Abstract: A method for reducing noise in a digital image includes providing a digital image comprising a plurality of channels with each of the channels comprising a set of pixel data signals and applying a filter to each of the sets of pixel data signals, where the filter applied to at least one of the sets of pixel data signals is different from the filter applied to another one of the sets of pixel data signals. An imaging system which reduce noise in a digital image includes an image sensor apparatus and a filter system. The image sensor apparatus captures a digital image comprising a plurality of channels with each of the channels comprising a set of pixel data signals. The filter system comprises at least two different filters with each of the filters filtering at least one of the sets of pixel data signals for one of the channels. The filter applied to at least one of the sets of pixel data signals is different from the filter applied to another one of the sets of pixel data signals.

Abstract: The solid image pickup device of the present invention comprises a photoelectric conversion part, a charge-voltage conversion part for converting electric charges from the photoelectric conversion part to voltage signals, a signal amplifier for amplifying the voltage signals generated in the charge-voltage conversion part, charge transfer means for transferring photo-electric charges from the photoelectric conversion part to the charge-voltage conversion part, and means for applying a certain voltage to a charge-voltage conversion part, wherein at least two readout operations for reading out the photo-electric charges accumulated during a period of accumulating photo-electric charges in the photoelectric conversion part via a signal amplifier.

Abstract: A new multiple imager array device is achieved. The device comprises, first, a bi-directional bus. An array of imagers is arranged in n rows and m columns. The n and m are positive integers. Each imager is connected to the bi-directional bus. A line of bits of any imager is accessible by a line address. Each imager has a Vmode input and an output enable input. The Vmode input and the output enable input must be enabled to allow accessing. A first multiplexer has an input and a plurality of outputs. The input is connected to a column counter. Each output is connected to the output enable input of one of the imagers. A second-multiplexer has an input and a plurality of outputs. The input is connected to a row counter. Each output is connected to the Vmode input of each imager in one of the rows.

Abstract: An image processing device and method are provided. In a method of reading an image signal from a solid-state image-pickup element where a plurality of unit pixels including a transistor for detecting a light signal and a photo diode are arranged in a matrix, shift data applied to a line for reading out an image signal, which outputs a signal for selecting a line for reading out an image signal, is output to a shift register connected to a line for reading out an image signal, when the number of lines between line for reading out an image signal and line for clearing an image signal are equal to or less than the number of lines in the matrix and the condition for picking an image up is changed.

Abstract: An imaging system controller (5) outputs a control signal (VC). The control signal (VC) gives a command to output driving clocks (?Vn, ?Hm) of an imaging element (1) in a signal transmission period, and a command to suspend output of the clocks (?Vn, ?Hm) in an idle period subsequent to the signal transmission period. The length of the idle period is a multiple of the length of the signal transmission period by a natural number. The imaging system controller (5) periodically repeats output of the control signal (VC) giving these commands a number of times corresponding to the number of horizontal lines of the imaging element (1). In response to the commands of the control signal (VC), a timing generator (2) generates and outputs the clocks (?Vn, ?Hm), and suspends generation and output of the same. An imaging device (10) thereby intermittently drives the imaging element (1), to generate and output a picked-up image signal (V2).

Abstract: A camera is provided that includes a dust-proofing member that has a substantially circular or polygonal plate-shape and that includes a transparent portion at an area having at least a predetermined length in a radial direction from the center thereof, and that is opposed to the front of an optical device at a predetermined interval. A member for vibration is arranged at a peripheral portion of the dust-proofing member and applies vibrations to the dust-proofing member. A sealing structure is arranged outside a peripheral portion of the optical device or an adjacent portion thereof, and forms a substantially sealed space portion including an air gap portion formed by opposing the optical device and the dust-proofing member, and sealing the space portion at a peripheral side of the optical device and the dust-proofing member.

