Abstract: This analyte evaluation apparatus has an analyte space for holding a liquid containing an analyte, a working electrode, a counter electrode and a reference electrode, and the potential of the working electrode is altered with respect to the potential of the reference electrode as the standard potential, and the behavior of the analyte is observed to thereby evaluate the analyte, and the working electrode is provided in the analyte space and the counter electrode and reference electrode are provided in an electrode medium container for holding an electrically conductive electrode medium while being connected via an electrically conductive communicating part for substantially blocking the passage of liquid from the analyte space.

Abstract: A pH sensor is provided. The pH sensor includes a body, a glass electrode, a reference electrode and a solution ground. The glass electrode is disposed on the body to contact a liquid sample. The reference electrode has a reference fill solution disposed within the body. The solution ground electrode is operably coupled to the body and has a portion of the solution ground electrode that is disposed within a harbor such that a portion of the solution ground electrode is configured to contact the liquid sample. The body has a passageway that extends from the reference fill solution to an aperture proximate the liquid sample.

Abstract: The invention provides methods, apparatus and kits for integrally labeling polymeric gels, such as polyacrylamide and agarose gels, with indicia that can serve, inter alia, unambiguously to identify the individual gel, using polymeric film labeled with detectable indicia and coated with materials that bond to the gel matrix as the gel polymerizes.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for continuously separating or concentrating molecules that includes flowing two fluids in laminar flow through an electrical field and capturing at one of three outputs a fluid stream having a different concentration of molecules.

Abstract: Injection bonded articles comprised of a rigid core and secured together with an elastomeric material network which also forms seals and encapsulates at least a portion of the rigid core. The elastomeric material is selected to be compatible with the material comprising the rigid core to create a chemical and mechanical bond therebetween. Injection bonding and over-molding techniques are used to fabricate an electrodeionization apparatus spacer comprised of mated rigid segments secured by a unitary elastomeric material network that also forms internal and external seals that fluidly isolate one or more of inlet ports, resin cavities, and outlet ports as well as throughports. Injection bonding and over-molding techniques can also be used to fabricate other articles comprised of multiple segments.

Abstract: The conventional micropump and the conventional micromixer have the following problems. In a mechanical or hydrodynamic method, the structure of the inside of a flow path is complex so as to easily cause clogging, and manufacturing cost is high, and dead volume is large. Additionally, in an electrical method, the conventional micropump or the conventional micromixer was incapable of operating with a liquid having the concentration of a physiological saline that is important in the medical or biological field although the structure of the flow path is simple. These problems are solved by applying an AC voltage to a pair of electrodes in which an electrode-to-electrode gap between the pair of electrodes is vertically arranged and by generating the flow of a fluid in the direction opposite to gravity along the electrode-to-electrode gap.

Abstract: A head includes a common ink chamber, a plurality of individual electrodes which communicate with the common ink chamber, and a plurality of ink channels through which, an ink supplied from the common ink chamber flows. Each ink channel is provided with a first electrode which is common for the individual electrodes, a plurality of second electrodes corresponding to the individual electrodes respectively, and an insulating layer which covers the first electrode and the second electrodes. Furthermore, the individual electrode of each ink channel is associated with an individual electrode of another ink channel, and the corresponding second electrodes are in electrical conduction. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce a cost of an electrical system by reducing the number of wirings which are connected to electrodes provided to each of the liquid channels.

Abstract: A device for electrodepositing a conductive material from a first solution into at least one feature formed on a wafer includes a hollow body, an electrode, and a moving mechanism. The hollow body includes a first opening and a second opening. The first solution is supplied to the second opening and injected from the first opening. The electrode is disposed within the hollow body. A potential difference is applicable between the first electrode and the surface of the wafer to electrodeposit the conductive material into the at least one feature. The moving mechanism is mechanically coupled to the hollow body. The moving mechanism is configured to position the first opening of the hollow body over the at least one feature.

