Abstract: A continuous kneading apparatus, which suppresses heat release and deterioration of a material to be kneaded and has an improved apparatus life, is provided. It is a two-shaft kneading apparatus (1) having two screw sets (4) each furnished with a blade portion (7) on an outer surface of a rotating shaft (5), and a barrel (2) having a tubular chamber (3) having the two screw sets (4) disposed therein, and wherein a ratio h/D, where h is a clearance defined between a tip of the blade portion (7) and an inner wall surface of the chamber (3), and D is an inner diameter of the chamber (3), is 0.01 or higher.

Abstract: A method of preparing a blended food product includes the steps of: introducing a composition of food product(s) into a container, providing a closure for the container, the closure carrying an impeller; inverting the container so that the closure with its blending element lies lowermost; and driving the blending element to blend the composition to form a blended food product. Prior to blending, the container is mounted in a holder and clamped in place between the closure and the holder, to prevent leakage during blending. The holder may be in the form of a sleeve. A drive master is also provided for use with two sets of blending lids.

Abstract: A mixer apparatus comprising a mixing chamber assembly, a mixing agitation assembly and an orifice assembly. The mixing chamber assembly includes a housing defining a cavity, an inlet providing fluid communication with the cavity and an outlet providing fluid communication with the cavity. The mixing agitation assembly includes a motor assembly, a drive shaft coupled to the motor assembly and at least one impeller coupled to the drive shaft. The at least one impeller and at least a portion of the drive shaft are positioned within the housing and are also positioned between the inlet and the outlet. The orifice assembly includes at least one orifice positioned between the inlet and the at least one impeller. Upon direction of a working fluid into the cavity through the inlet and through the at least one orifice, at least a portion of the fluid is mixed by the impeller and exhausted through the outlet.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device at a bone cement mixer, wherein the bone cement mixer (1) comprises at least one mixing space (5) for mixing powder and liquid components (2, 4), preferably a polymer and a monomer respectively, to make bone cement, the powder component (2) is placed in the mixing space (5) and the liquid component (4) in a liquid container (3), and the liquid component (4) can be transferred from the liquid container (3) to the mixing space (5) and the powder component (2) placed therein.

Abstract: An agitation system including a motor that is capable of measuring the torque output of the motor required to mix a suspension. The motor is attached to an agitator which is placed in a suspension to be measured. The agitator is placed in the suspension and the agitation system is turned on for a period of time. This period determined by the type of agitator used and the characteristics of the suspension. When the suspension is well mixed and the torque measurement on the agitator becomes stable, the agitation system is stopped. The suspension is allowed to sit without agitation for a period of time and the agitation system is started again. After a period of time the agitation system is started and the amount of torque needed to begin turning the agitator is measured.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for pneumatic treatment of powder materials in a recipient chamber (22), with introduction of two material streams into the above through two inlet tubes (40, 40a), optionally in a counter-current and/or approximately tangential sense and swirled in the recipient chamber (22). The material streams are for introduction at roughly the same level in the container and the tracks thereof are interleaved. The material streams are also introduced at an inclination angle (w) to a radial plane (E) of the recipient chamber (22) which is inclined downwards.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device at a bone cement mixer, wherein the bone cement mixer (1) comprises at least one mixing space (5) for mixing powder and liquid components (2, 4), preferably a polymer and a monomer respectively, to make bone cement, the powder component (2) is placed in the mixing space (5) and the liquid component (4) in a liquid container (3), and the liquid component (4) is sucked out from the liquid container (3) to the mixing space (5) and the powder component (2) placed therein by means of vacuum generated in said mixing space.

Abstract: A fluid conditioner for a fluid traveling through a conduit, the conduit having a longitudinal axis and substantially circular cross-section. The fluid conditioner includes a static mixing element and a straightener plate. The preferred static mixer is one having a flat generally rectangular central portion having first and second sets of ears affixed on opposite sides of the central portion. The sets of ears include first and second ears bent respectively in upward and downward directions relative to the plane of the central portion wherein each pair of ears located diagonally opposite one another across the central portion are bent in the same direction relative to the plane of the central portion.

Abstract: This invention concerns an acousto-optic imaging method comprising a step which consists in engraving in a dynamic holographic material a complex index array resulting from the interference of the acousto-optic component of the signal wave and a pump wave of frequency equal to the frequency of the acousto-optic component.