Abstract: A camera is provided which includes a dust-proofing member that has a substantially circular or polygonal plate-shape, and that includes a transparent portion at an area having at least a predetermined length in a radial direction from the center thereof, the transparent portion being opposed to the front of the optical device at a predetermined interval. A member for vibration is annularly arranged at a peripheral portion of the dust-proofing member, and applies vibrations to the dust-proofing member. And a sealing structure is arranged to constitute a space portion that is substantially sealed at a portion formed by opposing the image pick-up device and the dust-proofing member by sealing the space portion at peripheral portions of the image pick-up device and the dust-proofing member.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus including: an imaging device; a focusing operation control; and a decision control for comparing an evaluation value obtained from present image data with an evaluation value obtained from last image data obtained when the focus system leans was located at focal position in a last focusing operation and for deciding whether or not a focused state where the focus system lens is focused is maintained, according to a focusing instruction manipulation before performing the focusing operation and without driving the focus system lens.

Abstract: Luminance components of image profile portions are extracted from luminance components (Y components) included in image data corresponding to an image within a focus frame. A profile component evaluation value is obtained by totalizing the absolute values of two-dimensionally-differentiated values of the extracted components. A distribution graph of a focus lens position and the profile component evaluation value is generated. A finder image is displayed by combining a photo-object image and the distribution graph. At this time, a bar corresponding to a current focus lens position is displayed in a different color from that of other bars in the distribution graph.

Abstract: Disclosed is a camera lens assembly for a portable terminal. The camera lens assembly includes a spherical lens housing having a camera lens therein and formed at an outer peripheral portion thereof with a plurality of stopper dimples and an exposure window for exposing the camera lens, and a housing holder having a ring-shaped structure with a predetermined width circumferentially surrounding the lens housing, coupled to an inner portion of the portable terminal, and including at least one stopper engaged with the stopper dimples by receiving predetermined elastic force. The portable terminal has an opening for installing the exposure window and the housing holder is coupled to a peripheral portion of the opening. The lens housing rotates in a predetermined direction while being surrounded by the housing holder such that the stopper is engaged with the stopper dimple, thereby fixing the exposure window in a predetermined position of the opening.

Abstract: A digital camera, in which power supply to a display screen constituted by an LCD is ON/OFF-controlled, is disclosed. When drive power is supplied to the LCD, an object image is displayed on the LCD based on image data obtained by image pickup, and the LCD is used as a viewfinder in photographing. At this time, when a period, in which the level of the brightness of the object image expressed by a luminance signal of the image data is less than a predetermined level, continues for a predetermined period or longer, the supply of the drive power to a display system including the LCD is controlled to stop the supply of the drive power and save power consumption.

Abstract: A monitoring video camera has a mounting bracket, a lens assembly, a light assembly and a transparent shell. The mounting bracket has a bottom surface. The lens assembly is mounted on the bottom surface of the mounting bracket and has a primary bracket and a lens. The primary bracket is rotatably mounted on the mounting bracket. The lens is mounted on the bracket. The light assembly is mounted on the primary bracket and has multiple springs, a light control PCB and a lens shade sleeve. The springs are connected between the light control PCB and the primary bracket. The light control PCB has multiple LEDs. The springs maintain a tight contact between the inner surface of the transparent shell and the bottom surface of the lens shade sleeve to prevent over-exposure.

Abstract: A support structure for reducing shock to a camera module for use in a mobile communications terminal is provided. The mobile communication terminal comprises a camera case for housing the camera module, the support structure comprising a first projection protruding from an inner surface of the camera case, the first projection in operational relationship with a first receiving cavity formed in the camera module to firmly hold the camera module inside the camera case and prevent the camera module from moving in relationship to the camera case.

Abstract: A portability enhancement device (100) for enhancing portability and optical capability of a portable electronic device (102) equipped with a camera (108) and camera lens (110) is provided. The portability enhancement device (100) includes an attachment assembly (112) having a coupling interface (120) attachable to the portable electronic device (102), an optical accessory (122) disposed about the coupling interface (120), and a carrier (124) attached to the attachment assembly (112). When the portability enhancement device (100) is attached to the portable electronic device (102), the portability and the optical function of the portable electronic device (102) is enhanced.

