Abstract: Method for obtaining contextual information about an item based on information taken from or influenced by other items according to the relationships said item shares with other items, including the steps of (1) determining direct and indirect information of items, where the direct information includes generating a plurality of sets of structures, each structure relating to information about items and types of relationships between them, and each set consisting of common types of relationships between items, (2) determining direct and indirect relationships between items, where the direct relationship is selected from a set of potential relationships, (3) identifying classes or types of relationships that infer information about an item, (4) specifying correspondence between different types of relationships, and (5) combining the direct and indirect information of an item to establish its contextual information.

Abstract: A method of providing access to data across one or more environments in a data system, the method comprising the steps of identifying and classifying data as non-critical data or critical data, and classifying critical data as authoritative data in situations where the data requires immediate access in order to provide a seamless interface to a user, the authoritative data being the most recent value of a data entry.

Abstract: Managing data collection for one or more scheduled alert messages. A primary or backup poller manager coordinates any number of poller services to access content and generate the alert messages. At a predefined period the poller manager is informed that an existing or new poller service is available for work. The poller manager provides a query to the poller service to access content in which one or more users have expressed an interest. Querying for a large number of users can be subdivided among the poller services. The poller service can also automatically expand the query if it yields insufficient content. The poller service generates the alert messages for the interested users and informs the poller manager when done. A change in content can be used to generate or update alert messages before their scheduled delivery. The poller manager prioritizes processing with a quality of service level.

Abstract: A structure and technique for preventing collisions using a hash table in conjunction with a CAM to identify and prevent collisions of binary keys. A portion of the hash value of a binary key, which does not collide with a portion of the hash value of any other reference binary key, is used as an entry in the hash table. If two or more binary keys have identical values of the portions of the hash values, each of these binary keys are stored in their entirety, in the CAM. The key in the CAM provides a pointer to a data structure where the action associated with that binary key is stored. If the binary key is not found in the CAM, the binary key is hashed, and a specific entry in the hash table is selected using a portion of this hash value.

Abstract: The present invention provides a database system capable of dealing with dynamic changes in an event that vary continuously with time. A database system outputs a retrieval output from data in response to a user's retrieval request on the basis of a retrieval logic. The retrieval logic is allowed to evolve on the basis of a logical model. This logical model establishes a general relationship which leads results from conditions relating to a group of events that are dealt by a data group. Moreover, a database system optimizes a data structure on the basis of the logical model. The logical model can be transferred in a separated manner from the specific data contents of the data group. Therefore, the logical model can be exported to another database system of the same kind, and also imported from another data base system of the same kind.

Abstract: Provided are an extended multimedia file structure, a multimedia file producing method, and a multimedia file executing method. The extended multimedia file structure includes: a metadata section including a media initial object descriptor (IOD) field and at least one track pointer; and a media data section including at least one media block indicated by the track pointer, wherein the at least one track pointer indicates a detail media resource contained in an embedded multimedia file or an external multimedia file.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method comprising selecting a first node included in a data structure, the data structure representing, in a node-and-link representation, a first portion of electronic content, the data structure including a first external link being associated with the first node, the first external link referencing a first serialization, the first serialization representing a second portion of electronic content in a representation differing from the node-and-link representation of the data structure, augmenting the data structure using the first serialization comprising constructing a set of new nodes, the set of new nodes including all nodes constructible from the serialization, selecting a target node from among the set of new nodes, inserting the target node into the data structure, and inserting a first inter-node link into the data structure, the first inter-node link connecting the first node and the target node, the first inter-node link corresponding to the first external link.

Abstract: Techniques are described for preserving the original insignificant white space of XML data. The techniques may be used in combination with compact XML data storage formats, such as binary XML, to preserve the insignificant white space without requiring as much storage space as uncompressed formats. White space opcodes/operand pairs are described for representing white space characters and white space patterns. The white space opcode/operand pairs represent the white space in binary XML, are use to generate the original white space when the binary XML is decoded back to textual XML data.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for incrementally maintaining an XML index built to access XML data that is encoded in binary XML form. Rather than delete and reinsert index entries of all the nodes of a modified XML document, only the index entries of the affected nodes are modified. Consequently, the order key values stored in the index may become inconsistent with the current hierarchical locations of the nodes to which the order key values correspond. Techniques are described for resolving the inconsistencies, and for addressing additional problems that result when the XML index is path-subsetted.

