Abstract: A cutting tool piece is provided including a rear portion and a lead portion, the lead portion including a front section having an upper side angled downwardly and forwardly and a lower side angled upwardly and forwardly to form a transverse lead cutting edge. The rear portion includes a hole to secure the tool piece to a cutting tool and transverse cutting edges extending outwardly from side walls of the front section. A system is also described for cutting a bowl by coring out an interior portion of a wood block by applying the cutting tool which is curved and rotatably mounted to a post. Its lead end with the tool piece attached creates a circular groove. The cutting tool is advanced on a path which curves toward the central axis of the lathe.

Abstract: A flail pan for use with a delimbing and debarking apparatus. The flail pan has a first section which extends from the first side opening of the apparatus beneath the first flail and a center section which is spaced vertically and horizontally between the first and second flails. A second section of the flail pan slopes away from the center section downward toward the second side opening of the apparatus.

Abstract: This method of making a folding coin purse involves forming a first pocket and a second pocket on a layer of rectangular material and then turning the first pocket and the second pocket inside out. This forms a body with a first inside out pocket, a second inside out pocket and a narrow peripheral border. The peripheral border is biased into an upstanding position by the turning of the first pocket and the second pocket inside out. The peripheral border frames an access opening between the first inverted pocket and the second inverted pocket. A first half of the body folds over a second half of the body to close the access opening.

Abstract: In this safety support comprising a segmented ring (6), whose segments (6a, . . . , 6f) are connected by linking means (9), at least one of the linking means (9) comprising at least one male element (26) and at least one female portion (27) suitable for fitting one inside the other by a relative movement of two segments in the circumferential direction of the ring, the at least one linking means (9) also comprises a lever mechanism (28) comprising at least two link arms (29, 31) of different lengths articulated on one another and each at one respective end of the two segments so that the lever mechanism acts so as to bring the two segments closer to one another when the male element (26) is partially engaged in the female portion (27) and when an articulation (38) common to two link arms of the lever mechanism (28) is moved substantially radially relative to the center (C) of the ring (6) in response to an axial movement of the ring relative to the rim.

Abstract: An apparatus for mounting a tire on a wheel rim includes a mounting head with a tire bead deflector and a tire press-in roller, and a drive that moves the mounting head toward, and rotates the bead deflector and the press-in roller around, the wheel rim. To avoid a damage-causing contact between the bead deflector and the wheel rim, an arrangement for monitoring a minimum spacing distance between the wheel rim and the mounting head is arranged preferably on the bead deflector. If an improper working position closer than the minimum spacing distance is detected, the arrangement produces a signal that influences, e.g. stops, the motion of the mounting head. The arrangement preferably includes a contact member of a comparatively soft low-friction material at a working end of the bead deflector. If the contact member contacts the wheel rim, this actuates a piezoelectric element to generate the required electrical signal.

Abstract: A multi-functional shading device includes a first shading arrangement including a top traverse supporter adapted for affixing to a top beam of a ceiling, a first shading arrangement downwardly extended from the top traverse supporter including a base member and a first operating means for selectively lifting up the base member towards the traverse supporter and unlifting the base member to drop downwardly away from the traverse supporter, a second shading arrangement including a base stabilizer, a translucent fabric, which is folded in a Z-shaped manner, downwardly extended from the base member to the base stabilizer, a second operating means for folding and unfolding the translucent fabric, and a pair of windproof arms disposed on two sides of shading arrangements for restricting shading device from swaying back and forth.

Abstract: A motorized blind includes a headrail, a bottom rail, a drive shaft, an actuating device, and a power supply device. Thus, the battery of the power supply device is mounted in the bottom rail, so that the battery can be removed from the bottom rail easily and conveniently, thereby facilitating a user replacing or charging the battery of the power supply device when the electric power is not sufficient.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a temporary window covering that may include a pleated cover formed from a sheet of material having a plurality of horizontal creases extending across the width of the sheet thereby defining a plurality of pleats, a bottom rail attached to a bottommost pleat of the pleated cover, and a first lift cord having a first end connected to the bottom rail, with the first lift cord being threaded upwardly through holes of the pleats of the pleated cover. The temporary window covering may also include a first cord guide and a cord lock, both of which may be include a throughbore for slidably engaging the first lift cord when the first lift cord is disposed therein, and a slot for retentively engaging the first lift cord when the first lift cord is disposed therein to support the weight of the bottom rail and an accumulated portion of the pleated cover.

