Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes at least one piston that compresses air in the lower cylinder chamber as it transitions from top dead center to bottom dead center during the power stroke. The air in the lower cylinder chamber is compressed between the downward-moving cylinder and a structure that substantially seals the lower chamber from the crankcase chamber so that compression takes place in a chamber smaller than the crankcase chamber.

Abstract: A cylinder head having a plurality of integrally formed port-exhaust manifold assemblies therein, wherein the port-exhaust manifold assembly is integrally formed in the cylinder head by extending a plurality of exhaust port of an engine to function as an exhaust manifold and the plurality of the port-exhaust manifold assemblies is arranged in a triangle when each center portion of outlet portions thereof are connected.

Abstract: A piston (10) for an internal combustion engine including: a piston head (11) located at an uppermost section of the piston; a land (12) located on a circumference of the piston head (11); a skirt (13) located below the land (12); and a pair of pin bosses (14) located on the lower section of the piston head (11). The piston head (11) has a first cavity (24) on the bottom of the piston bead (11). Each of the pair of pin bosses (14) has a second cavity (20) in an outer upper section of the pin boss (14). The pin boss (14) has a through hole (21) that communicably connects the first cavity (24) with the second cavity (20).

Abstract: An internal combustion engine component is composed of an aluminum alloy containing silicon, and includes a plurality of silicon crystal grains located on a slide surface. The slide surface has a ten point-average roughness RzJIS of about 0.54 ?m or more, and a load length ratio Rmr(30) at a cut level of about 30% of the slide surface is about 20% or more.

Abstract: An engine oil pan structure includes a lower case having a pair of side walls and a plurality of bearing cap sections for connection between the side walls. A balancer device provided under the lower case, mounts on a mounting section formed at positions of the bearing cap section adjoining the side walls. An oil pan covering the balancer device is joined to lower end portions of the side walls. A reinforcing rib having a horseshoe-shaped form and surrounding the balancer device is provided on an external surface of the oil pan, and two end portions of the reinforcing rib are joined or monolithic with portions of a flange section for joining the oil pan to the side walls adjoining the mounting section to reduce noise of an engine having a balancer device.

Abstract: This invention is to provide a tappet clearance adjusting cover coupled with a secondary air valve. The tappet clearance adjusting cover is disposed on a cylinder head of an engine. The secondary air valve includes a recessed element and a cap which jointly form a receiving space receiving therein a one-way valve. The recessed element is provided with an inlet pipe interposed between the cap and the tappet clearance adjusting cover. By disposing the secondary air valve on the tappet clearance adjusting cover and arranging the inlet pipe between the cap and the tappet clearance adjusting cover, with the one-way valve received in the receiving space of the secondary air valve, heat dissipation can be improved while the one-way valve is protected against premature deterioration and carbon deposition caused by a high-temperature exhaust gas from the cylinder head. Thus, reliability as well as a service life of the one-way valve is effectively increased.

Abstract: A method to manage and control engine operation includes injecting an initial mass of fuel into a combustion chamber to form a combustion charge, monitoring combustion and injecting a main mass of fuel into the combustion chamber substantially coincident with a start of combustion of the combustion charge.

Abstract: When a predetermined operation state during idling is set, an ignition timing is set to a basic ignition timing at or following a compression top dead center point, and a temperature rise controlling operation is carried out for injecting fuel prior to the basic ignition timing. Then, a target value of an intake air quantity is set in accordance with an engine request torque that is set when controlling a temperature rise. Thereafter, a limit value of the intake air quantity that is set when controlling the temperature rise is set. When the target value of the intake air quantity is less than the limit value, the intake air quantity is adjusted so as to become the target value, whereas, when the target value is greater than the limit value, the intake air quantity is adjusted so as to become the limit value.

Abstract: A variable lift apparatus of an engine for a vehicle may include a camshaft in which a cam is formed, a swing arm one side of which is supported by a supporting portion and another side of which operates a valve, an output arm including a roller press portion extended in one direction and a rotating arm extended in another direction, a first roller disposed in the connecting portion in which the rotating arm and the roller press portion are connected and that contacts the cam, a second roller disposed in the swing arm and contacting a roller contacting surface, a variable link connected with a lower end side of the rotating arm protruding in a lower side of the output arm by a hinge shaft and moves the hinge shaft according to a guide slot formed in a guide and a variable rotation shaft for operating the variable link.