Abstract: An ion-implanted electroformed structural material is made of an electroformed body formed by electroforming and has an ion-implanted layer formed by implanting ions into the electroformed body. In the electroformed structural material, the microstructure is modulated at a position deeper than the ion-implanted layer, and the hardness becomes higher than that of the original electroformed body even at a position deeper than the ion-implanted layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrocasting method by which the shape of the surface opposite to the surface to be electrodeposited on the mold can be controlled. A molded metal article is electrocast by forming an insulating layer on the side wall faces of a cavity and the outer wall face of a conductive mold in which the cavity is formed, placing the mold in an electrolysis tank and applying voltage, electrodepositing metal on the bottom face of the cavity, and growing the metal layer in the cavity so as to leave a space having a height of at least one-third the width of the cavity.

Abstract: A cobalt-iron-boron (CoFeB) film (100) is electrolessly deposited on a substrate (150) using a chloride plating bath. The plating bath may include a primary metal in a concentration of between approximately 0.05 moles per liter and approximately 0.4 moles per liter, a secondary metal in a concentration of between approximately 0.005 moles per liter and approximately 0.04 moles per liter, a complexing agent in a concentration of between approximately 0.15 and approximately 0.8 moles per liter, a pH buffer in a concentration of between approximately 0.5 and approximately 1.5 moles per liter, and a reducing agent in a concentration of between approximately 0.05 and approximately 0.25 moles per liter.

Abstract: A bumper molding is fabricated by disposing segmented anodes 31 and 32 on surfaces 22 and 24 of a base material 20, which are to be plated, and performing electroplating so as to form metal films on the surfaces 22 and 24, respectively. The curvature of a surface of a concave portion, which is formed in each part of the surfaces 22 and 24 so that the surface of the concave portion is away from the segmented anodes 31 and 32, respectively, is larger than those of other portions at a part serving as a border between the second plated surface 22 and the fourth plated surface 24. Accordingly, the distance from the part serving as the border between the second plated surface 22 and the fourth plated surface 24 to a metal case 50a corresponding to this part is set so as to be shorter than those from each of the other parts to the metal cases 50a and 50b respectively corresponding to the segmented anodes 31 and 32.

Abstract: An interconnection structure comprising a substrate having a dielectric layer with a via opening therein; wherein the opening has an underlayer of cobalt and/or nickel therein, barrier layer of an alloy of cobalt and/or nickel; and tungsten is provided.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for a low maintenance, high reliability on-site electrolytic generator incorporating automatic cell monitoring for contaminant film buildup, as well as automatically removing or cleaning the contaminant film. This method and apparatus preferably does not require human intervention to clean.

Abstract: A method for making lithium aluminide compound in atmospheric environment at a working temperature includes accomplishing a diffusive electrolysis in an electrolyte composed of lithium chloride, potassium chloride and calcium chloride, exerting a direct current (voltage) on the electrolyte to reduce the lithium ions into lithium atoms on the surface of an rotative aluminum cathode, and subsequently the lithium atoms diffusing into the aluminum cathode during the electrolysis.

Abstract: A method of preparing a material surface, such as palladium, to facilitate desirable reactions, especially exothermic reactions in a liquid medium, involves placing the material whose surface is to be treated into an electrolytic cell as at least one of the electrodes and then concurrently stimulating the material electrically, vibrationally and photonically. The electrolytic cell includes a solution in water of an electrolyte, a siliceous surfactant and a pH-adjusting agent, all heated and maintained at or just below its boiling point. A series of voltage pulses are applied to the electrodes over an extended time period while also being illuminated with intensity-modulated light pulses. The material surface thus treated exhibits crater sites and silica coatings, evidencing a change in bonding of the palladium surface, as well as a sustained exothermic reaction.

Abstract: An apparatus and process are presented that provide for the separation of hydrogen peroxide from a solution having an acid and hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract: A method for producing aluminum and a method for producing a graphite electrode for a carbothermic reduction furnace, in which aluminum is produced by carbothermic reduction of alumina, render the graphite electrode substantially gas-impermeable. The graphite electrode is consumed during furnace operation and electrode columns connected by graphite pins are fed continuously fed in from the top into the furnace. The coating of the electrode withstands a temperature of up to 300° C. and more over a period of several hours without oxidation. Since the coating enters the furnace compartment at least partially, it is configured so that it will not contaminate the hot melt. That is, the chemistry of the coating materials is similar to the ingredients of the overall reaction or, at a minimum, the amount of foreign elements is very low. The coating is provided so that it does not increase the electrical contact resistance at the connection between the electrode columns and the electrode holding clamps.