Abstract: A fugitive pattern for making a shell mold for investment casting a metal or alloy comprises a substantially random interpolymer and a low molecular weight polymer in proportions to provide a fugitive pattern having a combination of properties suitable for use in making the shell molds.

Abstract: Made up of a step of preparing a map expressing a correlation between solid phase percentage and viscosity of a slurry-form semi-solid metal (27) for a given metal composition; a step of setting a target viscosity corresponding to a target solid phase percentage using this map; a viscosity measuring step of measuring the viscosity of a semi-solid metal in a vessel (13) while cooling it; and a step of carrying out cooling until this viscosity reaches the target viscosity, by these steps being carried out in from the preparation of the map expressing the correlation between solid phase percentage and viscosity of the semi-solid metal to the end of cooling of the semi-solid metal the solid phase percentage of the semi-solid metal is made to match the target solid phase percentage.

Abstract: Molten metal is injected uniformly into a horizontal mold from a feed chamber in a horizontal direction at a controlled rate, directly on top of the metal already within the mold. A cooling medium is applied to the bottom surface of the mold, with the type and flow rate of the cooling medium being varied to produce a controlled cooling rate throughout the casting process. The rate of introduction of molten metal and the flow rate of the cooling medium are both controlled to produce a relatively uniform solidification rate within the mold, thereby producing a uniform microstructure throughout the casting, and low stresses throughout the casting.

Abstract: An apparatus removing material accumulated on the exterior surfaces of adjacent heat exchanger plates arranged side-by-side in a spaced relationship in a bulk material heat exchanger and a bulk material heat exchanger incorporating the apparatus is provided. In one aspect, the apparatus develops vibratory shock waves through each coil to dislodge material that has accumulated on the surfaces of the heat exchanger plates. In another aspect, the apparatus translates each heat exchanger plate in a sequential back-and-forth motion to create a shearing effect in material that has accumulated between the adjacent surfaces of heat exchanger plates. In one aspect, the apparatus includes a driven cam and a cam follower, where the cam or cam follower includes a profile to achieve the desired motion of each heat exchanger plate.

Abstract: An exhaust gas heat exchanger and bypass has an intake manifold, an outlet manifold, a duct for a heat exchanger, and a bypass duct. The heat exchanger duct and the bypass duct run in parallel between the intake manifold and the outlet manifold and are sealingly connected to the outlet manifold. The heat exchanger is arranged in the interior of the heat exchange duct such that the intake side of the heat exchanger is sealingly connected to the heat exchanger duct and the outlet side of the heat exchanger is slideably received in the heat exchanger duct to allow thermal expansion of the heat exchanger relative to the heat exchanger duct.

Abstract: A structure for cooling an electronic device is disclosed. The structure includes a top layer disposed over the electronic device. The structure further includes a plurality of spring elements disposed between the top layer and the electronic device, wherein at least one spring element comprises a spring portion, provides a heat path from the electronic device and provides mechanical compliance. The structure further includes a seal for containing a space between the top layer and the electronic device, wherein the space contained includes the plurality of spring elements, and a liquid with vaporizing capability disposed with the space contained.

Abstract: A spray cooling system for extreme environments for providing a desired enclosed environment for electronic devices regardless of external environmental conditions. The spray cooling system for extreme environments includes an enclosure that isolates the electronic components from the external environment, a spray unit within the enclosure for thermally managing one or more electronic devices, a pump unit fluidly connected to the spray unit, a heat exchanger unit fluidly connected to the pump, and a control valve fluidly connected between the heat exchanger unit and the pump. An independent chamber preferably houses a heater unit, a first power supply and a control unit, whereby the heater unit initially heats the coolant within the independent chamber to a minimum operating temperature prior to operation of the electronic components.

Abstract: A condenser (14) for vehicles, comprising: a pair of mutually parallel distributors (28,30), a plurality of mutually parallel tubes (32) positioned orthogonally to the distributors (28, 30) and with their ends in fluid connection with said distributors (28, 30), in which the tubes are subdivided into a condensation section (62) and into a sub-cooling section (64), a filter body (42) having an inlet (108) in fluid connection with the condensation section (62) and an outlet (110) in fluid connection with the sub-cooling section (64).

