Abstract: A process is provided for producing an aluminium-titanium-boron grain refining master alloy containing titanium boride and titanium aluminide particles, the process comprising melting aluminium in a silicon carbide crucible in a medium frequency induction or an electric resistance furnace, adding to the melt at a temperature between 750 degrees Celcius and 900 degress Celcius, KBF4 and K2TiF6 salts, pre-mixed in proportions to obtain a Ti/B ratio of 5 in the melt, gently mixing the salt mixture with the melt without introducing any stirring, transferring the molten alloy to an electric resistance furnace maintained at 800 degress Celcius, decanting the KAlF4 salt, the by-product of the salt reaction, stirring thoroughly the molten alloy in the SiC crucible with graphite rods before finally casting the molten alloy into cylindirical molds in the form of billets and finally extruding the billet into 9.5 mm rods.

Abstract: A method for producing metal sheets from a magnesium melt, comprises the following steps: producing the magnesium melt, casting the magnesium melt to a cast strip, immediately after casting, strip-rolling the cast strip to a rolled strip, cross-cutting the rolled strip to metal sheets, rolling the metal sheets to a final thickness, the rolling of metal sheets being carried out, in relation to the metal sheets, in a direction a at right angle to the rolling direction of the strip-rolling, said direction being maintained during the entire rolling of the metal sheets. The method according to the invention enables very wide sheets to be produced in a simple way which meet the end user's requirements.

Abstract: A method of rendering an alloy with increased hardness is provided, the method including the steps of heat treating the alloy until the formation of at least one ordered region in the alloy. An alloy prepared according to this method and an item of jewelry fashioned from or including such an alloy are also provided.

Abstract: Glycerin-containing explosive compositions comprising at least an oxidizer and glycerin are provided. The explosive compositions may comprise a glycerin, such as impure or crude glycerin, modified crude glycerin, substantially pure glycerin or pure glycerin. The explosive compositions may comprise other combustible fuels such as fuel oil or carbonaceous material(s). The explosive compositions may be prepared on site, loaded in bulk on mobile platforms, and/or prepared and packaged in suitable containers.

Abstract: A weighted textile is described. The weighted textile comprises a flexible textile sheet having a weighted portion and an un-weighted portion. The weighted portion includes a weight affixed therewith. Thus, a user can place the weighted portion upon a surface with the un-weighted portion being hung off of the surface, thereby resulting in the weighted textile being held in place.

Abstract: This application relates to the improvement to the current state-of-the-art for weatherproofing a camera or video recorder (or a cell phone having those functionalities). That allows an avid photographer to take their camera out into the rain and use all the controls through the skin, without the camera getting wet. (It is not submersion-proof, but for all practical purposes, it is waterproof) It features plug-in covers for gaps, plus any or all of the below: Double layer (with ultra thin layer on inside and/or also outside), Zip Lock features around the holes, Hot shoe drape over top of camera, or Finger Condom. Many other variations and extensions are also discussed in the specification and figures.

Abstract: In one example, we have a rubber skin that fits a range of battery grips. It has a number of cut-outs that allow the material to stretch and accommodate different cameras (or sizes/models), and also, access the different camera control locations, knobs, or buttons. This can apply to video recorders or any electronic devices, in general. This provides protection for device, for impact, scratch, or water, for example. In addition, it provides easy access or change of battery. Thus, convenience, adjustability, and protection are provided at the same time. Many other variations and extensions are also discussed in the specification and figures. In addition, the skin can be solid/rigid or soft. Furthermore, using a band or Velcro, with multiple pieces or attached pieces, one can easily adjust the sizes for different cameras or models.

Abstract: A method of estimating the height of water (hw) that is present on a wet ground of a road and that is in contact with a tread of a tire of a vehicle travelling on this wet road utilizes one or more sensors in the tread of the tire. Each of the one or more sensors is capable of measuring a characteristic quantity of stresses that the tread experiences locally when the tire is rolling on the ground. A signal corresponding to these measurements is produced, and a portion of this signal relating to a passing of the one or more sensors into an apparent area of contact between the tire and the ground is extracted. An instantaneous value (?L), relating to a length of an indirect contact region of the apparent area of contact between the tread of the tire and the ground, is determined from this information, and a water height (hw) is estimated from a calculation that takes into account the determined instantaneous value.