Abstract: There is provided a data change device that includes a storage unit that stores a manipulation explanation data set and a result explanation data set related to each other, the manipulation explanation data set including at least an instruction acceptance image indicating an instruction acceptance unit for accepting an instruction to the data change device or an external device and a manipulation explanation image for explaining a manipulation of the instruction acceptance unit, and the result explanation data set indicating a phenomenon that results from a manipulation indicated by the manipulation explanation data set, a change acceptance unit that accepts a change to be made to the instruction acceptance unit, and a manipulation explanation data change unit that changes the manipulation explanation data set in accordance with the change if the change is accepted by the change acceptance unit.

Abstract: Methods are provided for encoding watermark information into media data containing a series of digital samples in a sample domain. The method involves: dividing the series of digital samples into a plurality of sections in the sample domain, each section comprising a corresponding plurality of samples; processing the corresponding plurality of samples in each section to obtain a single energy value associated with each section; grouping the sections into groups, each group containing three or more sections; assigning a nominal bit value to each group according to a bit assignment rule, the bit assignment rule based on the energy values of the sections in the group; and assigning a watermark bit value to each group.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus adapted to be connected for use to a media drive apparatus for recording data on or reproduced data from a recording medium having a file system includes a real file system acquiring section that acquires the file system of the recording medium from the media drive apparatus and a virtual file system providing section that converts the file system acquired by the file system acquiring section into a virtual file system having a directory/file structure different from the directory/file structure on the recording medium and provides it to an application program.

Abstract: An information retrieval apparatus includes contents, an index data generating unit, a character frequency management data generating unit, a compressing/encrypting unit, a retrieval initializing unit, a full text retrieving unit, and a retrieval result displaying unit. The character frequency management data generating unit generates character frequency management data based on the contents. The compressing/encrypting unit compresses the contents and encrypts the character frequency management data. The retrieval initializing unit decrypts encrypted character frequency management data. The full text retrieving unit executes full text retrieval for compressed contents using the character frequency management data and index data when receiving a retrieval keyword. The retrieval result displaying unit decompresses a retrieval candidate selected from retrieval candidates and displays as a retrieval result.

Abstract: An electronic catalog may have one or more associated attributes describing one or more features of included items. A processing device may display a group of nodes, each of which may represent a different attribute with respect to the included items. A user may select one of the nodes causing the displayed nodes to be pivoted. The selected node may be displayed as a root node while the remaining nodes may be displayed as descendent nodes. Each of the descendent nodes may represent one or more of the included items having the attribute of the root node and the attribute of the respective descendent node. The user may pin one of the descendent nodes to cause one or more new nodes to be displayed as descendent nodes of the pinned node. The processing device may create an offline electronic catalog from a selected portion of the electronic catalog.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for automatically annotating a document to offer, to a viewer, a choice of operations that a user can take relative to identified entities to which the document refers, where the choice of operations offered in relation to each such entity is appropriate to and based on the types of that entity. In one embodiment of the invention, for each “interesting” entity within a document, a mechanism automatically determines one or more types for that entity. The mechanism automatically annotates the document so that an application will present entity-type-specific data (including operation choices) that is generated by modules that are mapped to the types of the entities within the document. The annotations comprise metadata that indicates types of each “interesting” entity. The entity-type-specific data may be presented along with the rest of the document. A user need not navigate to a different document prior to viewing the data.

Abstract: An apparatus (100) for processing reproducible data comprises a receiving unit (103) adapted to receive reproducible data in a given order, and a processing unit (104) adapted to generate altered reproducible data by altering at least one property of received reproducible data in an at least partially random manner, wherein the alteration of at least one property is perceivable by a human sense when the altered reproducible data are reproduced in the given order.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for generating a dynamic web page. A structured data context is generated based on the result of a business logic process performed in response to a request from a browser, and a template associated with the request is loaded. The structured data context includes at least one dynamic data item for the dynamic web page. The template is able to be browsed by the browser and contains associated information that corresponds to the at least one dynamic data item of the structured data context. The at least one dynamic data item of the structured data context is merged into the template so as to produce the dynamic web page.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method of generating reference patterns able to represent hierarchized data, the hierarchized data being structured in accordance with a schema, the hierarchized data being organized in a plurality of items. It comprises the following steps: extracting primary structural patterns from the schema, each of the primary structural patterns representing a set of structural information; associating items in the plurality of items with at least one primary structural pattern extracted; grouping the associated items according to a predetermined criterion, and determining a reference pattern per group of items from the associated primary structural patterns; the said reference pattern comprising at least one piece of structural information able to represent at least one piece of structural information of each item in the group that is associated with it.

