Abstract: A recycling process for the demetalization of hydrocarbon oil comprises recycling the following steps: a demetalizing composition for hydrocarbon oil or an aqueous solution thereof is sufficiently mixed with hydrocarbon oil in a desired proportion, and the resultant mixture is subjected to a conventional electrically desalting process to obtain a demetalized hydrocarbon oil and an aqueous desalted solution containing the desalted metal salts; the aqueous desalted solution containing the metal salts is then sufficiently mixed with a precipitating agent in a desired proportion and is subjected to a displacement reaction, and an aqueous solution containing the demetalizing composition is recovered by separating out the residue of the metal salts produced in the displacement reaction, which is poorly soluble or insoluble in water, with a solid-liquid separator; and the recovered aqueous solution containing the demetalizing composition for hydrocarbon oil, which meets the requirements for metal ions in demetalized

Abstract: A system for disposing of medical waste is generally configured to sort waste items into a plurality of containers according to applicable rules and regulations governing the handling and/or disposal of such items. In some embodiments, a system comprises sorting stations each of which houses a number of disposable containers. Each station can identify an item of waste, determine the most appropriate container for the item, and facilitate disposal of the item in the appropriate container. In some embodiments, a detection system for determining a presence and/or a quantity of waste items within a container is also provided. In some embodiments, access to discarded waste items is restricted once the waste items have been placed in a container.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing a quantity of cullet having at least two colors of glass from an input stream of recyclable material and non-recyclable material. In an embodiment, the system includes a sortation station, a screening apparatus, an air classifier, and a crushing apparatus to provide as output substantially pure cullet having at least two colors.

Abstract: The invention relates to processing particulates and apparatus therefor. More specifically, the invention is directed to processes and apparatus for separating particulates. According to various aspects of the invention, particulate separation processes and apparatus are provided comprising flowing a particulate over a foraminous wall and through a sieve.

Abstract: A vibratory separator including a frame, a screen configured to connect to the frame, a first actuator coupled to the frame, and a second actuator coupled to the frame, wherein the first actuator imparts a high frequency motion to the frame, and wherein the second actuator imparts a low frequency acceleratory motion to the frame is disclosed. Also, a method for processing drilling waste including imparting a low frequency acceleratory motion to a frame of a vibratory separator and imparting a high frequency motion over the low frequency acceleratory motion is also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods are provided for determining a location of a pith along a length of a wood sample. The methods may comprise the steps of: determining pith direction; selecting two areas of the wood sample at which two or more chords of a ring can be defined; bisecting the chords to define a line perpendicular to the chords; and locating at least one intersection point for two or more of the bisecting perpendicular lines.

Abstract: Apparatus for the outflow of pressed items from a rotary press, with a first channel section connecting directly to the rotary press, to which at least two channel sections are connected, to which a deflector is attached, which is swivel mounted at an axis almost vertical to the longitudinal extension of the first and/or second channel section and optionally connects the first channel section with one of the other channel sections and a pivot drive for the deflector below or above the channel sections, characterized in that a bearing pin for the deflector is connected in a torque-proof manner with a channel section and the swivel drive is coupled with the deflector via a magnetic coupling eccentric to the bearing pin.

Abstract: A magnetic separation filtering and cleaning apparatus for adding flocculant and magnetic powder to raw water containing pollutant particles to form magnetic floc in treated fluid and separating and removing the magnetic floc from the treated fluid, comprising: a magnetic field generation device being provided in a rotating body for suctioning the magnetic floc on a surface of the rotating body from the treated fluid containing the magnetic floc, a magnetic field rotating device for rotating the magnetic field generation device, a sludge recovery device for separating sludge including the magnetic floc mechanically from the surface of the rotating body of the magnetic field generation device; and a filtering device having a rotating net for filtering out the magnetic floc from the treated fluid including the magnetic floc and flowing down the treated fluid filtered through the rotating net.