Abstract: In a method of detecting an occurrence of hydroplaning of a tire of a vehicle travelling on wet ground, a tread of the tire of the vehicle is equipped with one or more sensors each capable of measuring a compression experienced locally by the tread when the tire is rolling on the ground and of producing a signal corresponding to these measurements. According to the method, measurements are obtained of a compression when the tire is rolling on the ground; a signal corresponding to these measurements is produced; a portion of the signal relating to a passing of one or more sensors into an apparent area of contact between the tire and the ground is extracted; an instantaneous value (?E, Rz), corresponding to a presence of an indirect contact region of the apparent area of contact between the tread and the ground, is determined from the extracted portion of the signal; and an alarm is triggered when the instantaneous value satisfies a given relationship.

Abstract: In a method of detecting hydroplaning and estimating an intensity of hydroplaning of a tire of a vehicle travelling over a wet ground of a road, measurements are made of stresses in the tread of the tire, a water height present on the road is estimated, and, based on the measured stresses and the estimated water height, hydroplaning is detected and its intensity is estimated.

Abstract: An off-road tire for motorcycle comprises a tread portion provided with a plurality of blocks including an axially outmost shoulder block, a pair of sidewall portions, and a pair of bead portions, the shoulder block comprising a tread face with an axially outer edge corresponding to a tread edge and a lateral face extending from the tread edge to an radially inner edge located on the sidewall portion, the lateral face with a swelling portion swelling axially outside of the tire than a reference line which connects the tread edge and the radially inner edge, in a cross section including a tire axis, and the radial height of the radially inner edge of the lateral face from the bead base line being in a range of from 30 to 50% of the tire section height.

Abstract: A tire traction device securing apparatus having a plurality of elastic tensioning arms extending radially from a central hub, each of the plurality of elastic tensioning arms removably attachable to a tire traction device to provide a tension force directed toward the central hub to secure the tire traction device to the tire. In an embodiment, the plurality of arms and central hub are of an elastomeric material to form a monolithic body; coupled to each tensioning arm of the monolithic body is a hook to removably attach the tire traction device securing apparatus to the tire traction device and thereby secure the tire traction device to the tire.

Abstract: A method for estimating the magnitude of a tire force acting on a rolling tire is disclosed, wherein: using at least seven sensors mounted on a tire sidewall portion, surface strain is simultaneously measured at seven measuring positions; with respect to a combination of the seven measuring positions, a coefficient matrix representing correlation with seven force components is defined, and a equation including the coefficient matrix is defined; using the data on the surface strain measured with the sensors, the equation is computed to find at least one of the seven force components, e.g. air pressure. The estimated air pressure is compared with a reference pressure, to determine whether the tire pressure is dropped or not. Further, a secondary sensor is mounted in a peculiar region where the surface strain is substantially not affected by the vertical load.

Abstract: A pneumatic runflat tire comprising a sidewall component comprising a rubber composition comprising at least one diene based elastomer and from about 1 to about 40 phr of glass bubbles having a crush strength of at least 10,000 psi as measured by ASTM D3102-78 in glycerol.

Abstract: A cover stock supply system for continuously feeding cover stock to a wallboard production line includes: a plurality of cover stock cradles for receiving rolls of cover stock; a splicing table; a cover stock cutter disposed between the cover stock cradles and the splicing table. The cover stock cutter has a positioning loop around a cover stock feed path and a cutting cable attached to the positioning loop. Cutter is configured and adapted to rotatably deploy the cutting cable from the drawn position on a first side of the cover stock feed path to a re-set position on a second side of the cover stock feed path upon motion thereof around the cover stock feed path.

Abstract: An add-on armor plate is made by powder coating a thin elastomeric layer at least on edges of a plurality of substantially identical ceramic elements. Then the elements together with their elastomer-coated edges engaging one another. Finally the fitted-together elements are sandwiched between a base sheet and a cover sheet.

Abstract: A glue application method and system comprises a continuous paper substrate moving in a downstream direction along a path of travel. Glue is applied to selected portions of the upper surface of the paper substrate. A first direct contact capacitive sensor under the paper substrate upstream of glue application and in direct contact with the under surface of the substrate produces a signal representative of the dielectric constant of the paper substrate. A second direct contact capacitive sensor under the paper substrate downstream of glue application and in direct contact with the under surface of the substrate with glue thereon produces a second signal representative of the dielectric constant of the paper substrate with glue thereon. A control determines differences between the first and second signals thereby indicating that glue has been applied to the paper substrate.

