation (preferably, electron beam radiation). Items such as a dynamic and static seals, gaskets, pump diaphragms, hoses, and o-rings all benefit from the technique.

Abstract: Method for bonding a layer of thermoplastic polymer to the surface of an elastomer. A foamed elastomer having, preferably, an open-pore surface is used. The thermoplastic layer is pressed against this surface while it is heated by heat radiation, in particular laser light. The thermoplastic layer is transparent to this radiation, whereas it is absorbed by the surface of the elastomer.

Abstract: A method of producing an LTCC substrate having improved cavity bondability is disclosed that involves providing a stack of green ceramic tape sheets having a cavity, placing a template having an opening corresponding to the cavity over the stack, placing a stretchable sheet of material coated with graphite or zinc stearate over the template, isostatically laminating the stack to produce an LTCC substrate having a cavity, and removing the template and sheet of stretchable material from the stack.

Abstract: The Invention relates to a method for the manufacture of a smart label web. The smart label web comprises smart labels placed one after another and/or side by side and comprising a circuitry pattern and an integrated circuit on a chip therein. In the method, an electrical contact is formed between the integrated circuit on a chip and the circuitry pattern of the smart label in the smart label web in such a way that a structural part separated from a separate carrier web and comprising an integrated circuit on a chip is attached to the smart label. The structural part contains a thermoplastic material whereby it is attached to the smart label.

Abstract: The floor covering includes multiple layers including a non-woven base layer, a VAE precoat applied to the non-woven woven base layer and overlaid by a first PVC layer. A fiberglass mat is applied over the first PVC layer and a second PVC layer is applied over the mat. A woven PVC layer is laminated by heat and pressure to the underlying second PVC layer. The woven PVC layer comprises monofilament or multifilament cores, preferably but not limited to, polyester filaments overlaid by a PVC coating.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of improving control over the dimensions of a patterned photoresist, which enables better control of the critical dimensions of a photomask or reticle which is fabricated using the patterned photoresist. In addition, the method may be used to enable improved control over the dimensions of a semiconductor device fabricated using a patterned photoresist. In particular, a patterned photoresist is treated with an etchant plasma to reshape the surface of the patterned photoresist, where reshaping includes the removal of “t”-topping at the upper surface of the patterned resist, the removal of standing waves present on patterned surfaces, and the removal of feet which may be present at the base of the patterned photoresist, where the photoresist contacts an underlying layer such as an ARC layer.

Abstract: A substrate processing system is provided with an ozone generator capable of generating an ozone-containing gas by discharging electricity in an oxygen-containing gas, and a plurality of processing chambers each capable of holding substrates therein to process the substrates by the ozone-containing gas supplied thereto. A flow regulator control an oxygen-containing gas supplied to the ozone generator. A controller controls the flow regulator to control the flow rate of the ozone-containing gas to be supplied to the processing chamber or chambers from the ozone generator through the control of the flow rate of the oxygen-containing gas supplied to the ozone generator.

Abstract: A temperature-controlled hot edge ring assembly adapted to surround a substrate support in a plasma reaction chamber. The assembly includes a conductive lower ring, a ceramic intermediate ring, and an upper ring. The intermediate ring overlies the lower ring and is adapted to be attached via the lower ring to an RF electrode. The upper ring overlies the intermediate ring, and has an upper surface exposed to an interior of a plasma reaction chamber.

Abstract: The invention provides a water blocking tape for use in a variety of cable designs, such as power cable, data communications cable and telecommunications cable. A water blocking tape according to the invention includes layers of lightweight nonwoven fabric with one or more swellable water blocking compounds, such as water absorbent polymers, disposed between the layers. The nonwoven fabric layers are bonded in a pattern using an ultrasonic bonding technique. The bonding pattern helps to contain and to restrain movement of the water blocking compounds between the layers. The bonding pattern compartmentalizes the water blocking compounds to prevent pooling of the compounds and to facilitate a substantially consistent distribution of the compounds between the layers such that when a tape contacts water, the tape achieves a substantially consistent swell height.

Abstract: A cellulose fiber having extended biostability and the method of its manufacture are described. While prior treatments of cellulose with biotoxic metal compounds have given improved resistance to decay, these treatments have not been entirely satisfactory where the fiber had to be refined before use. Refining energy was very high and fiber length loss was substantial. Treatment of cellulose fiber with didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) or bromide (DDAB), these materials in combination with low levels of copper, or low levels of copper alone, has given a product with very good biostability without a major increase in refining energy or loss of fiber length. The treated fiber is particularly advantageous as a reinforcing component for cement board products.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a paper stock for use in making paper, paperboard and similar cellulosic products, by adding, at one or more different points of the wet end of the paper-making machine, a secondary retention and drainage agent containing a liquid smectite, and a primary retention and drainage agent comprising a natural or synthetic polymer. The retention and drainage agents can be added in any order, thus improving the retention, drainage, formation and drying, without affecting the whiteness, and enhancing the physical values of the paper, paperboard, cardboard and other similar products. The smectite can be an enhanced, concentrated, liquid smectite that can avoid the need for an on-site preparation unit.

Abstract: A blade for creping has been described. The blade according to the invention has a ceramic top layer covering the working edge of the blade, as well as the surface upon which the web impacts during creping. The ceramic top layer is a ceramic composition having a content of chromia. Preferably, the ceramic composition of the top layer comprises chromia-titania, with a titania content of up to 25% by weight, and preferably between 10% and 15% titania.