Abstract: An electrolysis treatment apparatus for performing electrolytically treating a metal strip that is running in a certain direction is provided. A number of electrolysis cells continuously perform the electrolysis treatment with alternating currents in acidic electrolyte solutions. The electrolysis cells are arranged in series along the running direction of the metal strip. In each of the electrolysis cells, one electrode or two or more electrodes is/are provided. Each electrode is disposed so as to face a running path of the metal strip and applies alternating current. A soft start portion is provided at an entry region of the electrode at which the metal strip is fed in. Current density of the alternating current in the plural electrolysis cells is set so as to be the lowest in the electrolysis cell disposed furthest downstream with respect to the running direction of the metal strip. In at least one electrolysis cell except the electrolysis cell that is disposed furthest downstream.

Abstract: Apparatus and related methods for increasing dissolved oxygen levels in water to remove iron and/or manganese. A dissolved oxygen treatment system includes a control system having a power supply and an electrode placed within a water chamber. At the electrode, water is converted into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, wherein the oxygen gas remains in solution and increases the concentration of dissolved oxygen gas in the water. The dissolved oxygen treatment system can be manually configurable wherein the electrode is selectively wired to use either portions of or the whole electrode based upon testing of the water source with a dynamic electrode test system. Alternatively, the dissolved oxygen treatment system can include a smart controller, a variable power supply and a fixed size electrode, wherein the smart controller continually controls the power output to the fixed size electrode so as to control the amount of dissolved oxygen that is generated.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the detection of target analytes using electronic techniques, particularly AC techniques.

Abstract: An electrochemical biosensor and a biosensor measuring device. The electrochemical biosensor includes a plurality of electrodes, capillary sample cell portions, reaction reagent layers, electrode connection portions, and a production lot information identification portion. The production lot information identification portion is configured such that the production lot information is recorded thereon has one or more infrared absorption/reflection marks, which indicate information about differences between production lots through the printing and/or attachment of colored or colorless materials, having differences in absorbency or reflectivity of infrared rays, in conformity of a predetermined pattern or through the attachment of transparent films.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel biosensor and measuring method. The novel biosensor of the present invention comprises an electrode having a nanopore structured and catalytically active cyclodextrin attached thereto. The biosensor of the present invention has demonstrated robust analytical performance for direct glucose measurement without mediators or without using native enzyme, which is especially beneficial in the hypoglycemia range.

Abstract: A method of correcting an output of a NOx sensor including: a first step of obtaining a sensor-variation relational expression based on a relationship between an Ip2/Ip0 value and an output change percentage for a calibration sensor; a second step of obtaining, from the relational expression, an output change percentage ? that corresponds to an Ip2/Ip0 value of a subject NOx sensor; a third step of calculating a pressure correction coefficient ? based on the obtained ?; and a fourth step of performing output correction on the subject NOx sensor by calculating the pumping current Ip2(p0) under a reference pressure based on the pumping current Ip2(p) and a pressure p of the measurement gas which are detected upon measurement of the NOx concentration in the measurement gas.

Abstract: A gas sensor is equipped with a built-in ceramic heater. The gas sensor detects the concentration of a predetermined gas component contained in the exhaust gas. The ceramic heater has a heater base member made of ceramic, a heating element formed in the inside of the heater base material, and a pair of external electrode pads that is electrically connected to the output terminals for the outer leads. The external electrode pads, the heating element, and the heater leads are made of base metal. The outer surface of each external electrode pad is covered only with a dense protective film made of noble metal such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), and palladium (Pd).

Abstract: An electrolytic processing unit device includes an electrolytic processor for performing electrolytic processing on a wafer, a washer for washing the processed wafer, and a drier for drying the wafer. The electrolytic processor, the washer, and the drier are placed in one processing chamber to form one module. In this manner, the electrolytic processing procedure, the washing procedure, and the drying procedure for wafers can be continuously carried out in one place.