Abstract: An engine ignition control apparatus includes a standard ignition map for use in retarding ignition timing when a throttle opening is within a predetermined range, and when an engine speed is within a predetermined region; and an acceleration-time advance angle correction quantity map for performing advance angle correction when the engine speed is within the predetermined region; an engine accelerometer for detecting a rate of change of the engine rotary speed; and an acceleration-time advance angle correction quantity setting unit for correcting an advance angle of the ignition timing. When the engine speed is within the predetermined range, and the rate of change of engine rotary speed is greater than or equal a predetermined rate, the acceleration-time advance angle correction quantity setting unit performs attenuation processing for deriving an advance angle correction quantity; and increases an attenuation quantity of the advance angle quantity for every ignition.

Abstract: In a method for regulating a combustion process of an internal combustion engine with exhaust-gas recirculation, which can be operated with a variable air/fuel ratio, and a fresh-air flow and a recirculated exhaust-gas flow, both the fresh air and the recirculated exhaust-gas flow are metered. The combustion process of an internal combustion engine with exhaust-gas recirculation is regulated, wherein the method makes precise determination of the exhaust-gas recirculating rate possible with a low fault tolerance.

Abstract: A control system for an internal combustion engine having at least one fuel injection valve for injecting fuel into a combustion chamber of the engine. A compression end temperature in the combustion chamber is estimated. A target compression end temperature is calculated according to an operating condition of the engine. A main injection and a plurality of pilot injections before the main injection are performed by at least one fuel injection valve. A fuel injection amount in a first-performed pilot injection of the plurality of pilot injections is controlled so that the estimated compression end temperature coincides with the target compression end temperature.

Abstract: An air/fuel mixture consisting of air and a cryogenic fuel, particularly cryogenic hydrogen, is provided for an internal-combustion engine having at least one intake port that can be loaded with air and at least one injector that is assigned to the intake port. A nozzle for blowing in the cryogenic fuel is heatable at least in areas.

Abstract: A fuel-feeding device may preferably include a reservoir cup disposed in a fuel tank that contains liquid fuel therein, a fuel pump capable of feeding the liquid fuel contained in the reservoir cup to an engine, a pressure regulator capable of controlling a fuel pressure of the liquid fuel fed to the engine from the fuel pump, a jet pump arranged and constructed to receive a part of the pressurized liquid fuel pumped from the fuel pump via a fuel jet path, so as to introduce liquid fuel outside the reservoir cup into to the reservoir cup with the aid of flow of the pressurized liquid fuel, and a flow rate control valve disposed in the fuel jet path. The flow rate control valve is arranged and constructed to control a flow rate of the pressurized liquid fuel fed to the jet pump depending upon a pumping rate of the pressurized liquid fuel pumped from the fuel pump.

Abstract: A return fuel passage is configured to communicate an outlet of a low-pressure fuel pump with a back pressure side of a fuel injection device. The return fuel passage is configured to partially return fuel from the back pressure side to the fuel tank to control fuel pressure at the back pressure side in response to fuel injection. In a starting operation a backpressure control valve communicates the outlet of the low-pressure fuel pump with the back pressure side and blocks the fuel tank from both the outlet of the low-pressure fuel pump and the back pressure side. In a normal operation, the backpressure control valve communicates the back pressure side with the fuel tank and blocks the outlet of the low-pressure fuel pump from both the fuel tank and the back pressure side.

Abstract: A connection head structure of a high pressure fuel injection tube is provided to avoid an interference between an annular flange and an opposing part by sufficiently maintaining an tube axial direction length of the connection head and to obtain a good sealability to prevent leaking during autofrettage processing with a high pressure of not less than 300 MPa. A connection head structure of a high pressure fuel injection tube includes, on a connection end portion of a thick walled fine steel tube, a spherical seat face, an annular flange, and a circular conic face that continuously extends from the seat face, wherein a washer and a fastening nut are assembled, characterized in that when a thick walled fine steel tube has t (wall thickness)/D (outer diameter)<0.3, an tube axial direction distance L1 from a connection head end to the back face of the annular flange is from 0.38 D to 0.7 D, a spherical body radius R of the seat face is from 0.45 D to 0.