Abstract: A method for making a spin valve includes providing a substrate; depositing a first ferromagnetic layer having a first surface on the substrate; depositing a spacer layer having a second surface; depositing a second ferromagnetic layer, wherein the spacer layer is disposed between the first and second ferromagnetic layers; and exposing one or more of the first and second surfaces to an oxygen partial pressure, then decreasing the oxygen partial pressure before depositing a subsequent layer. One or more of the first and second surfaces may be exposed to an oxygen partial pressure of between about 1×10?7 Torr and about 5×10?5 Torr.

Abstract: A membrane electrode cell is disclosed which has a membrane cartridge that can readily be removed from the cell without disassembling the framework of the cell. Also, a membrane electrode cell is disclosed which has a water flow arrangement that removes debris from the bottom of the cell.

Abstract: A sputtering apparatus is provided with a DC power supply 1, an inverter 2 that converts DC voltage to AC voltage, a matching circuit 10 that transforms the AC voltage, a rectifier 4 that converts the transformed AC voltage to direct current, and a sputtering load 6. The matching circuit 10 has a transformer 3 that transforms AC voltage from the inverter 2, inductance L provided in series with at least one of the primary winding 31 and secondary winding 32, and a condenser C provided in parallel with at least one of the primary winding 31 and secondary winding 32 through inductance L.

Abstract: A physical vapor deposition plasma reactor includes a vacuum chamber including a sidewall, a ceiling and a wafer support pedestal near a floor of the chamber, and a vacuum pump coupled to the chamber, a process gas inlet coupled to the chamber and a process gas source coupled to the process gas inlet, a metal sputter target at the ceiling, a high voltage D.C. source coupled to the sputter target, an RF plasma source power generator coupled to the wafer support pedestal and having a frequency in a range between about 60 MHz and 81 MHz, and an RF plasma bias power generator coupled to the wafer support pedestal and having a frequency suitable for coupling energy to plasma ions.

Abstract: A system for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of trace nitro-aromatic compounds in air, uses a carbon or carbon/gold working electrode with a surface that is modified to increase the electron transfer kinetics of nitro-aromatic compounds. Chemical modifiers of the working electrode surface include amino-aromatic compounds such as aniline and its derivatives. The detection method involves dissolving trace nitro-aromatic compounds in an electrolyte including aprotonic solvents, or dipolar solvents, in the electrochemical cell including a working electrode, a reference electrode and an auxiliary electrode. Voltage is varied across the working electrode and the reference electrode, and an electrical current is measured between the working electrode and the auxiliary electrode. The measured electrical peak current is a sensitive indication of the concentration of the trace compounds. This invention is appropriate for portable, field-testing of trace explosive compounds in air.

Abstract: In a concentration measuring mechanism, a first concentration meter that measures the concentration of a first gas inside an enclosed space is isolated by an isolator in an isolatable space isolated from the enclosed space in order to achieve high-precision measurement.

Abstract: Systems and methods to provide electrical contacts to a workpiece to facilitate electrotreating processes, including electroplating and electroetching processes are presented.

Abstract: A system and method for treating ballast water within an ocean going vessel by generating hypochlorite for treating the ballast water. The system comprises one or more hypochlorite electrolytic cells in fluid communication with a stream of ballast water. A chlorine analyzer is positioned downstream from the electrolytic cells to determine the chlorine concentration of the treated ballast water. A hydrogen separator is connected to the hypochlorite electrolytic cells for venting hydrogen. In the method of this invention, water is taken aboard the ship for ballast in one port. A treatment stream is separated from the ballast water stream and piped to hypochlorite electrolytic cells. Hypochlorite is generated into the treatment stream and the hydrogen byproduct is separated by the hydrogen separators. The treatment stream is then reintroduced to the ballast water to eliminate marine species and pathogenic bacteria from ballast water.

Abstract: Systems for positioning and/or analyzing samples such as cells, vesicles, cellular organelles, and fragments, derivatives, and mixtures thereof, for electrical and/or optical analysis, especially relating to the presence and/or activity of ion channels.

Abstract: A process to continuously prepare a hydrocarbon product having a specified desired sulphur content lower than 0.05 wt %, starting from at least two or more high-sulphur hydrocarbon feedstocks having a sulphur content of above 0.

Abstract: A process for removing sulfur from hydrocarbon feeds, including the steps of providing a hydrocarbon feed containing sulfur; providing a cell having two compartments and a membrane separating the compartments; flowing a hydrogen source through one compartment; flowing the hydrocarbon feed through the other compartment; applying a current across the hydrogen source compartment whereby hydrogen diffuses through the membrane from the hydrogen source to the hydrocarbon feed, whereby the hydrogen reacts with sulfur to form H2S and produce a treated hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A process for producing a naphtha having a decreased amount of sulfur by selective hydroprocessing a petroleum feedstream comprising cracked naphtha to reduce its sulfur content with minimum loss of octane. The reduced sulfur naphtha stream contains mercaptan sulfur reversion products that are removed preferably by use of an aqueous base solution containing a catalytically effective amount of a phase transfer catalyst.

Abstract: A method of and system for purifying fluid of an internal combustion engine or hydraulic system utilizes an evaporation chamber separate from a filtering chamber. A metering valve may be oriented between the filtering chamber and the evaporation chamber to control the flow of fluid to the evaporation chamber.