Abstract: A composition and method of storing and releasing fuel gas such as hydrogen, methane or natural gas is provided which utilizes lightly crosslinked high density polyethylene pellets. Fuel gas is stored by placing the pellets in a reaction chamber which is heated to a temperature slightly above the crystalline melting point of the pellets, followed by the introduction of fuel gas into the chamber. The fuel gas permeates the pellets and becomes contained therein upon cooling of the pellets under pressure. The fuel gas may be stored indefinitely in the pellets at ambient temperature. When release of the fuel gas is desired, the pellets are incrementally metered into a discharge chamber and are heated to a temperature above the crystalline melting point of the pellets under a pressure from about 5 to 200 psi such that the fuel gas is released from the pellets for use. The expended pellets may then be recycled for further fuel gas storage.

Abstract: Transferable organizers provide stabilization and ease of location for objects carried in handbags and other bags. The organizers may be independently usable and freestanding, and may be inserts inside an existing bag. At least some walls of the organizer are substantially rigid to protect the contents, make the organizer freestanding, or to conform to the dimensions of the existing bag. At least one wall of each organizer may be expandable by means of an expansion panel that can be stowed when expansion is not needed using a fastener, such as a zipper, snap, or magnetic connection. Expansion panels enable adjustment of the width, length, or height of the organizer. A eyeglass case includes an inwardly extending lip that curls over the lens of the glasses and is adjacent a rigid front section. A shoe organizer includes a cushion flap and a stabilizing flap that protects and positions the shoes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cap for protecting the bristles (1) of a paintbrush (1, 2, 3). Said cap comprises a housing (7, 8) consisting of two shells (7, 8) that are joined to each other in an articulated manner in order to close the housing (7, 8) by adjacently superimposing the shells (7, 8). One (7) of the shells, which is fixed, is extended by a rigid cradle (6) for receiving a ferrule (3) of the paintbrush, said cradle (6) being provided with elements (4, 5) at the ends thereof, for respectively gripping the ferrule (3). The other shell (8), which is mobile, is provided with a locking element (16) at the distal end thereof, which co-operates with a complementary locking element (17) pertaining to the fixed shell (7), by nesting therein in the closing position of the housing (7, 8), said locking elements (7, 8) projecting radially.

Abstract: An easy to carry lightweight carton for shipping and storing cut paper and for providing rapid and easy access to the paper when the carton is opened. The carton has a base portion and a lid pivotally attached to the base portion. The lid has a tear strip being defined by two parallel successive rows of inclined cut lines. Each of the inclined cut lines having a length (K) and further being spaced apart by a distance (D) wherein the ratio of D/K is from 1:2 to 4:1. A front wall of the carton may be pivoted down when the lid is pivoted up to facilitate access to the contents of the carton for ease of unloading of paper from the carton. A carry handle is built into the lid to facilitate carrying of the carton. The carton may be re-closed after it is opened.

Abstract: A foldable, rectangular, protective lingerie case with internal coupleable and removable protuberances, that is resistant to pressure. The protective lingerie case is semiflexible, foldable and manufactured in fabrics or leathers with polypropylene reinforcement and foam layers on all four sides and on the upper lid. It stores, transports, protects and conserves the shape of lingerie, especially of brassieres, in closed and narrow spaces, ensuring that the initial shape of thermoformed brassieres is kept intact. The protective lingerie case safeguards the bra's function and use features by avoiding deformation of the stored garment and guaranteeing its durability and design.

Abstract: A method for using a lockable storage container includes the steps of moving the lock from a locked position to an unlocked position while the lock is carried by the container. An indicator is used to indicate the status of the lock to the user. The lock is held in the unlocked position so that it cannot accidently move back into the locked position. A magnetic key is used to unlock the lock and move the lock slide to the unlocked position.

Abstract: A packaging for a planar data medium (2) is described, comprising a base plate (1) having a receiving recess (3) for the data medium (2) and two cover foils (4, 5) covering the receiving recess (3) on both sides of the base plate (1), of which one forms a defined severing line (6) which connects the two ends (7) of a removal opening (8) resulting from tearing open the defined severing line (6) and delimits a hinged cover (10) which can be bent up about a base determined by the two ends (7) of the removal opening (8), with the removal opening (8) extending over a length corresponding to the clearance of the receiving recess (3) as measured in the direction of said boundary area (9).