Abstract: Using an index indicating the amount of motion and noise in the video image calculated on the basis of the discrepancy pixel numbers of image two fields ago and the present image, the reliability of detection result is obtained and utilized, so as to improve the repeat field detection accuracy and the scene change detection accuracy. Further, adaptive filter accuracy is improved by changing the determination conditions in the determination of the filter to be used. In addition, filter control accuracy is improved by suppressing the filter fluctuation per unit time.

Abstract: A video signal processing apparatus includes a main picture processor, an interlace recovering module and a video encoder. The main picture processor produces corresponding main picture signals based on video signals from a memory. The main picture signals are converted to progressive scan signals through a predetermined video signals processing. The interlace recovering module receives the progressive scan signals, retrieves the even portion and the odd portion of the progressive video signals alternately, and generates a set of interlace-scan signals. The video encoder receives both the progressive scan signals and the interlace scan signals and generates a set of progressive video signals and a set of interlace video signals to corresponding video display apparatuses. Thereupon, the video reproduction system can simultaneously provide both the progressive video signals and interlace video signals to the video display apparatuses.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method, a controlling device (110), a controllable device (130) and an arrangement (100) for communicating a command from the controlling device (110) to the controllable device (130). A watermark is generated comprising the command, and embedded in a signal (120) representing an audio or video fragment. The controllable device (130) receives the signal (120) comprising the command, and decodes and executes the command therefrom. Also disclosed is a method of presenting an advertisement which involves sending a command related to presenting the advertisement using the above-mentioned method.

Abstract: A de-interlacing apparatus with a noise reduction/removal device. The noise reduction/removal device can include a motion prediction unit that predicts motion vectors between an image one period ahead of a previous image and a current image with respect to individual images which are sequentially inputted; a motion checking unit that applies the motion vectors predicted by the motion prediction unit to the image one period ahead of the previous image and two different images ahead of the current image in time, and checks whether the motion vectors are precise motion vectors; a motion compensation unit that compensates for motions in use of the motion vectors checked for preciseness thereof by the motion checking unit; and a noise removal unit that removes noise on images using the motion-compensated images by the motion compensation unit and the inputted images. Accordingly, the noise reduction/removal device can reduce or remove noise through simple procedures on noise-bearing images.

Abstract: A display apparatus having a display main body including a screen and a rear cover formed with an accommodation space between the screen and the rear cover, and a supporting part supporting the display main body, further comprising: a display processor receiving data pertaining to a display and displaying the received data on the screen; an input unit specifying a popup time of a popup window including an executer performing functions requested by a user; a timer measuring a time to notify the popup time specified by and transferred from the input unit; and a controller controlling the display processor to display the popup window on the screen upon receiving the signal notifying the popup time by the timer.

Abstract: A video decoder in which 1) resolution quality can be improved for a given bit count analog-to-digital converter, 2) a lower bit count analog-to-digital converter can be used with substantially similar quality or 3) a combination of improved resolution quality with a lower bit count analog-to-digital converter can be done. In the preferred embodiment, a DC bias is added to the video signal after the sync portion of the composite signal has been received and prior to the active video being received. This bias is then removed after the end of the active video period. By applying this bias, the DC voltage level of the video signals is actually reduced, so that the full scale value of the analog-to-digital conversion process can also be reduced. Thus, compared to using an unbiased signal, increased A/D converter resolution is obtained. In an alternative embodiment, the sync portion can be biased upwardly during the front porch and then be returned during the back porch.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a video decoder configured to receive a composite video signal modulated on a sub-carrier signal and having a luma component and a chroma component, the video decoder configured to perform a motion detection operation on the luma component and the chroma component in a plurality of frequency regions respectively. The video decoder includes variable threshold logic, coupled to the video decoder, and configured to provide a unique threshold value to the video decoder for each of the plurality of frequency regions respectively. The apparatus also includes a sub-carrier detection logic, coupled to the variable threshold logic, and configured to detect the sub-carrier signal by checking both spatial and temporal characteristics of the sub-carrier detection logic.