Abstract: A tank arrangement includes a tank for storing a liquid such as fuel or oxidizer for operation of a spacecraft and a pressurized driving gas for conveying the liquid out of the tank, and a gas supply and extraction device. The device includes a housing shell and plural outwardly expanding passage bodies providing openings that communicate the interior space of the tank to the inner reservoir space of the device. A baffle plate shields the outer opening of each passage body. Deflector plates are arranged in each passage body. Capillary plates extend longitudinally along the inner wall of the housing shell. By a capillary effect, the plates separate liquid from gas entering the device, so that the gas can be extracted while the liquid is stored in a reservoir of the device until it is drained back into the tank during an accelerated operation phase of the spacecraft.

Abstract: An erosion control basin is a molded open topped receptacle that has support flanges that will support the basin on the interior of a storm drain grate frame. A filter is formed around an upright perforated drain pipe that is on the interior of the basin and which opens to an outlet. The basin catches debris and silt but permits water to drain out. The top of the drainpipe is left open for overflow purposes.

Abstract: A temporary emergency water storage system provided for use in emergencies, such as hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones, winter storms and other natural disasters in which municipal and/or fresh water supplies are cut off or rendered impure or un-potable. The temporary water storage can also be used to provide a supply of water in times of man made disasters, such as war or acts of terrorism or vandalism which can render municipal water supplies suspect or unusable. The temporary emergency water storage device is used in conjunction with the building's bathing pools. The bathing pool's water supply provides the source of the potable water that is stored prior to plan use. The temporary emergency water storage system includes a flexible storage bag for storing the protected potable water and pump for dispensing the potable water.

Abstract: A control unit includes a plurality of electronic components; and at least two metal busbars disposed along each other. Each of the at least two metal busbars establishes an electrical connection between the electronic components and includes a magnetic-material portion. The at least two metal busbars are arranged to cause the magnetic-material portion of one of the at least two metal busbars to have magnetic poles generating a magnetic force substantially in the same direction as that of the magnetic-material portion of another of the at least two metal busbars which is adjacent to the magnetic-material portion of the one of the at least two metal busbars.

Abstract: A dispenser or dispensable material for external attachment to a mobile surface cleaning device, mobile surface cleaning device provides an aftermarket apparatus and method for both on-the-go cleaning and on-the-go delivery of dispensable materials into the body of water with the dispensable material mounted either on a downstream side of the mobile surface cleaning device or spaced from the flow path through the mobile surface cleaning device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a food fryer. The food fryer comprises a frying section where the food is fried in oil and an oil removal section where the oil content of the food is reduced. A basket located within the apparatus contains the food and is movable between the two sections. At least one motor is operable to remove oil content from the food and to move the basket between the two sections, and a controller communicates with the motor and other elements of the apparatus to facilitate the frying of the food. Exemplary embodiments of the invention provide methods for minimizing a cooling rate of the cooked food to prevent oil from gathering in the center of the cooked food and to increase the desirability of the cooked food. A cover that is sealably connected to the food frying apparatus aids in maintaining a temperature in the frying and oil removal environments that is higher than room temperature.

Abstract: A portable filtration device filters water from a body of water within which the device can be buoyantly supported. The device generally comprises an inflatable floatation chamber arranged to support the device to float on the body of water and a filtration housing arranged to be suspended from the floating chamber in the body of water. The filtration housing has an inlet, an outlet, and a filtration medium arranged to filter water passing therethrough from the inlet to the outlet. The inlet is arranged for communication with the body of water and the outlet is arranged for communication with a filtered water reservoir for providing potable water to the reservoir.

Abstract: A subsurface drip wastewater disposal system and method are disclosed that eliminate the need for headworks, reduce the risk of damage to the system, and permit optimal pump sizing by simultaneously dosing, flushing the pipe network and flushing the filter. A tank and pump package provide effluent under pressure to the field piping network comprising a supply manifold, a return manifold, and a plurality of emitter lines. A discharge filter that is capable of simultaneous filtering and flushing is provided on the discharge line, and a first flow restrictor is provided on the filter flush return line. Effluent is discharged at a rate and pressure that permits simultaneous pipe flushing and dosing, with the return manifold returning to the tank through a field return line having a second flow restrictor. The size of the first and second flow restrictors is selected to provide the desired flow splits.