Abstract: The presently disclosed debris collection system includes an elongate body having a first end, a second end, and a bore extending therethrough. The first end of the elongate body is hermetically closed while the second end has an opening. The elongated body is made of an impermeable material. A cap fixed to the elongated body and has a bore extending therethrough. A port, which is attached to the cap, is designed for introducing fluid into the elongated body. A watertight seal, such as a gasket, is attached to the cap. The seal is also made of an impermeable material. In operation, a liquid is introduced into the debris collection system. A surgical tool must then be introduced into the system. Thereafter, a vortex is created within the system to debride debris from the surgical tool.

Abstract: The present invention is a tape caddie which can include a storage unit with numerous tape projections protruding from the storage unit. The tape projections may be different shapes and sizes depending upon the size and shape of the tape desired to be secured. The sizes of the tape projections can be industrial, medium, small, multiple, and rectangular. The storage unit may also include a means to mount the storage unit to a wall. In addition, the present invention includes a method to secure tape spools of multiple sizes in a single storage unit by utilizing tape projections of varying sizes.

Abstract: A portfolio with foldable handles comprises a body; a receiving portion in the body; the receiving portion having an opened receiving space; a plurality of spacers being placed into the receiving space; the receiving space being divided into a plurality of sub-spaces; two handles; a fastener unit having one fastener sheet and two fastener plates, the fastener sheet being positioned at an inner side of one handle; one fastener plate being positioned at an inner side of the receiving portion and being at the same side having the first buckle; another fastener plate being fixed to one inner side of another handle. In an open state, the fastener sheet is fixed to the fastener plate at the same side, and in a close state, the fastener sheet is fixed to the fastener plate at another side.

Abstract: A portfolio carrier constructed from a sheet material having central, left and right side portions. Score lines in the material define a pair of central panels with a separator panel, five right side panels, and five left side panels. The carrier is formed by (i) urging the major panels toward one another about score lines bounding the separator panel, (ii) urging the right side portion toward the central portion about a first score line, and folding the right side panels so that a middle panel forms a right side wall of the carrier, and remaining panels extend inward to define one or more interior compartments of the carrier, and (iii) urging the left side portion toward the central portion about a second score line, and folding the left side panels so that a middle panel forms a left side wall of the carrier, and remaining panels extend inward to define the compartments.

Abstract: A gabion deployment system comprising: a container (30) for retaining a gabion (22) and a gabion (22) of the folding type comprising hingedly attached, connected side walls (16 & 18) and cross-members (12) such that it can be folded for storage and deployed for use; a retaining means (50) associated with the container (30) for retaining the gabion (20) in the container; and at least one releasable attaching, connecting or retentive engaging means (66) for attaching, connecting or retentively engaging at least one part of the gabion (22) to the retaining means (50); wherein the at least one releasable attaching, connecting or retentively engaging means (66) is adapted to attach, connect or retentively engage a part of the gabion (22) to the retaining means (50) when the gabion (22) is folded but to release the gabion (22) from the retaining means (50) when the gabion (22) is deployed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for wrapping a long or round part, for example a steel part, for instance in the form of a steel strip coil, a steel wire roll or a round steel part such as a roller bearing ring, the steel part being wrapped in a stretch film, in particular a plastic stretch film, in a helical and covering manner. In order to realize a short term wrapping of a long or round part, irrespective of its material properties, and as a reliable transport protection the invention proposes that a strip material which is significantly more resistant than the stretch film and has an adhesive coating on the side facing the stretch film is wound over the stretch film likewise in a covering manner.

Abstract: The invention pertains to the field of sugar cane. More particularly, the invention pertains to efficiently utilizing a sugar cane product for multiple accessory items (i.e. shot glass, drinking glass, straw, stirrer, decorative element, etc.). The sugar cane accessory item includes a stalk of sugar cane that is billeted and utilized as a food accessory item, wherein the sugar cane stalk may include at least one opening extending within the billeted section of sugar cane if utilized as a shot glass, drinking glass and/or straw. The stalk may also be billeted and comprised of a solid structure to be utilized as a pair of chopsticks, a stirrer, a shish kabob utensil or various other food accessory items. A method of manufacturing the sugar cane accessory item is also disclosed.