Abstract: A heat exchange structure includes at least three wave-shaped non-woven cloth layers. Each wave-shaped non-woven cloth layer has a plurality of crest tops and trough bottoms. Adjacent wave-shaped non-woven cloth layers are interconnected at intersections of crest tops and trough bottoms thereof. Each wave-shaped non-woven cloth layer forms a unique flow channel. When a cool airflow and a hot airflow are respectively introduced into flow channels formed by adjacent wave-shaped non-woven cloth layers, a heat exchange is executed at the wave-shaped non-woven cloth layer between the cool airflow and the hot airflow.

Abstract: A heat exchanger assembly including a plurality of pairs of plates disposed in series for fluid flow from a pass through one pair of plates to a pass through the next pair of plates. Each pair of plates includes a central rib to define a U-shaped passage having a fluid entering leg and a fluid exiting leg interconnected by an open bottom interconnecting the legs below the lower end of the engaging central ribs. A plurality of dimples project into the passage to interact with fluid flow through the passage and each of the dimples has a hemispherical shape and a divider rib is disposed in the passage to co-act with the hemispherical dimples to reduce whistling noise.

Abstract: An air-conditioning system embodiment for temperature control in a vehicle comprises heater cores, controllably connected to a coolant contour, outletting the conditioned air towards a person sitting in a chair, or into a food compartment. Some cores are mounted inside of chairs' backs situated in front of rear passengers, other cores are mounted in the chair back and inside the chair seat. A refrigerant-coolant heat exchanger provides heat exchange between a refrigerant contour and the coolant contour, cooling the coolant supplied to the cores. A refrigerant compressor is driven by a hydraulic motor, operated by pressurized oil delivered through a hydraulic contour from a first hydraulic pump driven by the vehicle's engine connected to the first pump through an electromagnetic clutch, or alternatively from a second hydraulic pump driven by a substitute engine, connected to the second pump through another electromagnetic clutch, both clutches are controlled by a thermostat.

Abstract: The present disclosure addressed apparatus and methods for forming an annular isolator in a borehole after installation of production tubing. Annular seal means are carried in or on production tubing as it is run into a borehole. In conjunction with expansion of the tubing, the seal is deployed to form an annular isolator. An inflatable element carried on the tubing may be inflated with a fluid carried in the tubing and forced into the inflatable element during expansion of the tubing. Reactive chemicals may be carried in the tubing and injected into the annulus to react with each other and ambient fluids to increase in volume and harden into an annular seal. An elastomeric sleeve, ring or band carried on the tubing may be expanded into contact with a borehole wall and may have its radial dimension increased in conjunction with tubing expansion to form an annular isolator.

Abstract: A method for accessing a subterranean zone from the surface includes drilling a substantially vertical well bore from the surface to the subterranean zone and forming a slot cavity in the substantially vertical well bore proximate to the subterranean zone. The slot cavity comprises a substantially non-cylindrical shape. The method also includes drilling an articulated well bore from the surface to the subterranean zone. The articulated well bore is horizontally offset from the substantially vertical well bore at the surface and intersects the substantially vertical well bore at a junction proximate to the subterranean zone. The method may include drilling the articulated well bore to intersect the slot cavity of the substantially vertical well bore and drilling a substantially horizontal drainage pattern from the slot cavity into the subterranean zone. The subterranean zone may comprise a coal seam.

Abstract: A method is provided for in-situ gasification of coal wherein a network of fractures is formed by providing a substantially vertically disposed borehole and a plurality of substantially horizontally disposed boreholes in fluid communication with the substantially vertically disposed borehole, at least one substantially horizontally disposed boreholes being a fracturing borehole, at least one substantially horizontally disposed boreholes being an injection borehole and at least one substantially horizontally disposed boreholes being an injection borehole. An initial quantity of liquified gas is introduced into the at least one substantially horizontally disposed fracturing borehole whereby the liquified gas vaporizes forms fractures in the formation.