Abstract: A method for analyzing a tubing section with multiple sensors at a consistent speed to improve the analysis and grading of tubing retrieved from an oil well. An analysis speed can be pre-set or input based on the tubing being analyzed and the sensors employed. The analysis data can be retrieved and charted based on whether the data was obtained within the required analysis speed. The data can then be displayed for grading and color-coded based on the data obtained within the required ranged and that obtained outside the range. Further, the display can remove the data obtained outside the required range and link together the remaining data to improve the grading process of the tubing sections.

Abstract: A telemetry system for communication in a borehole uses two spaced-apart transducers. The outputs from the two transducers are filtered to decoupled tool signals traveling in opposite directions. One of the two signals may be it telemetry signal while other signal may be pump noise. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract which will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.

Abstract: A method for determining the position of an underwater device includes placement of a plurality of station keeping devices on or below the surface of the water in known positions. A device to locate is provided for placement below the surface of the water, and the device to locate and the station keeping devices are provided with a synchronized time base and a common acoustic pulse time schedule. Each station keeping device sends an acoustic pulse at a time according to the common acoustic pulse schedule. The device to locate receives pulses sent by the station keeping devices and calculates a distance between itself and each station keeping device based upon the time that the acoustic pulse is sent and the time that the pulse is received. The device to locate then calculates its position based upon the distances between the device to locate and the station keeping devices. Systems and devices are also disclosed.

Abstract: A system and method for measurement are disclosed which may include providing an input command signal; convolving the input command signal with a plurality of impulse signals to produce a transducer drive signal; and activating a first pressure transducer with the drive signal to transmit a pressure wave output from the transducer.

Abstract: A hydrophone array includes hydrophones having an electret means and may have TFT FETs to generate current in response to received longitudinal wave signals. The arrangement may also be used to transmit longitudinal wave signals. Storage capacitors may be coupled to each TFT FET output to act as sample and hold means. Digital switches may allow the sample and hold circuit to both reset and measure the output of the hydrophone element. Data lines may be used to indicate the location of the received signal on the longitudinal wave detector sensor array.

Abstract: A perpetual day reminder calendar consisting of display stand, date indicating cubes, day indicating plates and month indicating plates uniquely styled for ease of operation and clarity of information. The displaying of the current day is accomplished by the use of indica placed on both sides of day indicating plates, the current date is accomplished by the use of indica placed on the faces of date indicating cubes, and the current month of the year is accomplished by the use of indica placed on both sides of month indicating plates. The calendar's functional components are presented and held securely by use of a display stand. The display stand also offers at least one surface for information or advertising.

Abstract: A time display device, which is a strip-like member to be wrapped around user's body or other object, includes a flexible circuit board and a flexible case receiving the flexible circuit board therein. The flexible circuit board is provided with a controller and a plurality of hour light emitting devices and minute light emitting devices to indicate hour and minute and two light emitting devices to indicate a.m. and p.m. The case is provided with windows associated with the light emitting devices respectively. The controller controls the predetermined light emitting devices lighting to indicate time.

Abstract: A timekeeping apparatus having a hidden compartment. The compartment can contain permanent or removable psychological messages and/or printed messages, pictures or photographs. The apparatus has a timepiece which is pivotable relative to a backing. The backing has a removable door on its underside which is removed for placement of the message into the backing. The user can then lift open the timepiece to reveal the message in the hidden compartment.

Abstract: A micro-mechanical part made of insulating material, such as a silicon balance spring (1) for a timepiece movement, tends to adhere to a neighbouring part when it is in movement, such as the balance cock (9) as shown in the left part of the Figure. This drawback is removed, as shown in the right part of the Figure, by carrying out, over all or part of the surface, a thin deposition of a layer of conductive material, such as a metal, which is preferably non-oxidising and non-magnetic, such as gold, platinum, rhodium or silicon.

Abstract: [Problem] An optical pickup that can incline an objective lens in the same direction as that of a bend of an optical disc is provided. [Means of solving the Problem] The optical pickup includes a lens holder that holds an objective lens, focusing coils attached to the lens holder, a yoke to which magnets are attached, and inner yokes disposed opposite to the magnets via the focusing coils, and the optical pickup is structured so that a cross-sectional area of the inner yoke disposed toward the outer periphery of the optical disc is greater than a cross-sectional area of the inner yoke disposed on the inner periphery of the optical disc.