Abstract: A device for transferring fluid for use with diesel engines includes a manifold system having at least one inlet valve, at least one outlet valve, a plurality of conduits formed therein, and an electric pump. At least one check valve is disposed between an inlet valve and an outlet valve.

Abstract: A fuel-feeding device may preferably include a pressure control valve capable of controlling a pressure of pressurized fuel that includes a housing having an inner cavity, a first movable dividing wall, a second movable dividing wall, a valve unit and a resilient member. The first and second movable dividing walls divide the housing cavity to a pressure controlling chamber, a back pressure chamber, and an open chamber positioned between the pressure controlling chamber and the back pressure chamber. The second movable dividing wall is arranged and constructed to move to a retracted position or an advanced position depending upon whether back pressure fuel is introduced into the back pressure chamber, thereby setting the resilient member to two different set loads.

Abstract: A fuel pump set includes a cam shaft with a cam; a bridge contacting the cam shaft; a head cover attaching the bridge to the cam shaft; and a fuel pump, disposed in the bridge and operable by the cam. The bridge may include two supports, each contacting the cam shaft. One support may have a supporting face, with a shape corresponding to the shape of the cam shaft, with the cam shaft disposed therein. The two supports together may define a shape that widens downward. One support may narrow downward. The set may also include a rod extending from the fuel pump to the cam, reciprocated by the cam. The bridge may include a sealing face supported by the head cover, a groove for preventing rotation of the fuel pump, and/or a breather. The head cover may include an opening in which the fuel pump is disposed.

Abstract: A fuel system for an LPI engine according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may include a reservoir disposed in a fuel tank, a recovery pipe inserted in the reservoir, and a fuel pump disposed in the reservoir and supplying LPI fuel, wherein liquefied fuel mixed with gaseous fuel recovered through the recovery pipe is separated in the reservoir and the liquefied fuel is pumped again by the fuel pump.

Abstract: A fuel vapor processing apparatus includes a container and an adsorption member positioned within the container. The adsorption member can adsorb a fuel vapor as a gas containing the fuel vapor flows through the adsorption member. A first electrode and a second electrode are attached to the adsorption member, so that the adsorption member can produce heat as a voltage is applied between the first and second electrodes across the adsorption member. The first and seconds electrodes are spaced from each other in a direction substantially parallel to the direction of flow of the gas through the adsorption member.

Abstract: A tank assembly and fuel system for an engine having an engine intake. The fuel system may comprise a tank housing defining an interior and an exterior and an opening between the interior and the exterior, a liquid being containable in the interior, vapor being produceable from the liquid, a closure housing connectable to the tank housing to selectively close the opening, a vapor path from the tank interior to the engine intake, and adsorption media for trapping harmful components in the vapor, the adsorption media being supported in the vapor path and being positioned in the vapor path between the tank interior and the engine intake.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine cylinder assembly comprises a cylinder bore having a closed cylinder end and interior cylinder side walls. A piston slides in the cylinder between a bottom dead center (BDC) position and a top dead center (TDC) position and has a compression end facing the closed cylinder end. The piston and cylinder bore forming a combustion chamber between the piston, the interior cylinder side walls, and the closed cylinder end. The piston's compression end has a layer of a combustion-resistant thermal insulating material on. First and second valves at the closed cylinder end control flow of gasses into and from the cylinder volume between the piston and the closed end. A layer of a combustion-resistant insulating material forms the closed cylinder end of the cylinder bore, and extends part way toward the BDC piston position.

Abstract: A repositionable arrow holder that has an elongate flat backing member from which a top arrow shaft receiver notched rack and a bottom arrow tip receiving shelf are cantilevered to hold carried arrows a spaced determined distance from the backing member; and a series of loops formed in a strip of durable fabric and spaced along the front face length of the backing member with the loops extending from the backing member.

Abstract: A link for a toy ammunition chain made up of a plurality of links hinged together side-by-side in articulated fashion includes a cylindrical body adapted to receive a soft projectile. A first hinge component extends laterally from the body and has a pair of hinge pins. A second hinge component extends laterally from the body at a position opposite the first hinge component and has a pair of recesses each for pivotally receiving a hinge pin of an adjacent link in the chain.