Abstract: A desalinization system for converting a saltwater solution to a purified water composition is provided. The desalinization system (1000) has a primary tank (40) which contains a heated silicone composition within a heated silicone composition zone (210) and water globules (30) which pass through the heated silicone zone (14) to form an initially treated or initially heated water zone (60) within the primary tank (40). The initially heated water zone (60) then is fluidly displaced through a heating conduit (115) for passage into a secondary tank (120) in the form of steam (180). The steam (180) then condenses within a condensation zone (200) and forms a purified water zone (140) within secondary tank (120). The water within the purified water zone (140) of the secondary tank (120) may be removed through a water output line (150) from secondary tank (120).

Abstract: The acid mine water demineralization apparatus consists of two concentric cylinders that are divided into a total of four sections; a water chamber, a gas chamber, a reaction zone, and an aeration zone. The water chamber transports acid mine water to the inlets of a plurality of the sharp edged orifices. The gas chamber receives ozone from an external source and sends it through a porous plate into the reaction zone, thus ensuring the gas is dispersed uniformly throughout the reaction zone. Water passing through the sharp edged orifices into the reaction zone reacts with the ozone to oxidize the insoluble metals in the water. Exiting the reaction zone, the water enters into the aeration zone where additional oxygen is added to the water and the agitation of the water is calmed before it enters a settling tank.

Abstract: A crossflow filtration system including at least one quick dry change crossflow filtration cartridge designed to rotatably interface with a manifold assembly. The quick dry change crossflow filtration cartridge can comprise a membrane element, for example an ultrafiltration membrane, microfiltration membrane, nanofiltration membrane or reverse osmosis membrane element enclosed within a housing. The quick dry change cartridge includes an inlet stream, a permeate stream and a concentrate stream. The manifold assembly includes three similar flow paths; an inlet stream, a permeate stream and a concentrate stream. When engaged, the cartridge and manifold assembly define continuous inlet flow paths, permeate flow paths and concentrate flow paths that connect across the interface. Thus, all of the connections to the water filtration system can be made onto the manifold, and the resulting connected system is compact and easy to connect.

Abstract: The present invention provides counter flow cascade separation systems useful to separate solute/solute pairs present in a solvent. The separation systems include a series of interconnected stages with each stage comprising a diafilter preferentially permeable for one solute. Solute/solute pairs are preferentially separated by the diafilter into permeate and retentate flows. Stages are combined to form separation systems capable of operation approaching an ideal cascade.

Abstract: An oil strainer assembly is used to filter oil in an internal combustion engine of an automotive vehicle. The oil strainer assembly includes a strainer element and a housing. The housing has a first shell and a second shell. The housing has an inlet formed in one of the first and second shells and an inlet formed in the other of the first and second shells. The strainer element is disposed between the first shell and the second shell for filtering debris from oil passing between the inlet and the outlet of the housing. Each of the first and second shells has an outer wall. The first shell having a first flange for retaining the outer wall of the second shell. The first shell further having an outwardly extending tab for retaining a portion of the outer wall of the second shell opposite the first flange. The tab being movable away from the outer wall of the second shell to allow removal of the outer wall of the second shell from the first flange of the first shell along a generally radial direction.

Abstract: An analytical instrument fitting assembly for coupling first and second analytical fluid conduits is provided. The fitting assembly includes a first fitting defining a central passage adapted to receive a first fluid conduit defining an internal diameter of no greater than 0.040 inch and a second fitting. The second fitting defines a central passage extending between first and second ends and is in fluid communication with the first fitting.

Abstract: A spin-on filter cartridge (20) comprising a cannister (21), a filter element (22), and an adaptor-mounting plate (24) positioned within the cannister (21) between its open end and the filter element (22). The adaptor-mounting plate (24) has a scooped-ramped inner perimeter that allows non-threaded engagement with an adaptor (60). To install the filter cartridge (20) onto a threaded mounting stud (61), the cartridge (20) is rotated (e.g., “spun”) relative to the stud (61).

Abstract: An oil extracting apparatus includes a rigid oil adhering ring having a horizontally disposed ring axis and an oil adhering surface surrounding the ring axis, a driving device coupled to the oil adhering ring for driving rotation of the oil adhering ring about the ring axis, an oil scraping unit, and an oil collecting unit. At least a portion of the oil adhering ring below the ring axis is adapted to be immersed in a water body. Rotation of the oil adhering ring results in separation of the oil from the water body and in adhering of the oil on the oil adhering ring to form an oil film on the oil adhering surface of the oil adhering ring. The oil scraping unit scrapes the oil film from the oil adhering surface of the oil adhering ring. The oil collecting unit collects the oil scraped by the oil scraping unit.

