Abstract: The invention provides a fuel cartridge for supplying methanol aqueous solution to a direct methanol fuel cell system, comprising a memory which stores at least a concentration of the methanol aqueous solution.

Abstract: A fuel cell system comprises a fuel cell, which generates power by supplying anode gas and cathode gas into the fuel cell, a compressor, which controls the amount of the gas to be supplied into the fuel cell, and a pressure control valve, which controls the gas pressure of the fuel cell. The pressure control valve is provided on the downstream of the fuel cell. The fuel cell is controlled by changing an amount of the supply gas by the compressor, and thereafter changing the opening of the pressure control valve during the transition period of the fuel cell.

Abstract: A registration arrangement for a fuel cell stack assembly incorporates registration posts and registration apertures or recesses. Fuel cell assemblies of the stack may include first and second flow field plates and a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) having an active area. Registration apertures are defined in each of the MEA and the first and second flow field plates. The respective registration apertures are situated within non-active areas of the MEA when the first and second flow field plates and the MEA are in axial alignment. Registration posts are configured for reception within the registration apertures. Each of the registration posts has an outer surface differing in shape from a shape of the inner surface of the registration apertures. The inner surface of the registration apertures contact the outer surface of the registration posts at a plurality of discrete press-fit locations.

Abstract: The reaction product of a monomer comprising phthalazinone and a phenol group, and at least one sulfonated aromatic compound. The monomer comprising phthalazinone and a phenol group is used in a reaction with the sulfonated aromatic compound to produce ionomers with surprising and highly desirable properties. In one embodiment, the inventive ionomer is a sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone), hereinafter referred to as sPPEK. In another embodiment, the inventive ionomer is a sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone), herein after referred to as sPPES. In another embodiment, the inventive ionomer is other sulfonated aromatic polymeric compounds. The invention further includes the formation of these polymers into membranes and their use for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), and in particular for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC).

Abstract: A fuel cell diffusion layer for delivering a fuel mixture to the anode face of a catalyzed membrane and for resisting flow of carbon dioxide produced in the anodic reaction back into the associated fuel chamber. The diffusion layer contains either conduits or channels on one aspect thereof to redirect the carbon dioxide generated at the anode in the fuel cell reaction away from the catalyzed membrane and away from the fuel chamber. This avoids the volume replacement by carbon dioxide of fuel mixture in the anode chamber and enhances the concentration of methanol that can be used in the fuel mixture. It also serves to allow only that fuel that is consumed in the reaction to enter the space between the anode face of the catalyzed membrane and the diffusion layer adjacent thereto. The diffusion layer further includes perforations to increase the ability to deliver fuel to the anode aspect of the membrane electrode assembly of the fuel cell.

Abstract: A vehicle power supply unit is provided, which includes a part made of degradable plastic, which may be a battery case of a secondary battery, and may be a separator of a fuel cell when the degradable plastic is made conductive. A condition in which the degradable plastic is decomposed is different from a condition in which it is actually used in a vehicle.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel cell comprising a pair of separators sandwiching outsides of a membrane electrode assembly composed of a pair of electrodes provided on both sides of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane, an outer seal member sandwiched by a pair of separators at a position surrounding an outer periphery of the membrane electrode assembly, an inner seal member sandwiched by one of the pair of separators and an outer periphery of the electrolyte membrane, and a backing member opposing to the inner seal member interposing the electrolyte membrane, wherein steps are formed at contact surfaces of the inner seal member and the outer seal member on one of the pair of separators.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a laminated, plate-shaped membrane electrode assembly and first and second separator plates sandwiching the membrane electrode assembly. The membrane electrode assembly includes a polymer electrolyte membrane; first and second electrode layers sandwiching the polymer electrolyte membrane; and first and second gas-diffusion layers disposed on an outer side of the electrode layers, respectively. The first and second gas-diffusion layers are made of an air-permeable metallic material. An arithmetic average roughness Ra of a surface of the air-permeable metallic material on the side contacting one of the electrode layers is in a range of 0.1 ?m?Ra?1.0 ?m.