Abstract: The invention provides an information recording medium including highly reliable power calibration areas, as well as an information recording and reproducing device utilizing it. The medium is an information recording medium having a recording layer including a data recordable area 50 for recording user information signals, a lead-in area provided on the inner periphery of the data recordable area 50, an inner power calibration area provided further on the inside of the lead-in area for recording test recording patterns, and a recording management area for recording recording management information related to the inner power calibration area. An outer power calibration area 70 is provided on the outer periphery of the final point of recording of the user information signal on the recording layer.

Abstract: An optical disk device includes a signal processing unit which processes a signal output by a pickup head, an amplifying unit which amplifies the signal processed by the signal processing unit, an analog to digital converting unit which converts the signal concerning a white noise amplified by the amplifying unit into a digital signal to output data of a particular bit width, and a random number data generating unit which generates random number data on the basis of the data output by the analog to digital converting unit.

Abstract: An optical disk apparatus includes: a light source that emits laser light; an optical section including an objective lens group positioned in close proximity to an optical recording medium to generate near-field light from laser light emitted from the light source; a gap servo section configured to control a gap between the optical recording medium and the optical section on the basis of a return light quantity of the laser light via the optical section; a focus adjusting section configured to adjust focus of the near-field light radiated onto the optical recording medium of the optical section, in a state where gap servo is being performed by the gap servo section; and a gap servo correcting section configured to correct the gap servo by the gap servo section when focus of the near-field light is adjusted by the focus adjusting section.

Abstract: A focus servo apparatus for an optical disc apparatus including an objective lens to converge laser beam on an information recording surface of an optical disc, and an actuator to move the objective lens in a focusing direction crossing the information recording surface, the focus servo apparatus comprising: a retaining unit configured to retain control data for driving the actuator; and a setting unit configured to set the control data retained by the retaining unit as initial data for driving the actuator, in the case of driving the actuator, to detect a position of the objective lens where the laser beam is focused on the information recording surface, as a target position when performing focus servo.

Abstract: An optical recording medium is disclosed. The optical recording medium includes an optical disk substrate. A control layer is formed on the optical disk substrate. The control layer includes a control track provided with a tracking control signal. A photosensitive material is formed on the control layer capable of forming a recording track as a result of a change in an optical property of the photosensitive material that is responsive to a specific light beam radiation. The optical property of all the recording tracks on a predetermined circumference of the optical disk substrate is entirely changed in advance.

Abstract: The objective-lens driving apparatus is provided with a yoke base, a lens holder provided on the yoke base, the objective lens provided to the center of the upper part of the lens holder, permanent magnets provided to both sides of the lens holder in the tangential direction, wires laid on both sides of the lens holder in the tracking direction, a wire base made of resin and provided in the area near the permanent magnet when viewed from the lens holder, and a yoke cover made of resin. The yoke cover serves as a stopper for limiting the movable range of the lens holder. A stopper part that extends toward the yoke cover in the wiring direction of the wires is provided to the lateral surface of the lens holder. An upper locking strip and a lower locking strip are provided to the lateral surface of the yoke cover.

Abstract: Provided is an actuator for a pickup, in which end parts of a plurality of suspensions (550A to 550F) of five or more are positioned on a virtual circle (X) formed on a plane by being projected onto the plane including both a focusing direction and a tracking direction. A rolling center (O) defined as a center of the virtual circle (X) is made to coincide with all three, two, or one of a center (Os) of the gravity of a lens holder (600), a center (Os) of the drive force of the lens holder (600), and a center (Os) of the translational force of the suspensions (550A to 550F). Since the rolling center (O) coincides with all three, two, or one of those centers (Os), a rotational moment is not generated on the lens holder (600) and, therefore, generation of unnecessary resonance can be prevented.

Abstract: The objective-lens driving apparatus is provided with a yoke base, a lens holder provided on the yoke base, the objective lens provided to the center of the upper part of the lens holder, permanent magnets provided to both sides of the lens holder in the tangential direction, wires laid on both sides of the lens holder in the tracking direction, a wire base made of resin and provided in the area near the permanent magnet when viewed from the lens holder, and a yoke cover made of resin. The upper surface of the yoke cover is higher than the upper surfaces of the permanent magnet and the raised part of the yoke base. Wire base also has wire cover parts extending in the tangential direction for partially covering the wires. The wire cover parts have a tapered shape that grows thinner approaching the other ends of the wires.