Abstract: The present invention provides a centrifugal separation-use device capable of maintaining a centrifugal separation-use container in a clean state easily at low cost even when centrifugal separation treatment is carried out using a centrifugal separator in an unclean field. A centrifugal separation-use device 1 for collecting a target component by subjecting a solution containing multiple components to centrifugal separation treatment comprises an inner container 10 having a cylindrical section 12 for accommodating the solution and a plug 14 for hermetically sealing the cylindrical section and configured so as to accommodate the solution in a hermetically sealed state, and an outer container 20 having a support section 22 for removably accommodating the cylindrical section and a delivery section 24 for exposing part of the inner container so that the inner container can be removed, and configured so as to accommodate the inner container in a hermetically sealed state.

Abstract: Novel porous PTFE membranes are described possessing a unique combination of high strength, low flow resistance, and small pore size. Additionally, unique constructions with superior filtration and venting properties incorporating porous PTFE membranes are described.

Abstract: A porous membrane assembly includes, in an exemplary embodiment, a porous membrane substrate having hydrophobic properties. The membrane substrate includes a first side, an opposing second side and a plurality of pores extending therethrough. The membrane substrate also includes a discontinuous layer of an oleophobic coating applied to the first side so that the plurality of pores in the first side are substantially free of the oleophobic coating, and a continuous layer of an amine containing hydrophilic polymer coating applied to the second side of the membrane substrate.

Abstract: An amine aqueous solution for forming an active layer of a polyamide reverse osmosis composite membrane is prepared, which consists of 0.1 through 20 weight % of polyfunctional aromatic amine monomer, 0.1 through 20 weight % of multi-functional tertiary alcohol amine, 0.1 through 20 weight % of strong acid, and 40 through 99.7 weight % of water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device (1), for delivering a liquid into a tank (which can be large, and of any desired footprint), comprising an inlet (2) for a liquid, an outlet (3) for liquid, and means (4) adapted to change flow direction of the liquid gradually towards the inlet (2). In the embodiment, the device (1), includes a single short cone (5) which is fed with incoming liquid from a conduit pipe, or manifold (6). The inlet (2) of the cone (5) is effectively formed by the means (2) to change flow direction which means (2) is in the form of a swept “T” member connected between the conduit, pipe or manifold (6) and the inlet (2) of the cone (5). The cone has angle (?) and entry diameter (d), the swept T has a radius of curvature (R), and the main pipe (6) a diameter (D), height (H) and width (W). For multiple units, additional parameters are number of units, length between units and the height (C) of the cone (5). Multiple unit parameters are selected for particular throughput.

Abstract: An interceptor configured to at least partially separate a mixture of a first material and a second material, the first material being a fluid. The interceptor includes a container having a base and a sidewall portion that extends upwardly from the base to at least partially define a separation chamber configured to receive the mixture and to facilitate separation of the first and second materials. The interceptor further includes an inlet aperture and an inlet diffuser. The inlet aperture is configured to provide fluid communication between the separation chamber and an inlet conduit that delivers the mixture to the interceptor. The inlet diffuser is in fluid communication with the inlet aperture and the inlet diffuser includes a body portion located within the separation chamber and an elongated outlet aperture that extends through the body portion to provide fluid communication between the inlet conduit and the separation chamber.

Abstract: An interceptor configured to at least partially separate a mixture of a first material and a second material, the first material being a fluid. The interceptor includes a container having a base and a sidewall portion that extends upwardly from the base to at least partially define a separation chamber configured to receive the mixture and to facilitate separation of the first and second materials. The interceptor further includes a cap and an aperture disposed on the sidewall portion configured to provide fluid communication between the separation chamber and a conduit. The cap is removably coupled to the interceptor such that the cap inhibits fluid communication through the aperture. The cap is located within the separation chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of treating water with activated sludge containing micro-organisms. The method comprises the steps of: preparing an environmentally adapted biomass mixture by adapting the activated sludge to a quantity of water having given characteristics in a single reactor under first levels of aeration, whereby the environmentally adapted biomass mixture acquires the capacity to cause concurrent reactions for BOD removal, nitrification and de-nitrification; and treating a portion of water having substantially the same given characteristics with the environmentally adapted biomass mixture capable of causing the concurrent reactions, in the single reactor under a second level of aeration not higher than the first levels of aeration.