Abstract: A method comprises providing a laminated countertop workpiece with at least one unfinished end and a profile front edge, and providing a profile edge workpiece in the same color and profile design scheme as the laminated countertop workpiece. Additionally, the method includes cutting a corner molding piece from the profile edge workpiece, and attaching the corner molding piece to a front corner area of the laminated countertop workpiece adjacent and at an angle to the profile front edge and the unfinished end. The method further includes attaching at least a portion of the profile edge workpiece to the laminated countertop workpiece along the unfinished end to continue the profile edge about the laminated countertop workpiece.

Abstract: This is a new process for constructing swimming pools, fountains and artificial ponds in general, comprising the following phases: excavation of the receptacle, preparation of the foundation (S) by laying a layer of sand (S) on the bottom (T1) of the excavation (T), laying of one or more sheets of non-woven fabric (TS) on the internal surface of the excavation (T) and on the foundation layer (S), laying of the waterproofing layer (I) on top of said sheet of non-woven fabric (TS), laying of modular elements for stabilizing the lining, application of the equipment necessary for the correct functioning of said basin, swimming pool, etc., lining (R) of the internal walls of the receptacle and/or of the bottom of the receptacle and/or of the edge (B) of the receptacle, with smoothed natural stones (R1) laid on top of said waterproofing layer (I) and application of special binding resin (C) on said lining (R).

Abstract: An improved liner that may be placed in a cooking apparatus, such as a slow cooker, to form and maintain a barrier between the slow cooker and food contained therein. The liner includes a securing band attached around the perimeter of the open top end of the liner and that engages an outside of the slow cooker to form a secure and snug fit of the liner to the slow cooker. The securing band may include an elastic band and/or a heat shrink band. The securing band holds the liner in place when the liner is placed within a container of the slow cooker and the top portion is folded over the rim of the slow cooker. This reduces and/or eliminates the problem of the liner settling or falling back into the slow cooker or the food contained therein. In addition, the liner may include a shaped or contoured bottom edge to further enhance the performance of the liner.

Abstract: A glass-ceramic is provided having a thermal expansion coefficient in a range of 3-6 ppm/° C., a dielectric constant that is less than 5 and a Quality factor Q of at least 400. The glass-ceramic consists essentially of SiO2 in a range of 45-58 wt %, Al2O3 in a range of 10-18 wt % and MgO in a range of 10-25 wt %. A method of making the glass-ceramic is also provided. Further, an electronic package is also provided, including a base member and a glass-ceramic substrate bonded to the base member.

Abstract: A method for assembling a main wing having an upper skin and plurality of spars is disclosed. The front spar and rear spar are fastened to a back surface of the upper skin using an adhesive agent without using rivets, whereby the front surface of the upper skin becomes smooth.

Abstract: A method of making a cushion material includes the steps of pressing a pad onto a die with a plurality of protrusions to form a plurality of protrusion portions on the pad, and then attaching an upper layer on transversely cutting the protrusion portions of the pad to separate the upper layer and the die and form the pad with a plurality of pad members thereon, and then attaching a lower layer on the other side of the pad members to form a three-layer cushion material.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the invention, a system used in auto-boating includes a tape substrate supported by a boat. The tape substrate includes a pair of lateral edges parallel to one another and each having respective first and second ends, and a pair of longitudinal guide strips parallel to one another. One of the longitudinal guide strips extends between the respective first ends of the pair of lateral edges and the other longitudinal guide strip extends between the respective second ends of the pair of lateral edges. The tape substrate also includes a plurality of die attach regions disposed within the area defined by the pair of lateral edges and the pair of longitudinal guide strips. The system further includes a boat clip coupled to the boat such that the tape substrate is sandwiched between the boat and the boat clip. Each longitudinal guide strip includes a pair of tabs disposed at opposite ends thereof such that each tab extends beyond a respective one of the lateral edges.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for lining process tanks. The method comprises lining a tank with a plurality of sheets, wherein the tank has walls and a bottom that intersect at a corner of the tank. The method comprises bonding a bottom sheet of the plurality of sheets to the bottom of the tank. Next, a pair of sheets of the plurality of sheets are bonded to adjacent walls of the tank and above the bottom sheet, each sheet of the pair of sheets having a first edge and a second edge such that the first edges of the pair of sheets are positioned at the intersection of adjacent walls of the tank to position an interface between the pair of sheets. The method also comprises extrusion welding the pair of sheets together by infusing a molten thermoplastic material along the pair of sheets and within the interface of the pair of sheets.