Abstract: An apparatus, program product, and method manage content from a content-controlled database (e.g., web pages or other files maintained in a web site) using a content management record linked to each content-controlled content item in the database. Each content management record is utilized in conjunction with a multi-stage content management process, where at least one stage is a review stage during which approval of an associated content item for a content management record is obtained. As a result of receiving appropriate approval, such an associated content item may be promoted and made available to users of the content-controlled database, with the content management record updated to reflect such a status of the associated content item.

Abstract: There is provided a method and system for customizing a customizable theme of a user interface of a computer system. The user interface includes a plurality of screens having one or more modifiable screen attributes. The method further includes: receiving a base theme comprising a plurality of layers, each of said layers comprising at least one object, at least some of said at least one object having one or more graphical properties; mapping each of the screens to each of said layers; mapping each respective screen attribute to the graphical properties related to the respective screen attribute, said mapped screens and screen attributes defining the customizable theme of the user interface; receiving a user input to modify said at least one screen attribute corresponding to a first screen to customize the customizable theme; and modifying the graphical properties related to the modified screen attribute.

Abstract: An editing process associates a content object with a media instance. In response to a command to serve the edited media instance, one or more content items, such as advertisements, are selected based on the associated content object and served with the edited media instance.

Abstract: Systems, methods and computer program products for detecting potential architecture and interfacing issues in database applications are described herein. In an embodiment, the invention operates by accessing trace information. The trace information includes database-related information pertaining to interactions of a database application with a production database. The invention detects potential architecture and interfacing issues in the database application by analyzing the trace information. Such architecture and interfacing issues include, but are not limited to, multiple connections simultaneously blocking on the same row of a table, and client-side joins.

Abstract: The invention describes a method of updating content of a portable device (1) with a file system (14) for managing the content (F1, F2, . . . , Fn), an associated file system table (2), and a content database (3) for presenting the content (F1, F2, . . . , Fn) according to content metadata (M1, M2, . . . , Mn), which method comprises establishing a connection between the portable device (1) and a main device (4), replicating at least part of the current file system table (2) to give a primary file system table replica, modifying the content (F1, F2, . . . , Fn) of the portable device (1) by means of the main device (4), comparing the modified file system table (2?) to the primary file system table replica (2) and updating the content database (3) of the portable device (1) on the basis of the comparison results. Furthermore, the invention describes a system (5) for updating content (F1, F2, . . . , Fn) of a portable device (1), and a portable device (1).

Abstract: A device for coordinating a machine fleet includes a memory for storing a large number of data records, an interface for communicating with several users who are capable of making changes to the data records, in the case of which each data record represents a given portion of the working capacity of a machine in the machine fleet, and the changes relate to the assignment of the portion of the working capacity represented by the data record to the users making the change, and an administration unit designed to allow a change to be made to a data record by a user requesting the change if the data record is not assigned to any other user and an urgency of the change indicated by the requesting user reaches a threshold specified for the particular portion.

Abstract: A method and system to permit externally created business objects to access a business management application database without using direct database language statements. An add-on framework includes an add-on extension manager to start an add-on application, register a form from the add-on application, and receive and route an event from the business management application to the add-on application through a user interface application programming interface component object model interface. A persistency layer provides a set of programming language classes and interface definitions to develop a persistent business object in the add-on extension, and connect the persistent business object to a database through a data interface application programming interface component object model interface to read and write data from the database associated with the business management application.

Abstract: Software, methods and devices for performing a markup language based database upgrade are disclosed. One or more markup language documents contain markup language portions. Each markup language portion, which may be a hierarchy of markup language elements, describes a set of changes to be made to the database in order to effect an upgrade of the database from a starting version to a subsequent version. Based on a determined current version of a database, one of the markup language portions is selected for implementation. The set of changes to the database that is described by the selected markup language portion is implemented. Implementation may be effected through instantiation of object oriented classes corresponding to markup language elements. Selection and implementation of other markup language portions may be performed until a final database version is attained. The markup language may be Extensible Markup Language (XML).