Abstract: A method of regenerating N-Methyl-D-glu-camine-functional resin that has been used for boron-removal uses a closed recirculating loop for treating the conjugate acid salt of the N-Methyl-D-glucamine functionality of the resin. The new method reduces rinse water demand and improves pH control in a water treatment system. The new method can be used to improve the performance of boron-selective resins in stand-alone systems or as a second stage in a reverse osmosis seawater desalination system. The regeneration method is useful in any application where weakly basic anion exchange resin in the conjugate acid salt form is to be regenerated (neutralized) by alkaline treatment. Possible end use applications are in drinking water processing, agricultural water treatment, sweetener production, waste water processing, mining hydrometallurgy, and condensate polishing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a chromatography matrix comprising providing a polysaccharide carrier comprising available hydroxyl groups; and reacting said hydroxyl groups with vinyl sulphonate to provide a sulphonate-functionalized (S-functionalized) cation exchanger. The hydroxyl groups of the carrier may be hydroxyls of the agarose polymer; or alternatively they may be provided on extenders such as polyhydroxyfunctional polymers. In one embodiment, the carrier is made of agarose with improved flow pressure properties.

Abstract: The present invention relates a method for cleaning polymeric microfiltration membranes and membrane units, and to compositions useful in such methods. The compositions include at least one soluble sulfite reducing agent and a compatible solvent.

Abstract: Disclosed are compaction resistant thin film composite membranes having a porous polymeric support; a semi-permeable polymer film polymerized on the porous polymeric support; and particles, of a size in the range of microparticles and nanoparticles, dispersed in the porous polymeric support. Also disclosed are methods of making compaction resistant membranes by polymerizing a polymer film on a porous polymeric support with particles of a size in the range of microparticles and nanoparticles dispersed therein, the particles having been selected to improve flux flow characteristics over time of the semi-permeable membrane. Also disclosed are methods of purifying water using the disclosed membranes. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a polysulfone hemodialyzer with large membrane area that exhibits an unprecedented high dialytic performance over a wide molecular weight range from urea to ?2-microglobulin. There is provided a polysulfone hemodialyzer having a membrane area of >2.4 but ?3.2 m2 and a dialysate rectifying portion with specified broadening at end portion of bundle, the polysulfone hemodialyzer achieves the above object.

Abstract: A patient end of a venous blood line (26) is connected to a discharge of a dialysis liquid preparation circuit by means of an auxiliary connector (23), and the patient end of an arterial blood line (25) is connected to a service line (32) located at the top of a venous expansion chamber (31). The filling and/or rinsing liquid is removed from the preparation circuit by backfiltering through a membrane (5) of a high-flux dialysis filter (2). The invention enables a blood circuit to be primed simply and rapidly.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for recycling acid used to remove nitrogen contaminants from hydrocarbons using polymeric membranes to separate spent acid from the acid extraction of hydrocarbons into acid for recycle and acid for regeneration.

Abstract: A liquid chromatography system comprising a chiral mobile phase used to separate enantiomeric molecules present in a sample is disclosed herein. In one aspect, the mobile phase comprises a chiral solvent. In another aspect, the mobile phase includes a chiral solvent but also a buffering agent. The liquid chromatography system described herein includes both high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) as well as high pressure capillary liquid chromatography (CapLC).

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and systems for purifying gases, such as for example semiconductor process gases. The invention more particularly relates to fluid purification methods and systems having improved heat transfer capabilities and controls such that the purified fluid produced from the process contains reduced impurity levels and/or exhibits more uniform concentrations within the final product. In another aspect of the invention, the activation time for adsorbent beds used in such processes and systems can be reduced.