Abstract: The present invention generally provides a method for remotely controlling and/or monitoring at least one parameter of well bore equipment. In one aspect, a method for remotely controlling and/or monitoring at least one parameter of well bore equipment is provided, including: collecting data corresponding to the at least one parameter by a sensor module monitoring the at least one parameter of the well bore equipment; transmitting the collected data to a remote control/monitoring unit via a communication link; analyzing the collected data to determine if the parameter is within predefined limits; if the parameter is not within predefined limits, then transmitting control data from the control/monitoring unit to the well bore equipment for modifying the operation of the well operation equipment so that the parameter will conform to the predefined limits or stopping operation of the wellbore equipment.

Abstract: Methods of treating a portion of a subterranean formation comprising: providing partitioned, coated particulates that comprise particulates, an adhesive substance, and a partitioning agent, and wherein the adhesive substance comprises an aqueous tackifying agent or a silyl modified polyamide; substantially slurrying the partitioned, coated particulates in a treatment fluid to create a particulate slurry; and, placing the particulate slurry into the portion of the subterranean formation.

Abstract: Improved methods and compositions for consolidating proppant in subterranean fractures are provided. In certain embodiments, the hardenable resin compositions may be especially suited for consolidating proppant in subterranean fractures having temperatures above about 200° F. Improved methods include providing proppant particles coated with a hardenable resin composition mixed with a gelled liquid fracturing fluid, and introducing the fracturing fluid into a subterranean zone. The fracturing fluid may form one or more fractures in the subterranean zone and deposit the proppant particles coated with the resin composition therein. Thereafter, the hardenable resin composition on the proppant particles is allowed to harden by heat and to consolidate the proppant particles into degradation resistant permeable packs. The hardenable resin composition may include a liquid bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin resin, a 4,4?-diaminodiphenyl sulfone hardening agent, a solvent, a silane coupling agent, and a surfactant.

Abstract: A method of servicing a wellbore, comprising providing a wellbore fluid comprising a carrier fluid and a resilient material, and introducing the wellbore fluid to an annulus, wherein at least a portion of the resilient material reduces in volume to affect the annular pressure.

Abstract: A method of treating a subterranean formation is provided, the method may comprise providing a fluid comprising an aqueous fluid, a gelling agent, and a zirconium triisopropylamine crosslinking agent; and introducing the fluid into a well bore that penetrates the subterranean formation. Also provided are methods of fracturing a subterranean formation.

Abstract: An apparatus for applying a force to a stuck object in a wellbore that includes a work string extending in the wellbore is provided. A vibrating string has a vibrator engaged with the stuck object. The vibrator drives the vibrating string to impart the force to the stuck object. An isolator associated with the work string and the vibrating string decouples a portion of a motion of the vibrating string from the work string. A method of applying a force to a stuck object in a wellbore is provided that includes comprises extending a work string in the wellbore from a surface location. A vibrating string is engaged with the stuck object. The vibrating string is driven at a frequency to apply the force to the stuck object. The work string is isolated from the vibrating string such that a portion of the motion of the vibrating string is decoupled from the work string.

Abstract: A method for mitigating the deposition of wax on production tubing walls. The method comprises positioning at least one ultrasonic frequency generating device adjacent the production tubing walls and producing at least one ultrasonic frequency thereby disintegrating the wax and inhibiting the wax from attaching to the production tubing walls. A system for mitigating the deposition of wax on production tubing walls is also provided.

Abstract: A method and system of subsea intervention comprises lowering one or more assemblies of intervention equipment into the sea. Underwater marine units (such as remote operated vehicles or small submarines) may be employed to connect the assemblies to each other and to the subsea wellhead equipment. The subsea wellhead equipment includes a carrier line spool (e.g., coiled tubing spool, wireline spool, slickline spool) and equipment to inject a carrier line from the carrier line spool into the subsea well. The carrier line spool can be located underwater, such as on the sea floor or positioned above the subsea wellhead equipment.

Abstract: An arrangement and a method to control and regulate the bottom hole pressure in a well during subsea drilling at deep waters: The method involves adjustment of a liquid/gas interface level in a drilling riser up or down. The arrangement comprises a high pressure drilling riser and a surface BOP at the upper end of the drilling riser. The surface BOP havs a gas bleeding outlet. The riser also comprises a BOP, with a by-pass line. The drilling riser has an outlet at a depth below the water surface, and the outlet is connected to a pumping system with a flow return conduit running back to a drilling vessel/platform.