Abstract: An approach for managing print data on printing devices includes deleting print data that has been stored on a printing device for at least a specified time. The deletion of the print data based on whether the print data has been stored on the printing device for at least the specified time may be performed regardless of whether the print has been processed and may be used in conjunction with other mechanisms for deleting print data on printing devices. The approach for managing print data on printing devices also includes deleting print data from printing devices when the print data has been processed at the printing device at least a specified number of times.

Abstract: Systems and methods for synchronising bookmarks between communications devices are provided. Bookmarks refer to user-defined and nicknamed URLs as local parameters in Browser software, also sometimes known as “Favourites”. Real-time synchronisation of bookmarks is accomplished through an application of “push technology”. Upon identifying a change in the set of bookmarks of a communications device, the communications device transmits an indication of the change to the network. The network uses push technology to push the indication to the other communications device. Once the indication is received by the other communications device, the other communications device updates its set of bookmarks according to the indication thereby achieving synchronisation. Synchronisation may be performed between two or more devices.

Abstract: A method and system for a combined journaling and non-journaling file system is disclosed. In the present invention, data is stored on a first storage media using a first device in a format associated with a file system, wherein the file system is a non-journaling file system. Journal information associated with the file system is stored on a second storage media in the first device, wherein the journal information is distinct from the file system and the data is readable by other devices having a file system compatible with the file system.

Abstract: A method, system, and computer program product is disclosed for interacting with a client supported by a client-side cache. Embodiments of a method, a system, and a computer program product are disclosed that retrieve a first snapshot, indicating a state of the database after a last database request by the client, associated with the client, determine any number of invalid cached results for the client based on the first snapshot, and transmit the any number of invalid cached results and a second snapshot, an update for the first snapshot.

Abstract: A method for detecting and resolving the data synchronization conflict is disclosed by the present invention, and the method includes the following processes. The client and the server detect a conflict in data synchronization; acquire a conflict resolution result according to conflict detection data; and synchronize conflicted data according to the conflict resolution result. The present invention also provides a client, a server and a system for detecting and resolving the data synchronization conflict. In the solution of the present invention, the conflict detection for the data to be synchronized is performed before the data synchronization between the client and the server, so the data which can be transmitted and the data which can not be transmitted are determined, then the synchronization time is shortened, and the flow of network traffic is reduced.

Abstract: Described area system and computer program product for producing a point in time copy of source data. A set of records corresponding to a time ordered series of recorded file operations as applied to said source data is received. The set of records includes one or more consistency point markers, each consistency point marker indicating a point in time at which said source data is in a consistent state when a portion of said recorded file operations occurring up to said point in time is applied to said source data. The recorded file operations corresponding to said set of records are applied to said copy of the source data until a marker record corresponding to a consistency point marker is determined. Also described is a target system for producing a point in time copy of source data including a data storage device including said copy of source data and a replication service.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus and computer programs are provided for data replication, such as for replicating a database or updating a cache. Source database change transactions are captured and batched together for efficient data transfer. On receipt at a target replica system, the batch of transactions within a message is separated and separate apply transactions corresponding to the source transactions are performed in parallel. A ‘transaction processed’ table is updated to reflect apply processing for each apply transaction. This table provides a confirmation of the status of each transaction that can be used during recovery processing to prevent re-apply of an apply transaction. The table can also be used to determine when it is safe to delete an incoming message from persistent storage on the target system, and to facilitate one-phase commit processing.

Abstract: A technique for making versions of rows of a user-defined tracked table temporally queryable. The database management system of the technique permits temporal queries of user-defined tables. The queries return versions of rows in the user-defined table that are currently in an undo log maintained by the database system. Associated with the tracked table are a system history table which contains versions of the rows and temporal metadata indicating when the versions were in the tracked table and a system form history table which contains versions of the form of the tracked table and metadata indicating when the tracked table had the form. These tables are created and maintained by a background process in the database management system. A temporal query on the tracked table combines results from the undo log with results from the system history table. The results' form is determined by the system form history table.