Abstract: An aligning device that can reliably correct misalignment between electronic components for increasing the accuracy in aligning the electronic components, a bonding apparatus equipped with the aligning device, and an aligning method. The aligning device comprises a chamber; a flexible bellows configured to define an airtight chamber therein with the chamber; a driving unit configured to move one of a first block member and a second block member relative to the other, the first block member being for holding a first electronic component and being provided in the airtight chamber, and the second block member being for holding a second electronic component and being provided in the airtight chamber; and an image-taking port protruding inward from an outer surface of the chamber so as to define a space, the image-taking port having an observation window through which at least one of the first electronic component and the second electronic component is observed.

Abstract: An optical device, such as an optical low-pass filter, and a production method therefor, which prevents damage, and thus maintains optical characteristics are provided. The optical device includes a plurality of optical plates joined together with adhesive. The adhesive is spread to extend to the peripheral edge of the optical plates and to the outer periphery of the principal plane surrounding the plurality of optical plates, thus forming a protective coating.

Abstract: Medical devices, and particularly intracorporeal devices for therapeutic or diagnostic uses, having a component chemically modified by plasma polymerization. The medical device comprises a substrate with a plasma polymerized functionality bonded to a surface of at least a section thereof. The plasma polymerized film on a first component of the medical device allows for bonding an agent or a second component to the first component. In one embodiment, the plasma polymerized film facilitates fusion or adhesive bonding of a first component to a second component formed of a material which is dissimilar to, incompatible with, or otherwise not readily bondable to the substrate material of the first component. In another embodiment, a bioactive agent is bonded to the plasma polymerized film on the component, for presenting or delivering the bioactive agent within a body lumen of the patient.

Abstract: A method of forming an optical element forming metal mold to form an optical element, having steps of: laminating a heat insulation layer 13 on a surface of the base member 11 where the optical element is formed; laminating an intermediate metal layer 14 on a surface of the heat insulation layer 13 by thermal spraying; laminating a surface forming layer 15, on which a surface shape to be transferred to the optical element is formed, on the intermediate metal layer 14; wherein the intermediate metal layer 14 is laminated in a way that parts of the heat insulation layer 13 are exposed substantially evenly from the intermediate layer 14.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a silane crosslinking adhesive, sealant or coating containing a polymer, consisting of an organic framework that supports at least two alkoxy or acyloxysilyl groups and at least one filler. The filler consists at least partially of a highly disperse silicic acid with a BET surface area of 35 to 65 m2/g and is present in the adhesive, sealant or coating in a quantity of 1 to 60% by weight, in relation to the total weight of said adhesive, sealant or coating. The disclosure also provides the use of the adhesive, sealant or coating for bonding plastics, metal, glass, ceramics, wood or wood-based material, paper, paper-based material, rubber and textiles.

Abstract: A resealable adhesive formulation comprises a paraffinic hydrocarbon, an aliphatic ester, an aliphatic alcohol, an acrylate adhesive, a surfactant free of perfluoroalkylsulfonyl groups and optionally a tackifying resin. The adhesive is capable of multiple open/close cycles and is particularly useful for resealable cassettes and cartridges for medical imaging films.

Abstract: A surface treatment apparatus encompasses a gas introducing system configured to introduce a process gas from downstream end of a tubular treatment object; a vacuum evacuating system configured to evacuate the process gas from other end of the treatment object; an excited particle supplying system disposed at upstream side of the treatment object, configured to supply excited particles for inducing initial discharge in a main body of the treatment object; and a first main electrode and a second main electrode disposed oppositely to each other, defining a treating region of the treatment object as a main plasma generating region disposed therebetween, wherein the excited particle supplying system is driven at least until generation of main plasma, and main pulse of duty ratio of 10?7 to 10?1 is applied across the first main electrode and second main electrode, to generate a non-thermal equilibrium plasma flow in the inside of the treatment object, and thereby an inner surface of the treatment object is treated

Abstract: An etching system. An etching chamber includes an exhaust port. A gas input pipe is connected to the etching chamber, inputting etching process gas thereinto. A top RF electrode is disposed above the etching chamber. A bottom RF electrode is disposed under the etching chamber and opposite the top RF electrode. The etching process gas is transformed into plasma by operation of the top and bottom RF electrodes. An exhaust pump is connected to the exhaust port, expelling the plasma from the etching chamber. A base is disposed in the etching chamber. A focus ring is disposed on the base, accommodating a wafer. The wafer is etched by the plasma. A barricade is disposed on the focus ring and corresponds to the exhaust port, regulating the plasma flowing through the wafer.