Abstract: A display apparatus having a display to display a picture, including an input unit, a data operator, a storage unit to store data about a gamma curve to be applied corresponding to an average input brightness of an input video signal, an auto-adjuster to adjust a position and a definition of the picture being displayed on the display, a gamma adjuster to adjust an output brightness of the picture being displayed on the display, and a controller to control the data operator to calculate picture adjustment data about optimum position and optimum definition based on synchronous signals and the input video signal when the input unit generates an input signal, and controlling the data operator to calculate the average input brightness of the input video signal and the gamma adjuster to adjust the output brightness of the picture on the basis of the data about the gamma curve to be applied corresponding to the calculated average input brightness from the storage unit while controlling the auto-adjuster to adjust th

Abstract: An automatic contrast limiting circuit and method thereof with spatial domain infinite impulse response filter are disclosed. A spatial domain infinite impulse response filter is adapted to generate an output value of the spatial domain infinite impulse response filter related to an input signal. A peak value detector is adapted to detect the peak output value of the spatial domain infinite impulse response filter during a predetermined recording interval. A contrast evaluator is used to evaluate the required contrast value referring to a predetermined threshold value and the output value of the spatial domain infinite impulse response filter.

Abstract: The apparatus inserts a participant realistically into familiar background media to provide similar results to a completely original movie with multi-camera studio production and editing. An automated and simplified studio has multiple cameras and traditional studio devices such as teleprompters and controlled lighting presented to the consumer as an entertainment product. Previously produced, familiar media are modified to create the background video source and synchronous audio track. The participant is inserted via chroma key and the multiple cameras are used to create traditional establishing shots intercut with close-ups. These are controlled through a video switcher to create a real-time, finished recording that is stored on a digital server for later playback.

Abstract: A system comprising a first filter having an input and an output adapted to compensate for the characteristics of a first length of twisted-pair wire is disclosed. A first bypass path has an input and an output for bypassing the first filter. A second filter has an input and an output adapted to compensate for the characteristics of a first length of twisted-pair wire. A second bypass path has an input and an output for bypassing the first filter. A third filter has an input and an output adapted to compensate for the characteristics of a first length of twisted-pair wire. A third bypass path has an input and an output for bypassing the first filter. The three filters can be configured form a signal path or one or more filters removed from the signal path by switching in bypass paths.

Abstract: A universal remote control unit for controlling the operation of a plurality of devices such as a cable box, a television, a video device, and an audio device, includes a processor having a plurality of operating modes. In one embodiment the universal remote control unit includes an ALL key preprogrammed to allow a user to turn on or off all of the devices. In another embodiment, a remote control unit allows assigning an additional function to a key having a preprogrammed function.