Abstract: A fuel cell for generating an electric energy with a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, has a membrane electrode assembly for generating an electric field through the membrane electrode assembly with the chemical reaction between the oxygen and the hydrogen, a pair of first and second contact members, the first contact member contacting a first side surface of the membrane electrode assembly, and the second contact member contacting a second side surface of the membrane electrode assembly so that the electric field is formed between the first and second contact members, and a pressing member for generating a pressing force for urging each of the first and second contact members toward corresponding one of the first and second side surfaces in a pressing direction.

Abstract: A solid oxide fuel cell with intrinsic energy storage. The solid oxide fuel cell includes a hydrogen electrode utilizing a modified anode active material. The modified anode active material allows for intrinsic energy storage within the hydrogen electrode which provides for transient response, load leveling applications, a decreased start-up time, and ability to accept charge. The solid oxide fuel cell may also include a modified cathode active material that allows for intrinsic energy storage within the oxygen electrode.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic fuel cell having an oxygen electrode layer on one surface of a solid electrolytic layer, having a fuel electrode layer on the other surface thereof, and having a reaction-preventing layer comprising a sintered body of an oxide between the upper surface of the solid electrolytic layer and the oxygen electrode layer for preventing elements from diffusing from the oxygen electrode layer into the solid electrolytic layer, wherein the oxygen electrode layer has a two-layer structure including an inner layer on the side of the reaction-preventing layer and a surface layer on the inner layer; the surface layer of the oxygen electrode layer comprises a sintered body of a perovskite composite oxide; and the inner layer of the oxygen electrode layer comprises a sintered body of a mixture of particles of an oxide for preventing the diffusion of elements and particles of the peroviskite composite oxide, and is formed more densely than said surface layer.

Abstract: An electric device comprises a gelled acid electrolyte (142A) in complex with a lanthanide that forms a redox pair with a second element. Preferred electric devices include batteries and especially primary batteries, while preferred acid electrolytes (124A) have a sulfonic acid group. Contemplated lanthanides especially include cerium, and preferred second elements particularly include zinc. Alternatively, contemplated electric devices may comprise a gelled electrolyte (142A) in which with a lanthanide forms a redox pair with zinc.

Abstract: In a battery pack including a plurality of rechargeable batteries arranged in parallel so as to interpose cooling medium paths therebetween, a cooling medium feeding device for feeding a cooling medium to the cooling medium paths is provided. One end of a heat pipe is thermally connected to the downstream side of the battery pack in the flow direction of the cooling medium, whereas the other end of the heat pipe is exposed in a portion having a lower temperature than the downstream side. In this structure, the battery pack is cooled by flow of the cooling medium, while a portion at the downstream side of the cooling medium is cooled with the heat pipe so as to uniformly cool the battery pack.

Abstract: A battery including a battery cell provided with an electrode terminal protruding from a side, a circuit board attached along sides of the battery cell, and a resin mould section which partially covers the circuit board and the battery cell, thereby integrating them. The circuit board includes rigid base sections for mounting components, and a flexible base section which connects between the rigid base sections and can bend flexibly. The rigid base section is provided with a pierced aperture, which pierces the rigid base section in the thickness direction, and into which an electrode terminal is fitted, and an electrically conductive material which is electrically connected to the wiring of the rigid base section, and electrically connected to the electrode terminal provided in the pierced aperture. The circuit board may be easily positioned in relation to the battery cell.

Abstract: A battery pack including a plastic protective layer bonded to the surface of a cell by spreading over the surface of the cell a polyurethane emulsion having a reaction product obtained by emulsifying and dispersing an intermediate product produced from a compound A made of an organic diisocyanate, a compound B1 made of a polyol mixture having not smaller than at least 2.05 average functional groups and a compound B2 having one hydrophilic center and at least two active hydrogen groups in water.

Abstract: A nonaqueous-electrolyte battery which is capable of preventing introduction of water and deterioration in the capacity thereof is disclosed. The nonaqueous-electrolyte battery according to the present invention incorporates a case constituted by laminated films; and a unit cell which is accommodated in the case and having a structure that the peripheries of the case is sealed with heat, wherein when an assumption is made that the quantity of water capable of penetrating a heat-weld resin layer which is the innermost layer of the case having a thickness of T (?m) is R (g/m2·day), the cross sectional area of resin in a heat-sealed portion is S (cm2), an average width of the heat-sealed portion is W (cm) and the capacity of the unit cell is C (Wh), the following relationship is satisfied: (T×R×S)/(W×C)?0.96 ?g/Wh·day. When the foregoing structure is employed, water introducing rate can be reduced to 350 ?g/year or lower per capacity (Wh).