Abstract: A method of operating a laminator includes inputting a variable that corresponds to a set point temperature of a roller of the laminator, determining an actual temperature of the roller of the laminator, and estimating a time until the actual temperature of the roller approximately equals the set point temperature of the roller.

Abstract: Provided is wall-mountable pagewidth printer assembly. The printer assembly includes a support structure defining a media path, a media transport assembly configured to transport individual sheets of media along said media path, and print engines arranged on the support structure to print on the sheets in the media path. The printer assembly also includes an integral page binding arrangement for binding printed sheets together. The binding arrangement includes a document support platen for supporting bound sheets of paper, and a binding platen configured to press each sheet transported onto the document support platen to preceding sheets supported on said support platen to bind said sheets together.

Abstract: A belt for incorporation into a core of plies and beads formed on a tire core build mandrel where the core is for encapsulating in an elastomeric material, preferably a polyurethane, in a tire formation process, and which belt is formed from like belt sections laid over one another where the one belt section is rotated approximately one hundred eighty degrees around its longitudinal axis with respect to the other, and the belt sections are individually mounted around a tire core build mandrel top whereover a plies has been fitted and with the pair of belt sections ends off-set from one another and are fitted together into a continuous belt. Each belt section is a weave of lateral and longitudinal cotton cords or filaments containing straight, spaced, parallel, taut, Rayon warp cords where the Rayon warp cords or filaments have a crossing angle of forty to sixth degrees respectively, with the stack of a two belt sections forming a tire belt.

Abstract: An adhesive-film exfoliating device includes an absorption stage 6 for absorbing a liquid crystal display panel 4 in which a polarizing plate 3 is adhered to a glass plate 2, a clamping unit 7 for clamping a corner 3a of the polarizing plate 3 exfoliated from the glass plate 2 and a ball screw shaft 11 for moving the absorption stage 6 relatively to the clamping unit 7. A ball screw nut 14 in screw-engagement with the ball screw shaft 11 is fixed on a back surface of the absorption stage 6. With the rotation of the ball screw shaft 11, the absorption stage 6 integral with the ball screw nut 14 is slid in a direction to exfoliate the polarizing plate 3 exfoliated from the glass plate 2. In a manufacturing method of the liquid crystal display panel 4, a process of exfoliating the polarizing plate 3 from the glass plate 2 includes steps of moving the absorption stage 6 while allowing the clamping unit 7 to clamp the corner 3a of the polarizing plate 3.

Abstract: A cable-and-pulley mounted overhead door includes a mechanism for sensing when the cable is tending to slacken and to automatically take-up the slack so as to thereby prevent the cable from disengaging from its pulley. When the overhead door includes an automated drive system, provision is further made for sensing when the take up of slack has progressed to a determined degree and to responsively turn off the automated drive system.

Abstract: A weather guard is disclosed having a frame, a pair of members, a vertical support member, and a bracket.

Abstract: An adjustable mounting system for use with a variety of window treatments comprises a head rail, an adjustable support rod, and one or more clips for coupling the support rod to the head rail. The mounting system is preferably non-invasive and does not damage window casings. The mounting system may be installed very quickly and easily, without the need for any tools. The head rail is adapted for use with a wide variety of window treatment assemblies.

Abstract: The invention relates to a covering device (10) for surfaces, windows, doors and similar openings (11) or for the areas or parts of said surfaces, comprising at least one covering element (16) consisting of movable element parts (17), which are connected in a zigzag manner, can be folded and unfolded in a fan-like manner, wherein said element parts are unfoldable in such a way that a substantially flat covering element (16) is formed and are foldable in such a way that a stack is formed. Said at least one covering element (16) comprises two edge parts, which are independent or formed by the parts of the covering element (16) in such a way that an angle is formed therebetween in the unfolded position. The element parts (17) are substantially brought together in a common area (21) just as edge parts. The element parts (17) are fastened together in the form of a bloc of layers (60) in said common area (21).