Abstract: A blister card package structure with increased support comprising a first card having an inner surface and an outer surface, the first card defining an outer edge, a second card having an inner surface and an outer surface, the second card defining an opening therein and an outer edge, a blister having a body portion and a flange, wherein the body portion extends through the opening in the second card, and wherein the flange is positioned between the inner surfaces of the first and second cards, and an inner frame stiffener positioned between the inner surfaces of the first and second cards, wherein the inner surface of the first card is sealingly connected to the inner surface of the second card along the outer edges of the first and second cards.

Abstract: A container for housing blister packs. The container includes first and second portions attached to one another in a manner whereby said first and second portions are movable from an open condition in which products may be dispensed from the container to a closed condition in which products cannot be dispensed from the container. At least the first portion of the container defines an internal space in said container of sufficient size to receive product in said internal space. The container also includes structure for supporting the blister pack in a position whereby product dispensed from said blister pack is dispensed into the internal space in said container and a closure which retains said first and second portions in the closed position.

Abstract: A system for providing and using medical items generally includes one or more containers, each of which holds at least one medical item, wherein each of the one or more containers has an indicator identifying an intended purpose for the medical item, and wherein the intended purpose is based on a bodily system and/or a medical incident. One or more of the medical item(s), container(s) or the entire system, may be replaced automatically in predetermined time intervals.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a magnetic display tray for receiving rectangular greeting card boxes for display at a point of sale. The magnetic display tray includes a body that has a plurality of side walls with depressions formed therein. The body further includes a plurality of partitions that define rectangular channels for receiving the greeting card boxes. At least one magnet is adhered to the body for removably securing the body to a metal shelving surface at the point of sale.

Abstract: Popcorn containers constructed from paper in bag, box, and bucket or tub form are enhanced with small, individual-use moist towelette packages affixed to those containers, providing users with a means of personal hygiene. The moist towelette packages are supplied as inherent aspects of the popcorn containers as single units, given that the towelette packages are secured to the popcorn containers with an adhesive rubber cement during the manufacturing process of those containers. Once a user has finished consuming the popcorn and, or, has soiled his hands and wishes to clean them, he peels the moist towelette package away from the popcorn container, tears opened the moist towelette package, and uses it to clean his hands of any popcorn residue.

Abstract: A sterile, compact packaging is provided to present components in order of preferred or required use in a medical procedure. Pockets are arranged along one or more end sections of the packaging, and an absorbent material is at least partially adhered to the moisture proof sheet at a workspace thereon. Components are placed in the pockets in order of use, and the packaging is folded up. The folded packaging is sealed in a gas-permeable pouch, which maintains the components in a sterile condition until use. In use, the packaging is unfolded to expose the medical components.

Abstract: The present invention provides a storage device for a plurality of golf club cleaning devices. Additionally, the present invention provides a storage device for a plurality of flag portions for a golf club cleaning device. The storage devices of the present invention provide an efficient mechanism for transporting and storing the golf club cleaning devices and the flag portions.

Abstract: A product is mounted on a support pad and suspended on the pad by wrapping a stretch wrapping film around the combination of the pad and product. The borders of the pad extend beyond the borders of the product so the package containing the product can be stood on edge, but the edge of the product is spaced away from the surface on which the package is stood. The borders of the pad also include notches on the top and bottom of the pad that receive the stretch wrapping film away from the borders of the pad and closer to the product. Thus the product, secured to the pad, is suspended away from that surface. Multiple packages can be packed into a shipping container and the loaded container can be lifted and transported by a lift truck with lifting forks received in passageways formed in the container by notches in the bottom edges of the support pads. The pads and containers are made of die-cut corrugated fiberboard material although other material could be used.

Abstract: A carrier for a semiconductor device includes a body having an opening formed therein to receive the semiconductor device and a pair of rollers to hold the semiconductor device between the rollers in the opening.

Abstract: Olefins can impose deleterious effect on hydrocarbon reforming processes used to generate hydrogen-enriched gas, and thus are converted into saturated compounds. Since the hydrogenation process to convert the olefins into saturated compound, difficulties arise in attempting to regulate the temperature of the hydrogenation. To facilitate temperature regulation, the hydrogenation reaction is carried out in a shell-tube reactor, containing catalyst-filled tubes, which is operated under isothermal or essentially isothermal conditions. Preferably, the heat exchange medium introduced into the shell side of the reactor to regulate the hydrogenation temperature is boiling water.