Abstract: A method and a device for controlling a downhole hydraulic sequential control system (1) in which a number of pressure relief valves (20, 22) are arranged to open sequentially directly or indirectly for corresponding actuators (26, 34) through introduction of a hydraulic fluid, wherein the pressure of working fluid supplied to the control system is transmitted to hydraulic fluid in the control system (1). The pressure transfer may be effected by means of a dividing piston (6).

Abstract: A side entry sub for use with a drill string, where the side entry sub receives a wireline within its inner diameter. The present invention includes a device capable of severing the wireline proximate to the side entry sub. The present invention can further include a capturing device to grapple the severed portion of the wireline to prevent it from being dropped within the wellbore.

Abstract: The invention concerns an external well packer (4, 4?, 4?) for a pipe string (2), and also a method of leading at least one line (18) seamlessly past at least one packer (4, 4?, 4?) along the pipe string (2). What is characteristic of the packer (4, 4?, 4?) is that it consists of a continuous inner packer ring (8) and a separate and continuous outer packer ring (10), which in the operating position encloses the inner packer ring (8) in a pressure tight manner. The fitting surface of at least one of the packer rings (8, 10) is provided with at least one through-going line slot (16, 16?), which in the operating position encloses a line (18) in a pressure tight manner. This allows continuous lines (18) to be stretched out past several such packers (4, 4?, 4?).

Abstract: A remotely operably vehicle includes a body defining a cavity therebeneath and further includes a mechanism for remotely propelling the vehicle during operating conditions and a mechanism for remotely discharging fluids outwardly from the vehicle. The vehicle further includes a mechanism for remotely discharging fire retardant in a concentrated path outwardly and away from the vehicle. The fire retardant discharging mechanism includes a powder reservoir isolated from the central water reservoir. The vehicle further includes a video surveillance mechanism for remotely capturing images surrounding the target zone such that the operator can monitor the target zone from a safe and remote location. A central processing unit bears software instructions for causing the vehicle to perform a series of predetermined operations.

Abstract: A sod harvester includes a sod cut-off system driven by a hydraulic actuator controlled by a processor in response to signals from a ground speed sensor to cut a strip of sod to a desired length. The controller also operating to control the speed of conveyors used to roll the sod into a roll. The sensor measures the rotations of a ground wheel and produces a signal which is used by a processor on the harvester to determine the distance traveled by the harvester. A control valve assembly and a high pressure hydraulic fluid accumulator provide for rapid extension of the actuators to produce a rapid downward cutting action of the cutting blades. A hydraulic motor connected in driving relationship to an outer rear wheel of the harvester provides power thereto to overcome the tendency of the tractor to drift to that side.

Abstract: A hydraulic pump drive is mounted to the tongue of an agricultural implement. Connecting components between the pump and the drawbar extender of the towing tractor aim the pump input shaft toward the tractor. A short telescoping PTO assembly connects the pump shaft to the tractor PTO shaft using conventional PTO components operating in a nominal equal angle configuration.

Abstract: A shifting device has a first shifting element, a second shifting element, and a rotatably supported user-operation element including a converter element for converting a rotary motion of the user-operation element into a displacement of the first shifting element in a first direction, the user operation element also including a converter element for converting the rotary motion of the user-operation element into a displacement of the second shifting element in a second direction.

Abstract: The invention relates to a drilling apparatus and a method for introducing a drilling element into the soil comprising a drive, which is supported on a mast for introducing the drilling element, and a collet turning device having a collet which can be turned by means of at least one operating cylinder. In order to improve the torque transmission at least two collet turning devices are provided which can be engaged with the drilling element so as to transmit the torque.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for drilling and completing multiple wellbores from a single drilling rig and from within a single wellhead is provided. In one embodiment, a template is disposed at a predetermined location downhole within a casing. In one aspect, a first casing string is lowered with the template to the predetermined location and disposed within a first wellbore. A second wellbore may be drilled through a bore in the template. A second casing string may then be lowered through the bore into the second wellbore. In another embodiment, at least two wellbores are drilled and completed from a surface casing having a crossover portion.

Abstract: A skid steer vehicle has a steering controller that monitors the speeds of the left and right wheels and steers those wheels in directions that are calculated to reduce, eliminate or minimize wheel skidding with respect to the ground while the vehicle is turning.