Abstract: A heat exchanger system and method for transferring heat from exhaust air from a fireplace to air to be delivered to a living space is described. Heated exhaust air is passed through a heat exchanger before exhaustion from the structure. The heat exchanger couples the exhaust duct and the intake duct and transfers otherwise unused heat from the waste products to the outside air to increase the overall efficiency of the heated product source.

Abstract: The tracking apparatus (2) comprises a frame (4) mounted on a rigid stand that is orientated such that the longitudinal axis (6) of the frame is at an angle above horizontal. The frame (4) comprises opposite frame members (8 and 10) between which is mounted reservoirs in the form of hollow side tanks (12 and 14). Each of the tanks is partially filled with a liquid refrigerant. The interior of the tank (12) is connected to flexible bellows (16) through the passageway of a conduit (18). The interior of the tank (14) is connected to flexible bellows (20) through the passageway of a further conduit (22). An actuating mechanism (24) is secured to frame member (10) of the frame. The actuating mechanism comprises a further frame (26) to which the outer ends of bellows (16 and 20) are fastened. The inner ends of the bellows are connected by a rigid shaft (28) which is driven back and forth by the bellows (16 and 20) to effect rotation of drive wheel (30) of the actuating mechanism.

Abstract: The system contains a plurality of elongated conduit. A height dimension of the elongated conduit is substantially less than a width dimension of the elongated conduit. A plurality of connecting elements is connected between the elongated conduits establishing a fluid path through the elongated conduit. A fluid is captured within the elongated conduit.

Abstract: A solar collector is provided that is formed from relatively thin polymer sheet(s). The sheet(s) are welded together to integrally define a storage tank, a plurality of fluid flow channel (e.g. risers), and other desired features within the collector. The storage tank is located at a first end of the panel and a heat exchanger is provided within the storage tank. The heat exchanger is arranged to transfer heat from the storage tank to a target fluid (such as water) that is to be heated or preheated by the collector. The collector is arranged so that when it is installed, the collector may be positioned with the storage tank located generally above the fluid flow channels. The storage tank and the fluid flow channels are arranged such that when the collector is installed and filled with a working fluid, a thermosiphon effect will cause the collection of hot water within the storage tank.

Abstract: A method for purifying a sucrose material already in a high purity liquid, crystalline or other form of sucrose, such as raw sugar, utilizing chromatography, or utilizing chromatography in connection with other methods of purification.

Abstract: A conventional respiratory nebulizer has an emergency medication dose storage system delivering the stored medication dose directly to the nebulizing chamber with a single impulse of manual force to a simple mechanical delivery system, thereby making the nebulizer useable in two steps: (a) opening the medication capsule with a simple opening action; and (b) inhaling the nebulized medication. The nebulizer can be operated without disassembling the nebulizer housing so as to expose the nebulizing chamber and without manually opening the liquid medication container and, without spillage and without manual pouring of the liquid medication directly into the nebulizing chamber, and without reassembling the nebulizer housing before positioning the inhaler mouthpiece in the mouth so as to inhale the nebulized medication. The delivery system includes a serrated slicing blade to sever the capsule.

Abstract: Devices, cartridges, and method are described herein for emulating smoking wherein a device generates an aerosol for inhalation by a subject by heating a viscous material that can have a tactile response in the mouth or respiratory tract, while reducing Hoffman analytes and mutagenic compounds delivered to the user as compared to a common tobacco cigarette.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a respiratory condition device includes a tube that defines a flow path for medicine that is to be delivered to a user respiratory system, a pressure sensor configured to detect pressure changes within the tube, and a medicine delivery device configured to eject medicine into the tube when a pressure drop is detected by the pressure sensor.

Abstract: A ventilation apparatus for treating sleep apnea is provided. A ventilator controlled by a control system may deliver ventilation gas through a ventilation gas delivery circuit to a ventilation catheter and a distal tip on the ventilation catheter. One or more sensors may detect a breathing cycle and the control system may operate the ventilator in synchrony with the breathing cycle. The distal tip may deliver the ventilation gas superiorly from the transtracheal ventilation catheter towards an upper airway, inferiorly from the transtracheal ventilation catheter towards a lung, or a combination of both. The ventilation catheter may be a transtracheal catheter, a trans-oral catheter or a trans-nasal catheter.