Abstract: 1. A non-aqueous electrolytic solution comprising an electrolytic salt in a non-aqueous solvent, which further contains a pentafluorophenoxy compound having the formula (I): in which R represents a substituting group such as an alkylcarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxy-carbonyl group, and an alkanesulfonyl group, under the condition that at least one hydrogen atom contained in the substituting group can be substituted with a halogen atom or an aryl group.

Abstract: An anode subassembly is provided for use in an implantable electrochemical cell wherein the anode subassembly includes an anode current collector designed to eliminate perforation edges in the final, outermost turn of a coiled electrode assembly. The anode current collector may be of a reduced size, discontinuous, or formed from alternating perforated and solid areas. The anode subassembly may further include reinforcing elements to support a thin anode layer in the outermost coil of a coiled, anode-limited cell. Reinforcing elements may take the form of a spacer, extensions extending from a reduced-size anode current collector, or strips of alkali metal.

Abstract: In a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a negative electrode containing Si as a negative electrode active material, a binder containing a non-crosslinked polyacrylic acid having a weight-average molecular weight of 300,000 to 3,000,000 is incorporated into a negative electrode molded article that constitutes the negative electrode, so as to prevent electrode decay resulting from expansion and contraction during charge/discharge, as well as to achieve high energy density and improved charge/discharge cycle characteristics.

Abstract: The present invention provides carbon fiber paper consisting of an organic high-molecular compound as a binder and carbon fibers, characterized in that the carbon fibers contain thin fibers with an average diameter smaller than 5 ?m and an average fiber length of 3 to 10 mm; a porous carbon electrode substrate for a fuel cell having a thickness of 0.05 to 0.5 mm and a bulk density of 0.3 to 0.8 g/cm3, also having a bending strength of 10 MPa or higher and a deflection of 1.5 mm or more at the time of bending, measured by a three-point bending test in conditions of using a sample width of 1 cm, a strain rate of 10 mm/min, and a distance between supporting points of 2 cm; and a method of producing a porous carbon electrode substrate for a fuel cell by impregnating the carbon fiber paper with a thermosetting resin, curing the thermosetting resin by heating and pressing treatment, and then carbonizing the paper.

Abstract: A negative electrode for a rechargeable lithium battery which is obtained by sintering under a non-oxidizing atmosphere, in the form of a layer on a surface of a metal foil current collector, an anode mix containing a binder and particles of active material containing silicon and/or a silicon alloy; the negative electrode being characterized in that the metal foil current corrector has projections and recesses on its surface, the projection is shaped to have a recurved side face portion that curves more outwardly as it extends closer to a distal end of the projection, and the binder penetrates into spaces defined by the recurved side face portions.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte battery of the present invention includes a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt, a cyclic sultone derivative, and an acid anhydride, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte contains the cyclic sultone derivative in an amount of 0.3 to 3% by mass and the non-aqueous electrolyte contains the acid anhydride in an amount of 0.3 to 3% by mass. Furthermore, the non-aqueous electrolyte battery includes at least one selected from a cyclic sultone derivative and an acid anhydride, and an electrolyte salt. The electrolyte salt contains lithium salt A and lithium salt B. The lithium salt A is at least one selected from LiBF4, LiPF6, LiAsF6, and LiSbF6, and the lithium salt B is a lithium salt other than the lithium salt A. The electrolyte contains the lithium salt A in an amount of 2 mol % or more.

Abstract: Disclosed is a photopolymerizable holographic recording medium for data storage that comprises colloidal metal, and which exhibits a threshold for a second stage polymerization which is substantially insensitive to the light used for both forming holograms and interrogating the medium during servo and/or read events. Also disclosed is a method of preparing said photopolymerizable holographic recording medium. Also disclosed is a method for preparing a colloidal without additives in a viscous medium.

Abstract: There is provided an optical recording medium comprising a recording layer containing a charge-generating material capable of generating a first electric charge and a second electric charge by beam irradiation, the second electric charge having a different polarity from that of the first electric charge, a charge-transport material enabling at least the first electric charge to be transported to isolate the first electric charge and the second electric charge, and a trapping material retaining the first electric charge. The optical characteristics of the recording layer is changed in accordance with changes in spatial distribution of the first and second electric charges, and the trapping material is provided with a conjugated system and with at least one nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, and bonded through an unsaturated carbon atom of the heterocyclic group to the conjugated system.