Abstract: A vehicle or equipment having a frame, a plurality of wheels, and an engine coupled to the frame. The engine includes a shaft. The vehicle or machine further comprising a first driving member coaxially coupled with the shaft, a first driven member driven in response to the first driving member, a transmission interconnecting the first driven member and at least one of the wheels, a second driving member coaxially coupled with the shaft, a second driven member driven in response to the second driving member, auxiliary equipment operable in response to the second driven member, and an alternator. The alternator includes a stator comprising a core and conductors disposed on the core, and a rotor coaxially coupled with the shaft. The rotor is operable to interact with the stator to produce electrical energy in the conductors.

Abstract: In a vehicle drive system, a pair of rear wheels is driven by first and second motors. The first motor is designed to specifications suited to delivering torque at low rotational speeds and the second motor is designed to specifications suited to delivering torque at high rotational speeds. The motor used to drive the rear wheels is selected based on the vehicle speed. The change in the operations of the first and second motors is synchronized with a shifting of a transmission disposed between an engine and a pair of front wheels. Thus, the vehicle drive system is configured and arranged to accommodate speeds ranging from low speeds to high speeds in a sufficient manner without requiring the drive source to become large.

Abstract: A hybrid powertrain incorporates an engine, two motor/generator mechanisms, and a planetary gearset. The planetary gearset has at least one torque-transmitting mechanism, which may be selectively energized to provide a brake on one of the motor/generators thereby reducing the electrical power generation within the hybrid transmission.

Abstract: In an air intake apparatus for a two-wheeled motor vehicle, a body frame of the vehicle includes a hollow head box and a pair of right and left hollow main frames extending rearwards from the right and left sides of the head box. An air intake duct is positioned in front of the head box, a front inlet of an air cleaner positioned behind the head box is connected to a rear outlet of the head box, and an inside of the head box is connected to insides of the mainframes. Preferably, insides of rear edges of the main frames communicate with each other through a hollow cross pipe.

Abstract: A battery mounting structure is provided for an electric vehicle which is operated using a motor as a driving source in which running wind is effectively utilized for cooling the batteries, and the cooling efficiency of a battery unit is enhanced. The electric vehicle is provided with a body frame where a front frame member extends from a head pipe diagonally downward toward the rear of the vehicle body. The battery mounting structure is attached to the front frame member of the body frame so that the cooling face of the battery unit is directly exposed to running wind. The battery mounting structure includes cooling fins which confront the running wind, and is covered by a body cover having louvered air intakes and air exhausts. The louvers direct the running wind smoothly to the cooling fins and protect the battery mounting structure.

Abstract: An instrument bezel for an automobile facilitates the addition of supplemental instruments to a vehicle while maintaining a clear and unobstructed view of the road for the driver without placing the supplemental instruments in a location that would make reading these instruments awkward and unsafe. The present instrument bezel is shaped to surround the dashboard of the automobile and replace an original instrument panel or dashboard bezel of the automobile. In one embodiment, the present instrument bezel includes integral pods or mounts on the bottom corners for retaining the supplemental instruments. The present instrument bezel may be made of fiberglass, carbon fiber, plastic, metal, or the like.

Abstract: A snowmobile is provided that includes a frame, an engine, an endless belt drive system, and an air intake system for the engine. The frame has a forward portion and an aft portion. The engine is mounted to the forward portion and the belt drive system is mounted to the aft portion and is operatively connected to the engine. The engine is a turbocharged four-stroke type engine.

Abstract: A lamp assembly mountable on a motorcycle having first and second fork tubes. The lamp assembly includes a bracket that is attachable to only the first fork tube. The bracket is adapted to be solely supported by the first fork tube. A first light is coupled to the bracket and a second light is coupled to the bracket.

Abstract: A drive force control method for a four-wheel drive vehicle including a torque distributing mechanism capable of changing a drive force distribution ratio between front and rear wheels and a drive force distribution ratio between right and left front wheels or between right and left rear wheels. This method includes the steps of increasing the drive force distribution ratio of the rear wheels to the front wheels according to an increase in absolute value of a lateral G signal, and increasing the drive force distribution ratio of a turning outer wheel as one of the right and left front wheels or one of the right and left rear wheels to a turning inner wheel as the other. A lateral G sensor signal is corrected by an estimated lateral G signal calculated according to a steering angle and a vehicle speed to obtain a control lateral G signal, which is used as the lateral G signal.