Abstract: An optical scanning device incorporating a compound objective lens 10 and a radiation detector 31 is described for reading an optical record carrier 1 in which the optical record carrier 1 is provided with a transparent layer 2. The thickness of the transparent layer 2 and the effective radius of the detector 31 are adapted such that the signal-to-noise ratio of the device is significantly improved and/or local heating of an air gap below an air slider is reduced. The optical record carrier is provided with a lubricant to facilitate the use of a slider optical head 40.

Abstract: An optical pickup apparatus and an optical recording/reproducing system including the same, the optical pickup apparatus includes at least two optical systems for different types of optical recording media, one of objective lenses of the optical systems being offset from a central line of the optical recording medium, wherein the optical system including the offset objective lens having a diffraction grating diffracting light emitted from a light source to form a main beam and sub-beams, wherein the diffraction grating includes first and second diffraction regions having different grating patterns arranged alternately thereon, and a center of each sub-beam is arranged at a boundary of the first and second diffraction regions of the diffraction grating, and a center of the diffraction grating and an optical axis of the light source are adjusted to be coincided with each other, preventing generation of an alternating current in a Push-Pull signal of the sub-beams.

Abstract: An optical disc recording and reproducing apparatus for recording and reproducing data in and from an optical disc by the use of the optical disc as a recording medium, comprises analog processing means including a binarization unit for subjecting a signal read from the optical disc to binarization and a servo unit for controlling recording and reproducing a signal in and from the optical disc; synchronous clock generating means for generating a synchronous clock signal which is synchronized with the signal read from the optical disc; address detecting means for detecting address information indicating a physical position on the optical disc based on the signal read from the optical disc, and outputting a signal indicating the address information and a signal indicating that the address has been detected when the address information has been detected; a sector counter for holding a sector count value of a sector as a recording unit on the optical disc, and updating the sector count value according to the sync

Abstract: A method for determining a track searching direction is disclosed. The method takes advantage of the characteristic that the movement of the photo-diode with respect to the optical disk is not perpendicular to the track direction. Therefore, the phase difference between the front side and the rear side of the photo-diode could be used to define a seeking error signal. The seeking error signal is used, together with a tracking error (TE) signal and a radio frequency ripple (RFRP) signal, to determine the track searching direction. Because the seeking error signal has a better signal-to-noise ratio, the phase lead or lag can be determined more accurately. As a result, the accuracy of detecting the track searching direction on a blank disk is improved.

Abstract: A controller includes a servo-controller for performing nonlinear and linear control of the read/write position according to an error signal to drive an actuator for driving the pickup; a switch for switching the servo-controller from open-mode to closed-mode according to the error signal; and an adjuster for adjusting the gains of the nonlinear and linear control so that the nonlinear control component is larger than the linear control component at the time of switching and the linear control component is larger than the nonlinear control component after the elapse of a predetermined time from the time of switching.

Abstract: To provide an optical disk recording/reproducing apparatus capable of immediately suspending recording if a recording inadequate state occurs after start of recording, confirming the recording state by using an error-correction-code word unit and restarting recording after identifying the write continuation position. A recording starting section (1) instructs a recording gate/recording data creating section (5) to create a recording gate corresponding to a desired volume of data and recording data and to perform recording. If an inadequate-recording-state determining section (2) detects a recording inadequate state, a recording suspending section (3) instructs the recording gate/recording data creating section (5) to suspend outputting the recording gate and the recording data. A SYNC detection section (9) detects a SYNC signal from reproduced data, and a PO-error-correction processing section (11) performs PI-error-correction.

Abstract: An information recording apparatus irradiates a laser light onto an information recording medium such as an optical disc to record data. While recording, the information recording apparatus temporarily stops recording when a predetermined amount of data is recorded, and confirms recording quality. Namely, the apparatus reproduces the recorded data and determines the recording quality based on the reproduced data. If the recording quality is within an appropriate range, recording of the actual data is continued at the recording power. If the recording quality is out of the appropriate range, the recording power is corrected so that the recording quality becomes within the appropriate range, and the actual data is recorded. Thereby, even when the optimum recording power is changed after recording start of the actual data, the recording power can be correspondently corrected, and accurate information recording with the appropriate recording power can be realized.