Abstract: An integrated circuit layout includes dense figures and at least one isolated figure. A plurality of dummy patterns are formed to surround the isolated figure, so as to reduce the difference in pattern density of the integrated circuit layout. A transmitted light of the dummy patterns provides a phase difference of 0 or 180 degrees relative to a transmitted light of the integrated circuit layout. The integrated circuit layout and the plurality of dummy patterns are formed on a photo-mask.

Abstract: A novel black matrix, a method for preparing the same, and a flat display device and an electromagnetic interference filter to which the black matrix is applied. The black matrix is prepared by exposing a photoactive compound to form a latent pattern of nuclei for crystal growth and treating the latent pattern of nuclei for crystal growth with a metal salt solution to give a metal particle-deposited pattern; forming an electroless Ni-plated layer on the metal particle-deposited pattern; and forming an electroless Cu-plated layer on the electroless Ni-plated layer. Exhibiting improved black tone, which is achieved only by a selective multilayer plating process, without using expensive vacuum sputtering apparatus or a photolithographic process, the black matrix can be applied to various flat display devices. In addition, due to improved electric conductivity, the black matrix can be used in an electromagnetic interference filter, without employing an additional front surface blackening process.

Abstract: A photosensitive resin composition includes an alkali-soluble resin, a quinone diazide, a surfactant, and a solvent. The surfactant includes an organic fluorine compound having the structure a first silicone compound having the structure a second silicone compound having the structure The resin composition may be used in display panels.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods for mitigating variances (e.g., critical dimension variances) on a patterned wafer are provided. In general, variances of a patterned wafer are predicted using one or more reticle fabrication and/or wafer processing models. The predicted variances are used to modify selected transparent portions of the reticle that is to be used to produce the patterned wafer. In a specific implementation, an optical beam, such as a femto-second laser, is applied to the reticle at a plurality of embedded positions, and the optical beam is configured to form specific volumes of altered optical properties within the transparent material of the reticle at the specified positions. These reticle volumes that are created at specific positions of the reticle result in varying amounts of light transmission or dose through the reticle at such specific positions so as to mitigate the identified variances on a wafer that is patterned using the modified reticle.

Abstract: A colorless ink jet ink composition is provided for printers for printing on both porous and hybrid glossy or semi-glossy media. The ink composition comprises a water soluble polymer or dispersed latex. The ink formulation provides substantially air fast, stain resistant, and light fastness to the printed image. Further, the ink formulation evidences improved overall image quality.

Abstract: A toner is composed primarily of toner particles containing at least a binder resin, a colorant and a wax, and inorganic fine particles. The binder resin is one which has at least a polyester unit and is synthesized by using as a catalyst one or more compounds selected from titanium chelate compounds each having a specific structure and hydrates of the titanium chelate compounds. The toner has superior fixing performance and high-temperature anti-offset properties and is superior in charge stability even when used for a long time.

Abstract: A member comprised of a photogenerating layer and a charge transport layer, and wherein the charge transport layer is comprised of a charge transport component or components, and a crosslinked polycarbonate polymer of the formula wherein X and Y represent the number of segments.

Abstract: An imaging member having a substrate, a charge transport layer having a polymer and a first charge transport material dispersed therein, and wherein the charge transport layer has a glass transition temperature of from about 10 to about 45° C.; and an overcoat layer on the charge transport layer, wherein the overcoat layer includes a second polymer and a second charge transport material dispersed therein.

Abstract: A photoconductive member containing a supporting substrate, a photogenerating layer, and a charge transport layer and wherein the photogenerating layer comprises a photogenerating component, and an electron transport component.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a toner having improved relative humidity sensitivity is described. The process comprises forming polyester toner particles by emulsion/aggratation, fluidizing the toner particles with a stream of inert gas while spraying the toner particles with a solution containing an additive affecting relative humidity sensitivity, and wherein the additive contacts a surface of the toner particles and the additive remains on the surface of the toner particles.

