Abstract: A display apparatus includes: a display panel including a plurality of pixels laid out on the surface of a pixel area of the display panel; and an illumination section configured to generate illumination light in a normal direction perpendicular to the display panel, wherein the illumination section has a light source, a light guiding board, the display panel also includes a plurality of photo sensor devices, the light source includes an invisible light source, the light guiding board includes an invisible light beam reflection section.

Abstract: An encoder includes a rotor including: a shaft and a code disk attached to the shaft; a stator including a scanning unit configured to generate an electrical signal corresponding to an angular position of the code disk; a cable configured to transfer the electrical signal; and a cover overmolded onto the stator, where the scanning unit is sealed from an outer environment by the cover.

Abstract: An optical navigator sensor for sensing an image of an object comprises a substrate, a laser diode, an optical sensor device and a housing. The optical sensor device and the laser diode are fixed on the base plate and covered by the housing. The housing guides the light emitted from the laser diode to the object and guides the light reflected from the object to the optical sensor device.

Abstract: A laser light is linearly delivered onto the sample 4. The ions generated from the irradiated area are collected, mass-separated in the mass separator 27, and detected by the detector 28. A mass analysis is repeated while moving the sample stage 3 by a predetermined step width in the x-axis direction so that the one-dimensional mass spectrum information of the sample 4 at a certain rotational position is obtained. Additionally, while the sample 4 is rotated by a predetermined angle, the same measurement is repeated for the entire perimeter, so that the one-dimensional mass spectrum information at each rotational position is obtained. Based on the data obtained in this manner, a reconstruction computational processing is performed by the CT method to reconstruct the two-dimensional distribution image for a substance having a certain mass for example and the image is displayed on the display 35.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and system for ionizing analyte-containing sample lying on a surface of a substrate. The method comprises directing to the sample a heated flow of desorption gas in order to desorb analyte from the surface, and simultaneously directing to the sample light capable of ionizing the desorbed analyte in the presence of the desorption gas. The invention provides a method and system suitable for efficiently producing ions of neutral and nonpolar molecules on surfaces, for example for mass spectrometric purposes.

Abstract: A method for controlling charge flux into a charge accumulation device includes determining a charge accumulation time during which charges are to be accumulated in the charge accumulation device, measuring a charge flux of a first ion beam produced from an ion source, determining a target number of charges to be accumulated in the charge accumulation device during the charge accumulation time based on the measured charge flux and, based on the determined target number of charges, modulating a second ion beam produced from the ion source to cause the target number of charges from the second ion beam to be accumulated in the charge accumulation device during the charge accumulation time. An ion processing device is configured for controlling the charge flux. An ion beam modulator modulates the ion beam.

Abstract: A method for confirming the active intake of marijuana and its active component ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol (“?9-THC”) by detecting the amount of 11-nor-?9-THC carboxylic acid (“THCA”) in oral fluid at the picogram per milliliter (pg/ml) level using chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (“GC/MS/MS”).

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods of identifying biomarkers in liquid biological samples obtained from cancer patients or patients exhibiting a disease state. Such methods may include the use of electrospray ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF MS).

Abstract: A method of obtaining ions of an analyte is disclosed. The method includes aerosolizing a sample using a thermal liquid jetting device or a piezoelectric liquid jetting device to obtain an aerosol without ionizing the sample. The sample includes the analyte in a solvent. The method further includes drying the aerosol to obtain gas phase solvent and gas phase analyte, and ionizing the gas phase analyte to obtain ions thereof. An ion source using the method for obtaining ions of an analyte is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for the analysis of isotope ratios, wherein at least one sample gas and/or at least one reference gas are supplied to at least one analytical device via at least one open split, the addition of a carrier gas also being possible. According to the invention, the concentration of the sample gas and/or reference gas passing into the analytical device is controlled by the supply of the respective carrier gas or by direct supply of the sample gas into the analytical device. In the device according to the invention for supplying gases to at least one analytical device, two or more capillaries are provided for sample gases, the capillaries in each case having their own drive for the movement between mixing zone and waiting zone.

Abstract: A combined rf-only/FAIMS apparatus is disclosed for use in mass spectrometry and other applications. The disclosed apparatus includes a plurality of curved electrodes arranged around a central ion transmission channel. FAIMS functionality is removed electronically when not desired by application of radio frequency (rf) waveforms to the curved electrodes.

Abstract: An apparatus which permits high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) imaging comprises an electron gun, a specimen chamber in which a specimen is set, a gas cylinder for supplying environmental gas around the surface of the specimen through both a gas flow rate controller and a gas nozzle, a vacuum pump for evacuating the inside of the specimen chamber, an objective lens including upper and lower polepieces, a detector for detecting electrons transmitted through the specimen, a display device for displaying a transmission image of the specimen, orifice plates having minute holes, holders supporting the orifice plates, a drive mechanism for driving the holders, and a motion controller. The orifice plates can be moved in a direction crossing the optical axis of the beam on the upper and lower surfaces of the upper and lower polepieces of the objective lens.

Abstract: An imaging system (10) for imaging an emitting gas (12) includes an imager (16) and a laser source (20). The imager (16) captures an image (18) of light in the mid-infrared (MIR) range. The laser source (20) includes a semiconductor laser (334) that directly emits an output beam (26) that is in the MIR range. The output beam (26) may be adapted to backscatter near and/or be absorbed by the emitting gas (12). Thus, when an emitting gas (12) is present, the gas (12) may absorb and attenuate the backscattered light. As a result thereof, a shadow or contrast (18A) corresponding to the emitting gas (12) may be visible in the image (18) that is captured by the imager (16).