Abstract: In a playback signal processing device for extracting, from an analog playback signal, playback data and a clock synchronized with the playback data, a digital equalizer 2 is disposed outside a clock extraction loop formed by an interpolator 3, a timing recovery circuit 4, and a control circuit 5. The digital equalizer 2 is provided between an AID converter 1 and the interpolator 3 and performs equalization processing on digital playback data from the A/D converter 1 in accordance with the timing of a fixed clock CLK from a synthesizer 7. The coefficients of the digital equalizer 2 are updated by the control circuit 5 by using a coefficient setting device 6 according to frequency ratio information 4a from the timing recovery circuit 4. Accordingly, the clock extraction capability is enhanced in spite of the equalization processing on the playback signal by the digital equalizer.

Abstract: Detection means for detecting information in a signal, comprising integration means for integrating the signal over time such that the integration means is periodically reset at about the start time reference of a periodic time interval; and a sample&hold circuit for periodically sampling and holding the integrated signal (int) at about an end time reference of the periodic time interval and thereby delivering a further signal (fs). The detection means further comprises a chain (CHDL) of signal time delay elements, an input of the chain (CHDL) being coupled to receive the further signal (fs); and combining means (CBMNS) having combining inputs coupled to signal taps of the chain (CHDL), such that the number of the combining inputs and the position of coupling the combining inputs to the signal taps of the chain (CHDL) correspond to the information in the signal.

Abstract: Recording parameters are decided so that the time control information on at least the front edge and the rear edge of a parameter forming a mark of twice size or above of the laser spot diameter focused on the recording medium is substantially proportional to the recording linear velocity. The mark is recorded and reproduced at a predetermined linear velocity to obtain an electric signal waveform having a time width Tm. A parameter is decided so as to control the laser pulse for recording information so that a voltage value change amount at two points at a distance Ts (Ts<Tm/2) in the time axis direction before and after the time position Tm/2 from the front edge of the waveform is substantially constant for the recording linear velocity change. Identification information indicating the parameter is described on the recording medium.

Abstract: A method of reproducing a recording medium having finalized recorded data. Data is read from the recording medium and a determination is made whether the recording medium is further recordable based on whether a temporary defect management area includes repetitions of a predetermined value or based on whether another predetermined value is recorded in response to a finalization command previously recorded.

Abstract: Holographic data storage systems are fixed after exposure during which data in the form of holograms are stored at locations in the medium (4). Sufficient fixing energy in the form of light or other electromagnetic and thermal radiation is applied to the media (4) either by flooding the media, or to specific locations where the medium has been written. The energy is sufficient to expose the recorded medium (4) to prevent recording in the unused dynamic range thereof. Such recording can be a spurious recording made during readout or from spurious sources of light incident on the media. In one embodiment, the reference beam (108) produced in the course of holographic recording is redirected to locations on the media (4) which have already been recorded. The redirected beam post exposes the media to fix these locations against spurious recording. The integrity of the holographic data storage systems and the robustness thereof is improved by fixing methods and apparatus incorporating the invention.

Abstract: An optical scanning device for scanning a record carrier (22), the record carrier has an outer face (24) and the optical scanning device comprises a radiation source system (2) arranged to generate a radiation beam; an objective system (20) having an exit face (76) and which is arranged between the radiation source system and the record carrier and provides for evanescent coupling of the radiation across a gap between the exit face of the objective system and the outer face of the record carrier; and a radiation detector arrangement for detecting radiation after interaction with the record carrier. The radiation detector arrangement is arranged to produce a tilt error signals (?, ?) representing a tilt misalignment between the exit face of the objective system and the outer face of the record carrier.

Abstract: A polarizing beam splitter for separating an upstream beam from a downstream beam according to the polarization of an incident beam is provided between first and second light sources emitting laser beams at respective wavelength and an objective lens. A phase plate for providing a phase difference to a beam incident on the polarizing beam splitter is provided between the polarizing beam splitter and the light sources. A portion of the laser beam incident on the polarizing beam splitter is reflected by the polarizing beam splitter and caused to be incident on a photo-detecting unit, so as to prevent an unnecessary portion of the laser beam is incident on the photo-detecting unit. According to the invention, the laser beam is used efficiently and the cost of fabricating an optical disk apparatus is reduced by eliminating a need for a gain controlling circuit in the photo-detecting unit.