Abstract: A radiation curable ink composition comprising at least one initiator and at least one polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) represented by the following empirical formula [R(SiO1.5)]n wherein n=4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and larger and each R is independently hydrogen, an inorganic group, an alkyl group, an alkylene group, an aryl group, an arylene group, or non-heterocyclic group-containing organo-functional derivatives of alkyl, alkylene, aryl or arylene groups; and a process for obtaining a colourless, monochrome or multicolour ink jet image comprising the steps of jetting one or more streams of ink droplets having the above-mentioned composition onto an ink-jet ink receiver material, and subjecting the obtained image to radiation curing.

Abstract: A radiation-sensitive resin composition comprising (A) a resin containing a structural unit of the following formula (I), (B) a resin containing a recurring unit of the following formula (II), and (C) a photoacid generator, wherein R1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted divalent (alicyclic) hydrocarbon, R2 represents a lower alkyl group or a monovalent (substituted) alicyclic hydrocarbon group, or any two R2s form in combination a divalent (substituted) alicyclic hydrocarbon group, with the remaining R2 being a lower alkyl group or a monovalent (substituted) alicyclic hydrocarbon group, wherein R3 represents a hydrogen atom, fluorine atom, or trifluoromethyl group, R4 represents a (substituted) hydrocarbon group with a valence of (c+1), (substituted) alicyclic hydrocarbon with a valence of (c+1), or (substituted) aromatic group with a valence of (c+1), R5 represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent acid-dissociable group, a and b individually represent an integer of 0-3, provided that (a+b)?1 is

Abstract: A heat sensitive lithographic printing plate precursor is disclosed comprising on a support having a hydrophilic surface or which is provided with a hydrophilic layer, a coating comprising an infrared light absorbing agent and a copolymer which comprises a plurality of recurring units X having a hydrophilic polymeric pendant group and a plurality of recurring units Y having a hydrophobic polymeric pendant group. Said coating is capable of switching from a hydrophilic state into a hydrophobic state after exposure to heat and/or infrared light.

Abstract: A photosensitive polymer for forming high-resolution fine circuit patterns with an exposure light source of a short wavelength, and a chemically amplified photoresist composition including the polymer, are disclosed. The photosensitive polymer is represented by the following Formula 1, wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom, R2 is a hydrogen atom, R3 is a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, hydroxy, cyano, t-butoxy, CH2NH2, CONH2, CH?NH, CH(OH)NH2 or C(OH)?NH group, R4 is a hydrogen atom or methyl group, each of 1-x-y-z, x, y and z is a degree of polymerization of each repeating unit constituting the photosensitive polymer, x, y and z are 0.01 to 0.8, respectively, and n is 1 or 2.

Abstract: The present invention provides a radiation curing composition comprising (a): a siloxane resin, (b): a photoacid generator or photobase generator, and (c): a solvent capable of dissolving component (a), and (d): a curing acceleration catalyst.

Abstract: According to the present invention there is provided a positive-working lithographic printing plate precursor which comprises on a support having a hydrophilic surface or which is provided with a hydrophilic layer, an oleophilic coating comprising an infrared absorbing agent, an alkali-soluble polymeric binder and a polysiloxane which comprises at least one carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof. The disclosed printing plate precursor has an improved sensitivity and at the same time a high under exposure latitude and a high developer resistance.

Abstract: An organic anti-reflective coating (ARC) is formed over a surface of a semiconductor substrate, and a resist layer including a photosensitive polymer is formed on the ARC. The photoresistive polymer contains a hydroxy group. The resist layer is then subjected to exposure and development to form a resist pattern. The resist pattern to then silylated to a given depth by exposing a surface of the resist pattern to a vapor phase organic silane mixture of a first organic silane compound having a functional group capable of reacting with the hydroxy group of the photoresistive polymer, and a second organic silane compound having two functional groups capable of reacting with the hydroxy group of the photoresistive polymer Then, the silylated resist pattern is thermally treated, and the organic ARC is an isotropically etched using the thermally treated resist pattern as an etching mask.