Abstract: Provided are a projection optical system, a projection television, and a method of manufacturing a lens included in the projection optical system. The projection optical system includes lenses for projecting color beams onto a screen. A color filter layer, absorbing at least one of the color beams, is coated on the surface of at least one of the lenses.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes: a first substrate; a gate line disposed on the first substrate; a data line intersecting the gate line; a thin film transistor connected to the gate line and the data line; a coupling electrode connected to the thin film transistor; a first sub-pixel electrode connected to the thin film transistor; a second sub-pixel electrode capacitively coupled to the coupling electrode; a second substrate facing the first substrate; a common electrode disposed on the second substrate; and a polarizer disposed on the first substrate or the second substrate and having a polarization axis. The coupling electrode is elongated substantially parallel to the polarization axis and has a first edge substantially parallel to or substantially perpendicular to the polarization axis.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal substrate in which a matrix of reflecting electrodes is formed on a substrate, a transistor is formed corresponding to each reflective electrode and a voltage is applied to the reflective electrode through the transistor. A silicon oxide film having a thickness of 500 to 2,000 angstroms is used as the passivation film and the thickness is set to a value in response to the wavelength of the incident light to maintain a substantially constant reflectance.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device protection structure for electronic equipment having an equipment cabinet made of a plastic material in which a liquid crystal display device is accommodated, the equipment cabinet formed with a viewing window so as to be faced with a display screen of the liquid crystal display device, comprises a reinforcing frame made of a material having a mechanical strength higher than that of the plastic material used for the equipment cabinet, and having a frame shape matched to a periphery of the viewing window, the reinforcing frame being integrally fixed to the equipment cabinet so as to be matched to the periphery of the viewing window, and a display screen protection cover which covers the viewing window and is mounted to the reinforcing frame.

Abstract: A side fixing frame for a liquid crystal display device is provided. The side fixing frame has a U-shaped configuration and is provided with multiple engaging elements. The engaging elements of the side fixing frame couple with corresponding counterparts of a supporting frame used in a liquid crystal display device so as to fasten the side fixing frame with the supporting frame. Because of the U-shaped configuration design of the side fixing frame, the frame can attain the desired securing strength and reduce the materials needed for producing the side fixing frame and the production cost.

Abstract: Disclosed is a light transmitting liquid crystal display apparatus used with advantage with a television receiver having a large-sized display not less than 30 inch. A backlight section (3) sending out illuminating light is formed by a plural number of rows made up of many light emitting units (15) arranged on the back surface of a liquid crystal display panel (8). Each light emitting unit includes many LED units (18) mounted on an interconnection substrate (17) and is mounted in this state on a heat dissipating plate (28). A reflecting section (6) for reflecting the light radiated from each LED is formed by a large number of reflective sheet pieces (27), assembled from one heat emitting unit to another, and a reflective plate (26) secured to reflecting plate supports (40) formed on the heat dissipating plate.

Abstract: When radiating light onto a liquid crystal composition containing a photosensitive material, the alignment of liquid crystal molecules is adjusted by applying a voltage to the liquid crystal composition layer, to achieve substantially orderly alignment of the liquid crystal molecules, or the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules is made uniform by adjusting the structure of the liquid crystal display device, or any display defect is driven out of the display area. When radiating light to the liquid crystal composition containing the photosensitive material, the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules can be adjusted so as to achieve substantially orderly alignment of the liquid crystal molecules, and the liquid crystal display device can thus be driven stably.

Abstract: A flat panel display having a black mask EMI layer isolated from Vcom and tied to zero potential. The flat panel display has an integral metal heater layer and thermal sensor that are in close proximity to the liquid crystals to provide efficient heating and temperature sensing.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a polarizing plate capable of providing a liquid crystal display which is widened in the angle of visibility (in particular, the downward angle of visibility), hardly accompanied by thickening of the thickness of a liquid crystal panel, lowering of contrast due to variation of a visual angle, gradation reverse, black-and-white reverse, and hue variation, by using a light-scattering layer, a polarizer and an optical anisotropic layer comprising a liquid crystal compound, and the polarizing plate of the present invention comprises a polarizer; an optical anisotropic layer containing a liquid crystal compound; and a light-scattering layer containing a light-transmitting resin and a light-transmitting diffusing agent having a refractive index different from that of the light-transmitting resin, wherein the light-transmitting diffusing agent is dispersed in the light-transmitting resin, and liquid crystal display using the same.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal display device capable of improving a viewing angle thereof while reducing a gray scale inversion. The liquid crystal display device has a porous film aligned on a liquid crystal display panel and having a plurality of pores. The porous film has sidewalls defined by the pores and reflecting a part of light exited from the liquid crystal display panel. That is, the sidewalls reflect a first group of light, which has relatively higher luminance by passing through a short axis of liquid crystal, towards a second group of light having a relatively lower luminance by passing through a long axis of liquid crystal. Accordingly, the viewing angle of the liquid crystal display device is expanded and the gray scale inversion is reduced.