Abstract: The invention concerns a simulated moving bed adsorption separation device comprising a limited number of valves. According to the invention, the device comprises a column with a plurality of sectors Sk with 2 superimposed plates Pi with a single distribution network, each sector Sk comprising an external principal bypass line Lk connected to each plate Pi of Sk via a plate valve Vi. Each line Lk comprises a flow limitation means and is connected to each of the fluid networks via a single valve. Further, the connectors of lines Lk onto the column are offset by at most 20° inside Sk to limit the volume of lines Lk, and are offset by a mean angle in the range 70° to 110° between two neighbouring sectors Sk and Sk+1 so as not to weaken the column mechanically. The plates preferably comprise panels DMEi,j with parallel segments the direction of which varies from plate to plate or per group of 2 plates.

Abstract: The present invention provides a macroporous copolymer having large pores, typically in the range of 5,000-200,000 ? and a typical breaking weight of at least 175 g/bead. The macroporous copolymers can be made using an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) techniques. These macroporous copolymers may also form macroporous resins. The present invention also provides methods of using the macroporous copolymers and resins.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus to capture and release microbe particles using amino-functionalized silica substrates are described. An example apparatus adapted to capture a microbe particle includes a silica substrate and a positively charged material to at least partially coat the silica substrate. The positive charged material includes an aminopropyl functional group.

Abstract: System for the manipulation of magnetic particles. A first magnetic flux source comprising one or more permanent magnets (1), and a second magnetic flux source comprising one or more modules (2), each with an electrical coil (4) equipped with a coil core (3), which coil can be run through by an electrical current controlled by a switching module (5). The switching module can, in a first switching status, give such a direction to the electrical current that the flux of the first flux source and the flux of the second flux source have opposite directions. As a result of the remanent magnetism the coil cores work as semi-permanent magnets, the polarity of which can be reversed by the current direction. The particles can, in the first switching status, freely move in a room (9), or, under control of the switching module, be immobilized in a second switching status.

Abstract: Desalination apparatus based on porous restraint panels fabricated from a number of different layers of metal, thermoplastic, or other substances are used as sophisticated heat exchangers to control the growth of gas hydrate. The gas hydrate is produced after infusion of liquid hydrate-forming material into water to be treated, which liquid hydrate-forming material can also be used to carry out all the refrigeration necessary to cool seawater to near the point of hydrate formation and to cool the porous restraint panels. Hydrate forms on and dissociates through the porous restraints. The composite restraint panels can also be used in gaseous atmospheres where, for instance, it is desired to remove dissolved water.

Abstract: Hot water pipes, in areas with hard water, tend to fill with scale until they no longer pass enough water. De-scaling water pipes with acid is dangerous, expensive and damages the pipes. Ion exchange and reverse osmosis water softeners eliminate scale buildup in pipes, but are expensive. Embodiments of this invention provide a means of keeping an amount of the scale precipitate, created when water is heated, inside a housing by passing the hot water through a removal medium where the scale sticks to the surface. The removal medium can be placed inside the water heater or in a separate housing connected to the water heater; both configurations remove the precipitate from hot water; both save hot water pipes from scale accumulation.

Abstract: A method of managing water is provided, in which the water is discharged from an aggregate plant, and therefore contains a large number of fines. The water is first passed through a mesh screen to remove large particles and then collected in a sump. From the sump the water is pumped to a centrifugal cyclone, where some of the fines are separated from the water. Flocculent is then applied to the water, before the water is collected in a pond.

Abstract: A fluid phase distribution adjuster (10) comprises two or more tubes (14) arranged to provide a plurality of separate flow paths for fluid. Means are provided for generating a radial acceleration of fluid flowing through each tube so as to promote movement of at least one fluid phase towards or away from a wall of the tube. The adjuster can be used as a coalescer for increasing the size of droplets in a distributed fluid phase carried by a continuous fluid phase, or as a mixer for mixing fluid phases.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for hydrocarbon recovery and/or treatment of frac water includes introducing a volume of water into a formation, recovering the introduced water, with the recovered introduced water further comprising suspended hydrocarbon product. The recovered liquid is treated to remove substantial amounts of the suspended hydrocarbon product, provide the treated recovered liquid with a ORP in a range of 150 mv to 1000 mv, and partially desalinated, and is either re-introduced as treated recovered liquid with the ORP into a formation to assist in recovery of additional hydrocarbon deposits in the formation, or is stored to reduce the ORP and then subsequently discharged into surface waters.