Abstract: A Venetian-style window blind (10) that resembles plantation style shutters is described. In a preferred embodiment, the headrail is shaped like the plurality of slats depending from it, is pivotally connected to the sides of a window frame by mounting brackets and has a hollow interior. Tilting of the plurality slats depending from the headrail is accomplished by vertically moving an actuator rod that is pivotally connected to the headrail. The plurality of slats are suspended from the headrail by a cord ladder to tilt in unison with the headrail. While tilting the blind assembly into the closed position, the headrail and depending slats also slide inwardly towards the windowpane. The slats are lifted through the actuation of a lift handle that is slidably attached to the actuator rod and contains therein a lock mechanism to hold the slats in a desired position.

Abstract: A fabric louver that has an elongated fabric body that is stretchable along its length is disclosed. The elongated fabric body has a first end and a second end. A first end cap is connected to the first end of the elongated fabric body and a second end cap is connected to the second end of the elongated fabric body. A first key is attached to the first end cap and a second key is attached to the second end cap. The disclosed fabric louver may be connected to the frame of a shutter.

Abstract: A system for attaching a shade material to a roller having recesses in its surface includes inserting portions of the shade material into an associated elongated recess and retaining the material in the recess with an attachment member having peaks and valleys along its length for intermittent engagement with the material within the recess.

Abstract: Sanitary tissue products, for example toilet tissue products, and arrays thereof associated with non-textual indicia, such as patterns, that are psychologically matched to intensive properties of the sanitary tissue products; processes for making such an array of sanitary tissue products are provided, and marketing articles associated with displaying or advertising an array of sanitary tissue products.

Abstract: A process for making absorbent cellulosic paper products such as sheet for towel, tissue and the like, includes compactively dewatering a nascent web followed by wet belt creping the web at an intermediate consistency of anywhere from about 30 to about 60 percent under conditions operative to redistribute the fiber on the belt, which is preferably a fabric. In preferred embodiments, the web is thereafter adhesively applied to a Yankee dryer using a creping adhesive operative to enable high speed transfer of the web of intermediate consistency such as a poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyamide adhesive. An absorbent sheet so prepared from a papermaking furnish exhibits an absorbency of at least about 5 g/g, a CD stretch of at least about 4 percent, and an MD/CD tensile ratio of less than about 1.1, and also exhibits a maximum CD modulus at a CD strain of less than 1 percent and sustains a CD modulus of at least 50 percent of its maximum CD modulus to a CD strain of at least about 4 percent.

Abstract: A board capable of capturing and decomposing both formaldehyde and acetaldehyde comprises a wood fiber board comprising a plant fiber of 30 wt % or more, and an aldehyde capturing agent comprising at least carbodihydrazide which is impregnated and solidified inside the side of the fiber board. In addition to the wood fiber board, a fiber board made of a mixture material of a resin fiber and a plant fiber combined. A carbodihydrazide is sprayed onto the fiber board in the form of water solution and optionally comprises a surfactant.

Abstract: Disclosed are silver skin-containing paper and the production method thereof. Aqueous pulp slurry containing paper pulp fibers and ground silver skin is prepared, wherein the ground silver skin is provided by wet grinding of silver skin in the presence of water. The aqueous pulp slurry is then formed into a sheet. The silver skin-containing paper contains the ground silver skin at a ratio of 5 to 60% by mass of the paper.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring tension or a tension alteration in a paper web. At least one measurement device includes a number of measurement bodies and a number of fluid supply devices, which are intended to apply a fluid pressure to the web. The fluid supply devices are so arranged as to subject the web to an essentially constant fluid pressure in order to provide a fluid cushion between the web and the measurement bodies. The measurement bodies are so arranged as to apply pressure to the web without making contact and are so arranged to be capable of displacement. The position of the measurement bodies in the normal direction of the web is altered depending upon variations in the constitution of the web. A method for measuring web tension and a machine including apparatus for measuring web tension are also disclosed.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for digesting cellulosic material that includes a vessel containing a digestion chamber and having an opening that provides access to the digestion chamber. A container for holding the cellulosic material is located within the digestion chamber. A closure interfaces with the vessel opening to form a seal against a predetermined digestion pressure and temperature within the chamber. A fluid-transporting system directs digestion fluids from a supply in the digestion chamber through a port and the container toward any cellulosic material therein. Digestion fluid distributed from the port through the container soaks the cellulosic material. Also provided are processes for digestion cellulosic material.