Abstract: A database may facilitate zero-downtime upgrades by concurrently maintaining multiple editions of database objects for use by both pre-upgrade and post-upgrade clients of a database application. Operations performed within the database are associated with an edition based on, for example, an initiating client or transaction. When an operation references an object or data, the database automatically performs the operation using the object or data associated with the edition with which the operation is itself associated. The database may determine the associated edition without explicit identification of the associated edition in a query or in code. Thus, no client or stored procedure code changes are necessary to reflect a new edition added during an update. Data changes in one edition may be automatically and immediately propagated to the other edition through the use of cross-edition triggers, thereby allowing both pre-upgrade and post-upgrade clients to remain fully functional throughout an upgrade.

Abstract: A method for replicating application data, the method including monitoring at least one application running on a first computer, detecting an inactivity trigger on the first computer, and, responsive to detecting the inactivity trigger, copying data associated with the software application, and placing the copied data in a network-accessible location.

Abstract: A technique for migrating (e.g., “copying” or “moving”) temporary data from one session to another session is provided. While executing a workload associated with a particular session, session state is created. A subset of the session state comprises large objects that are referred to as “temporary data.” Thus, temporary data is stored in a database (instead of in the database server) and is normally deleted when the particular session is deleted. To avoid this deletion when the session state is migrated to a different session, the temporary data, in one embodiment, is saved in an external storage that is separate from the database. An external table is created in the external storage and stores the temporary data. Location information to access the external table is provided to the other session.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for method for transferring files between a primary storage system and a backup and restore system is described. The system generates collapsed extents which are used to specify data to be backed up to a backup and restore system. The backup and restore system backs up data based on the collapsed extents but records all extents included in the collapsed extents to enable the system to facilitate restoration of the data at a later point in time.

Abstract: A write recovery strategy for optical recorders, whereby one good or certified disc extent is searched for once the disc is first loaded. The certified disc extent is reserved and is used as space to rewrite data for which initial writing attempts were unsuccessful. The reserved areas is used for write recovery at times of at the start, real-time AV data will not be lost and recording performance is improved. A series of lists are maintained including a reserved list of extents that are certified as being free of defects and lists for free and written areas of the disc. The defect list used is updated by the defect management scheme so that it is always up-to-date.

Abstract: A recording system records blocks of information on a record carrier according to a file management system. Data space on a partly and fragmented recorded record carrier (60-68) is managed as follows. The information includes a first type of information, such as video, and a second type, such a general purpose data. The first type has extent allocation requirements that include requiring an extent to accommodate a multitude of information blocks in a consecutive range of addresses and the extent to have at least a predetermined extent size. Data space is managed by selecting at least one partly recorded data area (67,63,68) of at least the extent size which data area contains information blocks (63) at recorded addresses, and subsequently creating a free data area (74) on the record carrier by moving the information blocks from the recorded addresses in the partly recorded data area to different addresses (73) outside the free data area (74) and correspondingly adapting the file management data.

Abstract: A system for storing video data may include at least one file. The at least one file may include a data cluster including a plurality of data blocks, each data block storing at least some of the video data, and/or a plurality of first pointers sequentially arranged and respectively indicating the plurality of data blocks. The at least one file may be used for time-shifting and recording functions. If the at least one file is used for the time-shifting function, the system may delete contents of the first pointers in a circular manner so that the system sequentially deletes the contents of at least some of the first pointers and/or if the system sequentially deletes the contents of a first pointer that is located last in the arrangement, the next first pointer whose contents are to be sequentially deleted is a first pointer that is located first in the arrangement.

Abstract: A method and system for accurately estimating a result size of a Group-By operation in a relational database. The estimate utilizes the probability of union of the columns involved in the operation, as well as the relative cardinality of each column with respect to the other columns in the operation. In addition, the estimate incorporates the use of table filters when indicated such that table filters are applied prior to determining the size of the tables in the operation, as well as including equivalent columns into the list of columns that are a part of the Group-By operation. Accordingly, the estimate of the result size of the operation includes influencing factors that provide an accurate estimation of system memory requirements.