Abstract: A reflector is used in a display device and is disposed parallel to a predetermined plane, and has plural unit reflecting portions each having a reflection face for reflecting incident light in a direction different from that of regular reflection light of the predetermined plane. Further, the distance between a first tangential plane abutting on a first reflection face arranged in an arbitrarily extracted first unit reflecting portion at a reference point arranged in an arbitrary position on the first reflection face, and a second tangential plane abutting on a second reflection face arranged in a second unit reflecting portion adjacent to the first unit reflecting portion in parallel with the first tangential plane is preferably half or more of a coherent length of the incident light.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display 90, a laminated retardation optical element 10 is placed between a polarizer 102A on the incident side and a liquid crystal cell 104, and a ˜/4 retardation film 102C 10 is placed between a polarizer 102B on the emergent side and the liquid crystal cell 104. The laminated retardation optical element 10 comprises: a ˜/4 retardation layer 14 having the function of bringing, to light that passes through this retardation layer, a 15 phase difference corresponding to a quarter of the wavelength of the light; and a C plate-type retardation layer 16 that acts as a negative C plate. The ˜/4 retardation layer 14 and the C plate-type retardation layer 16 are laminated to a transparent substrate 12 in 20 the order mentioned, and are optically bonded to each other.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of color filters, in particular, to a non-absorbing polarization color filters and to high-brightness color liquid crystal display panel with improved image contrast employing non-absorbing polarization color filters and light recycling among neighboring subpixels. The disclosed invention represents a non-absorbing polarization color filter comprising the following elements: a rear broadband multilayer lossless polarizer, a front broadband multilayer lossless polarizer, and a color polarization rotator. The rear broadband multilayer lossless polarizer has a predefined-oriented transmission axis AB. Said front broadband multilayer lossless polarizer is located approximately in parallel with the rear broadband multilayer lossless polarizer, and has a transmission axis approximately parallel or approximately orthogonal with respect to transmission axis AB.

Abstract: In a rotating mechanism including a pair of members 11 and 11 having opposed surfaces B which are opposed to each other and provided to be relatively movable in a state in which the opposed surfaces B are opposed to each other, a liquid crystal LC provided between the opposed surfaces B and B of the members 11 and 11, and liquid crystal molecule rotating means for rotating a liquid crystal molecule m of the liquid crystal LC in a crossing surface crossing one of the opposed surfaces B and B, the liquid crystal molecule rotating means includes a pair of orientation films 12 and 12 formed on the opposed surfaces B and B, and the orientation films 12 and 12 are subjected to a rubbing treatment in which directions of a rotation around an identical crossing line crossing the members 11 and 11 are reverse to each other along a circumference of a circle having a center on the crossing line.

Abstract: A thin film transistor array substrate and repairing methods thereof are disclosed. The thin film transistor array substrate comprises openings in each pixel electrode, each capacitor electrode and each common line. The openings of the capacitor electrode and the common line are located in the opening of the pixel electrode. The opening of the capacitor electrode exposes a portion area of the capacitor electrode and the common line. The pixel electrode is coupled to the common line through a connecting conductive layer. The MII storage capacitor Cst is formed by the pixel electrode and the capacitor electrode. When the MII storage capacitor Cst fails, the MII storage capacitor Cst can be switched to the MIM storage capacitor Cst by laser repairing.