Abstract: An anesthesia system includes a main unit (10) for supplying anesthetic gas and providing artificial respiration, an induction chamber (20) for receiving a small animal and for introducing the anesthetic gas, an anesthetic gas treatment section (30) connected to the induction chamber (20) and a breathing circuit tube (50) having an intubation portion (53). The main unit (10) has a first outlet port (10a), a second outlet port (10c), a return port (10b) and a communication passage (17) connecting the return port and the second outlet port. The anesthetic gas exiting through the first outlet port (10a) is conveyed through the breathing circuit tube (50) to return to the return port (10b) and further conveyed through the communication passage (17), the second outlet port (10c) and a supply tube (60) into the induction chamber (20).

Abstract: A dispensing device for dispensing a number of doses of medication to a patient, comprising a dispensing mechanism for dispensing the medication by actuation of the dispensing mechanism from a non-dispensing position to a dispensing position, a dose counter for counting the number of doses dispensed by said device, a first battery-less arrangement for providing power to said dose counter in response to the actuation of said dispensing mechanism, and an electronic display for displaying a dose indication, characterised in that the device includes a second battery-less arrangement for providing power to said electronic display when said dispensing mechanism is in said non-dispensing position.

Abstract: An inhaler is disclosed. It comprises a housing to receive an elongate strip of blisters each containing a dose of medicament and being sequentially movable into alignment with means for breaching a blister to enable a user to inhale said dose contained therein. The device comprises an unused and a used blister compartment separated by a wall which may be moulded integrally with the housing of the device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for dosed administration of sprayable substances, in particular aerosols, with an electronic unit for recording the administrations, and a with a first housing part that forms a seat for a container, which contains the sprayable substance and has a valve. It is characterized by a second housing part, which is movable relative to the first housing part and has an actuating part for acting on the valve in order to actuate the valve for administration of the sprayable substance, the electronic unit for recording the administrations of the sprayable substance including a switch that is actuated by the relative movement of first and second housing part.

Abstract: Respiratory support and/or controlled mechanical ventilation of a patient are provided. A ventilation apparatus may include a ventilator, a transtracheal prosthesis, and a respiratory relief device. The transtracheal prostheses and ventilation catheter may be arranged such that the patient can breathe freely through the upper airway and/or the tracheal prostheses. Respiratory sensors may measure a breathing rate, lung pressure, airway pressure, or a combination thereof. Pulses of gas may be provided to the patient through the ventilation catheter during inspiration. The pulses may have a first volume while the patient breathes normal and a second volume when the sensors detect a cessation of breathing or reduction in breathing volume. The second volume may be provided at 1-5 times the normal breathing rate, with a volume 25-500% times the first volume, or both.

Abstract: The present invention includes a method and apparatus for the optimized treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. The present invention includes a pressure source configured to provide positive airway pressure to a patient who is resting at home. The pressure source receives control signals from control electronics that define a pressure profile to be delivered to the patient. The control electronics select parameters to define the pressure profile based on factors such as a user selection, information received from a sensor, and/or a prescription.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is described for supporting the respiration of a patient. The spontaneous respiration of a patient can be detected by sensors and during inhalation an additional amount of oxygen can be administered to the lungs via a jet gas current. If required, during exhalation a countercurrent can be administered to avoid collapse of the respiration paths. This therapy can be realized by an apparatus including a transtracheal catheter, an oxygen pump connected to an oxygen source, spontaneous respiration sensor(s) connected to a control unit for activating the oxygen pump and, if needed, a tracheal prosthesis. The tracheal prosthesis may include a connection for the catheter and the breath sensor(s). The tracheal prosthesis, if used, and the catheter can be dimensioned so the patient can freely breathe, cough, swallow and speak without restriction, and the system can be wearable to promote mobility.

Abstract: An apparatus for deploying oxygen masks that includes a pre-packaged modular system that does not require manual repacking of oxygen masks by aircraft technicians. The cartridge is for use with a manifold having a passageway in fluid communication with a source of breathable gas. The cartridge includes an end wall, a sidewall extending from the end wall and terminating at a distal end adjacent to an opening. A flexible member defines a chamber inside the cartridge. The chamber is in fluid communication with the passageway when the cartridge is coupled to the manifold. The flexible member has an outlet. A mask assembly is disposed inside the cartridge. The mask assembly has a hose coupled to the outlet of the flexible member. A cover is removably attached to the distal end of the at least one side wall.