Abstract: The recording system consists of a recording medium (1) comprising a storage layer (2) which can store information. A data read and/or write device (4) comprises an array of microtips (5) disposed in a common plane facing the storage layer (2). The recording medium (1) comprises at least one first electrode (6). The read and/or write device (4) comprises at least one second electrode (7). The first electrode (6) is disposed facing the second electrode (7). The system comprises means (C) for controlling the distance (d) separating the recording medium (1) from the read and/or write device (4) by applying a potential difference (Vd) between the first (6) and second (7) electrodes. The read and/or write device (4) comprises contact elements (11) which are disposed between the read and/or write device (4) and the recording medium (1) and which co-operate with the storage layer (2) so as to cushion the contact between the microtips (5) and the storage layer (2).

Abstract: An information recording medium supply apparatus comprises: a gravure plate cylinder supported having recessed image areas formed in the circumferential surface thereof; an ink roller for supplying ink from an ink reservoir to the circumferential surface of the gravure plate cylinder; a doctor for removing surplus ink adhering to non-image areas of the gravure plate cylinder; an impression cylinder supported rotatably and adapted to transfer the ink in the image areas to a sheet being transported in cooperation with the gravure plate cylinder; and an IC chip supply device for supplying an IC chip to the ink in the image area on a side downstream of the point of removal of the ink by the doctor in the rotating direction of the gravure plate cylinder, and on a side upstream of the point of contact with the impression cylinder in the rotating direction of the gravure plate cylinder.

Abstract: An optical disc of a desired thickness is formed by adhering a stamper substrate 20 to an L0 layer substrate 10. Concave/convex portions to transfer fine concave/convex portions for an L1 layer are formed on one principal plane of the stamper substrate 20. After the fine concave/convex portions for the L1 layer were transferred and formed onto an intermediate layer 32 by the stamper substrate 20, the stamper substrate 20 is adhered to the L0 layer substrate 10.

Abstract: An information recording medium is provided with: a recording area divided into a plurality of partial areas; and an information area for recording therein (i) management information for managing recording conditions of the plurality of partial areas at least for each of the plurality of partial areas and (ii) reliability information for indicating reliability of the management information for each of the plurality of partial areas.

Abstract: An optical disc recording/reproduction device is provided, in which a tracking drive offset amount (21) is given to a tracking drive signal (19), a beam spot position irradiated on a photo-detector (7) is shifted by a servo controller (18), and a CPU (16) detects a divided wobble signal balance being data-recorded. The CPU (16) causes a memory (17) to store the tracking drive offset amounts at which the wobble signal balance is uniform according to the wobble signal balance and the tracking drive offset amount. Further, the CPU (16) controls the beam spot position by adding the tracking drive offset amount read out from the memory (17) to the tracking drive signal (19) when performing recording or reproducing to/from the optical disc.

Abstract: The present invention achieves a disc recording and reproducing apparatus capable of using an inexpensive disc by loosening the tolerance of track offset of each layer of a multilayer optical disc, and capable of ensuring the reliability of the disc by relieving external forces exerted on the disc at the loading or unloading of the disc. A disc holder that rotates while holding a multilayer optical disc is configured of a non-moving part fixed to a rotating shaft, and a moving part. Actuators are used to drive the moving part having the optical disc fixed thereto relative to the non-moving part, thereby correcting the offset of a recording layer with respect to the rotating shaft.

Abstract: An optical recording medium which comprises a phase-change recording layer utilizing optical constants associated with a reversible-phase-change induced by laser beam irradiation between an amorphous phase and a crystalline phase. The phase-change recording layer comprises Ge, Sb, Sn, Mn, and X. X represents at least one element selected from In, Bi, Te, Ag, Al, Zn, Co, Ni, and Cu. When the relation of respective contents thereof is represented by Ge?Sb?Sn?Mn?X?, elements of ?, ?, ?, ?, and ? respectively satisfy the following numerical expressions: 5???25, 45???75, 10???30, 0.5???20, and 0???15 (atomic %) when ?+?+?+?+?=100), and the total content of of Ge, Sb, Sn, Mn, and X is 95 atomic % of the entire content of the phase-change recording layer.

Abstract: One object of the present invention is to provide a perpendicular magnetic recording medium having a high coercive force by annealing, and in order to achieve the object, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a perpendicular magnetic recording medium comprising a magnetic recording layer deposited on a non-magnetic substrate, in which at least a magnetic layer containing Co and a diffusive layer are stacked each other, and the stacked layers are annealed to produce a magnetic recording layer.

Abstract: The present invention includes a frame, an optical pick-up module fixed to the frame and a circuit board forming a control circuit fixed to the frame. The frame has fixing parts to other members.