Abstract: An indicator for deciding a grinding amount of a liquid crystal display panel and a method for detecting grinding failure using the same are disclosed in the present invention. The indicator includes at least one alignment mark formed at a gate pad unit and a data pad unit of a liquid crystal display panel, and at least one pattern for detecting a grinding amount between a first end portion of the gate pad unit and the alignment mark, and a second end portion of the data pad unit and the alignment mark.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a lithographic projection apparatus has an off-axis image field and a concave refractive lens as the final element of the projection system. The concave lens can be cut-away in parts not used optically to prevent bubbles from being trapped under the lens.

Abstract: An arrangement for adjusting the position on a substrate of a patterned beam generated by a light engine relative to the substrate. The arrangement moves an array of focusing elements, each of which focuses a portion of the patterned beam onto a point on the substrate, relative to an array of individually controllable elements to impart the pattern to the patterned beam.

Abstract: Disclosed is an illumination optical system and an exposure apparatus having the same, and specifically, as an aspect of the invention, an illumination optical system for illuminating a surface to be illuminated, that includes an aperture stop for defining an effective light source distribution upon a predetermined plane which is substantially in a Fourier transform relation with the surface to be illuminated, and a detector disposed adjacent an opening of the aperture stop.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting one or more organic compounds in a gem, comprising a probe for irradiating a surface of a gem with near infrared radiation, to generate internal reflections of the near infrared radiation within the gem, wherein the internal reflections are substantially diffuse; a near infrared radiation transmissive conduit for collecting internally reflected near infrared radiation from a surface of the gem, the internally reflected energy comprising components which are diffuse; a spectrometer for analyzing the collected internally reflected diffuse near infrared radiation from the gem, to determine if spectral characteristics indicative of at least one organic compound are present in the gem.

Abstract: The present invention provides provide a light power adjusting method, an optical transmitter, and an optical receiver suitable for ensuring high data transmission quality by preventing the rapid increase in SBS which occurs when the light power exceeds a predetermined value. The incident light power with which the SBS-induced backward propagating light included in the reflected light returned from the optical transmission line rapidly increases, i.e., the light power threshold is calculated. By setting the power of the light incident on the optical transmission line at a value equal to or smaller than the thus calculated light power threshold, the rapid increase in the SBS-induced backward propagating light, which is a nonlinear phenomenon of the optical fiber, is prevented.

Abstract: The system comprises a light source, supplying an incident light beam illuminating the ophthalmic lens. On the optical path of the incident beam, reflecting means are arranged downstream from the ophthalmic lens and a collimation and magnifying lens is arranged upstream from the ophthalmic lens. A camera, the lens, the ophthalmic lens and the reflecting means are arranged on the same main optical axis. The reflecting means comprise a plurality of flat reflecting faces, arranged in the form of at least one cube corner block open in the direction of the ophthalmic lens. The flat faces can form a matrix of adjacent cube corner blocks made of plastic.

Abstract: A belt tension sensor includes an armature that is displaced in relation to belt tension and an optical sensing mechanism that detects armature displacement as a measure of belt tension. In a first mechanization, a lens element is mounted on the armature for movement therewith, and light emitted by a light source passes through the lens element before impinging on a light responsive element; the lens element variably diffuses the emitted light in relation to the belt tension, and the light impinging on the light responsive element provides a measure of the belt tension. In a second mechanization, the armature includes a protuberance that abuts and variably collapses a compressible optical waveguide to vary its optical transmissivity in relation to the armature displacement, and the optical transmissivity of the optical waveguide provides a measure of the belt tension.

Abstract: A test apparatus (1) is provided for examining sheet-like components (8), in particular membrane electrode assemblies for use in a fuel cell, at least in sections and preferably continuously, for perforations (7), which apparatus includes means (9) for applying a test gas (6) to one side of the sheet-like component, means (2) for emitting electromagnetic radiation (12) in a wavelength region adapted to the test gas (6), which means are arranged on that side (11) of the sheet-like component (8) which is remote from the test gas (6), and means (3, 4, 5) for detecting any electromagnetic radiation (12) which has been absorbed by the test gas (6) in a characteristic wavelength region, and a method for carrying out an examination of this type.