Abstract: A method of making a lithographic printing plate is disclosed which comprises the steps of (1) providing a lithographic printing plate precursor comprising (i) a support having a hydrophilic surface or which is provided with a hydrophilic layer and (ii) a coating provided thereon which comprises hydrophobic thermoplastic polymer particles; (2) exposing the precursor to IR-light or heat, thereby inducing coalescence of the thermoplastic polymer particles at exposed areas of the coating; (3) applying a hydrophilic protective layer on the coating; and then, (4) while the precursor is mounted on a print cylinder of a printing press, developing the precursor by supplying an aqueous dampening liquid and/or ink to said precursor while rotating said print cylinder whereby the coating and the hydrophilic protective layer are removed from the support on the non-exposed areas.

Abstract: A method for forming a structure element in a layer arranged on a wafer by a trimming mask set, a developing step, and an etching step for the transfer of the structure pattern are carried out between the exposure steps carried out by the masks. Consequently, edges that are incipiently exposed below a limit value for the structure formation around the resist structures in a first resist layer, which are exposed using a first mask of the set, are transferred dimensionally accurately into an underlying layer on the wafer. Then, the exposure postprocesses the pattern of the first mask using a second mask of the set, the trimming mask, into a second, subsequently applied second resist layer.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing a cold cathode field emission device, a cathode electrode 11, an insulating layer 12 and a gate electrode 13 are formed; an opening portion 14 is formed through the gate electrode 13 and the insulating layer 12 to expose the cathode electrode 11; a resist-material layer 20 covering the side wall of the opening portion 14, the gate electrode 13 and the insulating layer 12 is formed; the surface of the resist-material layer is modified to form a modified layer 21; an electron emitting portion 15 constituted of the thick-film-paste-material layer 22 is formed on the cathode electrode 11 positioned in the bottom portion of the opening portion 14; and then, the resist-material layer 20 is removed.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a thin film component includes forming a wafer having a thin film layer, a release layer, and a patterned layer of photoresist. The pattern of the layer of photoresist is transferred to the release layer and the thin film layer. A layer of metal is added to the wafer. The wafer is heated to a temperature above a glass transition temperature of the photoresist for a period of time sufficient to cause deformation of the photoresist to an extent that the photoresist creates cracks in the metal layer. A solvent is applied to the wafer to dissolve the release layer, the solvent penetrating the cracks in the metal layer to reach the release layer. The release layer and any material above the release layer are removed.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for manufacturing an array of interferometric modulators. Each interferometric modulator comprises first and second optical layers which when the interferometric modulator is in an undriven state are spaced by a gap of one size, and when the interferometric modulator is in a driven state are spaced by a gap of another size, the size of the gap determining an optical response of the interferometric modulator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for processing a photoresist-coated board, a method for manufacturing a stamper for a recording medium and a method for manufacturing a recording medium which can form a fine raised and depressed pattern having a uniform width after development even in the case where a laser beam having a relatively long wavelength is used for forming pre-pits on a recording medium with high accuracy. A photoresist-coated board 108 is constituted by laminating a light absorption layer 108b and a photosensitive material layer 108c on a glass substrate 108a in this order and is exposed to a laser beam 102 by condensing the laser beam 102 onto the photosensitive material layer 108c, thereby forming a raised and depressed pattern corresponding to pre-pits on the the photosensitive material layer 108.

Abstract: A method of forming a microlens array includes preparing a substrate; fabricating a photosensitive array on the substrate; depositing a layer of lens material on the photosensitive array; depositing and patterning photoresist on the lens material, wherein patterning includes forming a photoresist region having a solid curved upper surface and a substantially rectangular base on the lens material layer; developing the photoresist; reflowing the photoresist; and processing the lens material for form a microlens array.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a planar substrate and an array of substantially transparent spherical micro-lenses forming a pattern. The pattern has an internal two-dimensional lattice symmetry on the planar substrate. Each micro-lens includes a convex bulge or a concave depression in a surface of the planar substrate. The micro-lenses and substrate include hydrogel that swells and contracts in a manner that is responsive to an environmental condition.

Abstract: A medicament injection kit, for use in occluding a renal artery and a renal vein in a kidney and injecting a therapeutic medicament into the kidney so as to pressurize the kidney, includes: an artery catheter which includes a first balloon capable of occluding the renal artery; a vein catheter which includes a second balloon capable of occluding the renal vein; a syringe for injecting the therapeutic medicament, the syringe being capable of being connected to at least one of the artery catheter and the vein catheter; and a syringe for pressurizing the inside of the kidney by injecting a liquid, the syringe being capable of being connected to at least one of the artery catheter and the vein catheter.