Abstract: A respiratory protection device comprises a housing (1) defining a chamber within the housing. The chamber is open in a region which in use is adapted to be nearest to a user. A porous element (3) is located within the chamber and a communicating member (5) communicates with the porous element (3) within the chamber.

Abstract: A nasal assembly for delivering breathable gas to a patient includes a frame having lateral connector, a cushion with a pair of nozzles, and a clip to secure the cushion to the frame. The frame includes a vent channel and a plurality of vent holes. The frame/cushion includes structure (lugs/cut outs) to prevent the assembly of an unvented frame with an unvented cushion, for safety purposes. The frame includes cored portions that interface with corner lugs provided on the cushion. A patient interface includes a frame, a cushion (nasal mask, nasal-oro mask, nozzles, etc.) and a vent assembly including a pattern of vent holes including at least two rows.

Abstract: Intraoral device (01), in particular for use with sleep-related breathing disorders, having an essentially U-shaped maxillary splint (02), which can be placed on the user's alveolar arch of maxilla, surrounding it in at least some areas, and a mandibular splint (03), which is also essentially U-shaped and can be placed on the user's alveolar arch of mandible, surrounding it in at least some areas, whereby the maxillary splint (02) and the mandibular splint (03) have bite surface areas (06, 07) facing one another, at least one fixation device being provided in their area, with which the mandibular splint (03) can be secured in a predetermined position relative to the maxillary splint (02), and whereby the fixation device comprises at least one fixation element (08) and at least one receptacle element (09) which accommodates the fixation element (08) in at least some areas, whereby the fixation element (08) is provided on the maxillary splint (02) and the receptacle element (09) is provided on the mandibular sp

Abstract: A head-positioning aid for treating or preventing plagiocephaly and torticollis is formed of a soft, compliant beanie-style cap. A soft and pliable deflector is attached to the beanie cap and extends downward from near the apex to near the lower edge of the cap. The cap is applied on an infant's head in an orientation to place the deflector at any required position about the circumference of the head. The cap and deflector are united by themed indicia designed to bring family acceptance of the cap to promote acceptance and thereby support long term usage, as may be required.

Abstract: Disclosed is a dustproof mask for nose, in which filters (10) are inserted into the nasal cavities of a user. The dustproof mask for nose includes a clamping unit (20) having two wings (21, 22) and surrounding the nasal septum (the septum of the nose) of a user; connection portions (30) installed at tips of the two wings (20); and filters (10) installed at the connection portions (30). In the dustproof mask for nose, the filters (10) have a hemispheric shape, nipple-shaped connectors (31), which are formed at the connection portions (30), are inserted into connection holes (11), which are formed through the central areas of the filters (10), and fixing protrusions (210, 220) for firmly holding the nasal septum are formed on the wings (21, 22) of the clamping unit (20).

Abstract: A disposable respirator made from a filter body having at least one stretch-panel incorporated therein. The stretch-panel allows the respirator to better conform to the wearer's face during movement due to talking, coughing, or general head or neck movement. There may be one or more stretch-panels located underneath the chin or over the cheeks of the wearer.

Abstract: The invention regards a mask with a removable pair of goggles. Clean air can be breathed through an air filter, separated from the contaminated air from automobile exhaust gas and yellow sands, while enjoying cycling and inline skating. It is an economical and environmentally friendly mask because only the air filter requires replacement, by opening and closing the mouth area only without removing the mask, eating and talking are made more convenient. Additionally, the goggles can be placed on or removed from the nose of the body easily so that eyes are protected from contaminated air and alien materials, enhancing safety and convenience of the user.

Abstract: An ultra thin ear plug enables sound protection to be conveniently carried inside a wallet. The ear plug is made of a slow-recovery thin foam strip. The user rolls the strip into a cylinder, compresses the cylinder and inserts the compressed foam cylinder into the ear canal. The foam strip can incorporate a pressure sensitive adhesive on one surface so that the ear plug retains the cylindrical shape after being rolled up. Tapered ends can assist sealing by minimizing the existence of an air gap at the center of the cylinder and on the ear canal. A flexible envelope about 0.008 inch thick and of credit card dimensions can provide packaging for two or more ear plugs and can provide a large surface area for promotional advertising. Total thickness of the packaged ear plugs can be thinner than 0.050 inch or the thickness of a credit card.