Abstract: According to the present disclosure, one or more processors of a computer device (e.g. a mobile communication device) are operative to execute a garbage collection program and an application program concurrently with execution of the garbage collection program. The garbage collection program is operative to identify a root set of referenced objects of an application program, where a reference indicator in a reference indicator array is set as referenced for each one of such referenced objects, and to perform a mark and sweep process based on the root set of referenced objects. The application program has computer instructions which includes a predefined computer instruction (e.g. a GETREF instruction) adapted to retrieve a reference from a target object and to set a reference indicator in the reference indicator array as referenced for the target object when executed. Advantageously, execution of the application program need not be unreasonably suspended during garbage collection processes.

Abstract: There is provided a probability density function separating apparatus that separates a predetermined component from a given probability density function. The apparatus includes: a domain transforming section that is supplied with the probability density function and transforms the probability density function into a spectrum in a frequency domain; and a deterministic component computing section that multiplies a multiplier coefficient according to a type of distribution of a deterministic component included in the given probability density function by a first null frequency of the spectrum in the frequency domain and computes a peak to peak value of the probability density function with the deterministic component.

Abstract: A method for detecting a positioning signal includes (a) correlating a segment of a received positioning signal with a reference signal of a selected code phase and frequency to obtain a correlation value, (b) if the correlation value is less than a predetermined minimum, assigning the correlation value to the predetermined minimum, and (c) accumulating the correlation value in a sum of correlation values obtained using other segments of the received positioning signal. In addition, the correlation value may be reduced by a predetermined value, which is preferably an expected mean value for a noise component in the segment of the received positioning signal.

Abstract: There is provided a multiplication apparatus for generating a product of a multiplicand and a multiplier, each of which is a fixed point number represented in two's complement. The multiplication apparatus has an encoding unit for encoding the multiplier based on the radix-4 Booth's algorithm and outputting a plurality of encoding results obtained, an overflow detection unit for detecting an occurrence of an overflow when each of the multiplicand and the multiplier is a negative maximum value, and a partial product generation unit for generating a plurality of partial products from the multiplicand and the plurality of encoding results as well as a plurality of correction factors corresponding to the plurality of partial products and outputting the plurality of partial products and the plurality of correction factors.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer program products, for exchanging information in accordance with a protocol. In one aspect, signals reporting user actions related to resources and ranking data ranking the resources based on the signals are exchanged in accordance with a protocol. The protocol defines types of user actions that can be reported by the signals, a format for specifying values for one or more of a set of predefined parameters for qualifying the user actions, a format for specifying one or more subscriber-specific parameters relating to the resources or the user actions, and a format for identifying resources to which the user actions are related using a namespace defined by the subscriber.

Abstract: The distributed data handling and processing resources system of the present invention includes a) a number of data handling and processing resource nodes that collectively perform a desired data handling and processing function, each data handling and processing resource node for providing a data handling/processing subfunction; and, b) a low latency, shared bandwidth databus for interconnecting the data handling and processing resource nodes. In the least, among the data handling and processing resource nodes, is a processing unit (PU) node for providing a control and data handling/processing subfunction; and, an input/output (I/O) node for providing a data handling/processing subfunction for data collection/distribution to an external environment. The present invention preferably uses the IEEE-1394b databus due to its unique and specialized low latency, shared bandwidth characteristics.

Abstract: A system and method can enable a user of a communications network, such as a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), wireless and/or voice over IP network to participate in Presence Availability Management (PAM) and Instant Messaging (IM) activities of a PAM/IM network. In response to phone network triggers, a phone network Service Control Point (SCP) can generate requests to a web server. The web server can translate the requests to presence information that can be forwarded to presence user agents for participants of the PAM/IM network. The presence user agents can present the user's presence information to participants having the user on their “buddy list”.

Abstract: A kind of portable multimedia network learning machine, includes a microprocessor and a memory connected to the microprocessor, input unit and display, communication and download module, multimedia driving device and multimedia player. The said communication and download module are used for communicating with the calculator connected to the hand-held multimedia network learning machine, uploading effectiveness of instruction message file, and may download multimedia cartoon menu file and multimedia packages in step with teaching in the far end database server, transmit learning situation result to the learning situation receiving terminal. While multimedia driving device and multimedia player are used for driving and playing the said downloaded cartoon menu file and courseware. The present invention also provides a kind of system and method realizing remote information transition between hand-held multimedia network learning machines.