Abstract: A light sensor may include an array of light sensitive elements and an array of transmissive filters provided over the array of light sensitive elements and in substantial registration therewith. The array of transmissive filters comprises an infrared transmissive filter that substantially transmits infrared light and substantially blocks visible light as well as at least one non-infrared transmissive filter that substantially transmits non-infrared light.

Abstract: A device for optically sensing a specimen with a large depth of field has a lighting module which illuminates a zone of the specimen during a predetermined measurement period with a pattern whose phase is modified in time during the measurement period, generating a specimen light to which a corresponding time-variable phase is imparted. The device also includes a detection module having a space-resolving detection zone which records the specimen zone and has multiple recording pixels, two analysis channels which can be connected to the recording pixels, and an analysis unit is connected to both analysis channels.

Abstract: Fluorescence coatings and methods for applying such coatings are provided wherein the coatings can be applied, by way of example, to the window of the housing of an optoelectronic device, thus enabling the coatings to eliminate the need for one or both of an excitation optical filter and an emission optical filter that normally form a portion of the fluorescence equipment that is utilized in furtherance of fluorescence detection and/or measurement applications.

Abstract: The invention provides a gamma detection device, a collimator for use therein, and use of such a collimator or device in imaging an object. The invention is directed to pinhole imaging with high energy photons, such as 511 keV photons. In order to achieve sufficiently low pinhole knife edge penetration, the collimator uses a plurality of focused clusters of pinholes, each with a smaller opening angle, and arranged such that all the combined fields of view of the individual pinholes in all clusters provide a large central field of view with still compact dimensions of the detection device. This is made possible since the field of view of a single cluster is divided up into a number of individual fields of view.

Abstract: An apparatus for selected measurement of at least one of luminescent and fluorescent radiation from at least one sample well, the apparatus comprising: means defining an excitation light path for fluorescence measurements; at least one light source in the excitation path; means defining an emission light path; and at least one detector with a wavelength selector in the emission light path, wherein: the apparatus further comprises at least one first reflector element that encompasses a reflection chamber and projects at least a portion of the light emitted from the at least one sample well directionally onto the wavelength selector; the emission light path extends between the at least one sample well and the wavelength selector through the at least one first reflector element; and the excitation light path extends into the reflection chamber and extends to a point above the at least one sample well.

Abstract: A positron emission tomography (PET) scanner is provided which uses information on the time-of-flight difference (TOF) between annihilation radiations for image reconstruction. The scanner has detection time correction information (memory) corresponding to information on coordinates in a radiation detection element (e.g., scintillator crystal), in the depth and lateral directions, at which an interaction has occurred between an annihilation radiation and the crystal. Reference is made to the detection time correction information, thereby providing information on time-of-flight difference with improved accuracy. As such, an improved signal to noise ratio and spatial resolution are provided for image reconstruction using time-of-flight (TOF) difference.

Abstract: An imaging system for imaging an object, including: a support member adapted to receive the object in an immobilized state; a removable phosphor plate assembly adapted to respond to ionizing radiation by emitting visible light; first imaging means for imaging the immobilized object in a first imaging mode to capture a first image; second imaging means for imaging the immobilized object in a second imaging mode, different from the first imaging mode, to capture a second image; and third imaging means for imaging the immobilized object in a third imaging mode, different from the first and second imaging modes, to capture a third image, wherein the first imaging mode uses the phosphor plate assembly and is selected from the group: x-ray mode and low energy radio isotope mode; the second imaging mode uses the phosphor plate assembly and a high energy radio isotope mode, and the third imaging mode is selected from the group: bright-field mode, fluorescence mode and luminescence mode.

Abstract: A radiographic image detector includes: a bias electrode transmitting a recording electromagnetic wave carrying image information; a recording photoconductive layer consisting primarily of a-Se, the recording photoconductive layer generating electric charges when exposed to the recording electromagnetic wave transmitted through the bias electrode; and a number of charge detecting elements two-dimensionally arrayed in directions perpendicular to each other, each charge detecting element comprising a charge storage section for storing the electric charge generated at the recording photoconductive layer and a switching element for reading out an electric charge signal of the electric charge stored in the charge storage section. The radiographic image detector further includes a thin fluoride layer provided between the bias electrode and the recording photoconductive layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides an orofacial radiation detection device for detection of radionuclide contamination from inhalation. The device includes a face mask including a support frame and an adjustable head strap connected to the support frame. Mounted on the frame are radiation detectors in selected locations so that when being worn by a person, the detectors are located in close proximity to the orofacial region of the person including their nose and mouth. The device includes an electronic controller connected to the detectors for controlling operation of the radiation detectors. The device includes a microcomputer mounted on the support frame and electrically connected to the electronic controller for processing signals from the detectors for allowing input from an operator, performing data analysis and detection algorithms, and outputting results.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for in-situ monitoring of an EUV mirror to determine a degree of optical degradation. The method may comprise the steps/acts of irradiating at least a portion of the mirror with light having a wavelength outside the EUV spectrum, measuring at least a portion of the light after the light has reflected from the mirror, and using the measurement and a pre-determined relationship between mirror degradation and light reflectivity to estimate a degree of multi-layer mirror degradation. Also disclosed is a method for preparing a near-normal incidence, EUV mirror which may comprise the steps/acts of providing a metallic substrate, diamond turning a surface of the substrate, depositing at least one intermediate material overlying the surface using a physical vapor deposition technique, and depositing a multi-layer mirror coating overlying the intermediate material.

Abstract: The gas filled in an envelope contains nitrogen and hydrogen. The nitrogen used as a supplementary gas is not polymerized even when radiation is applied to it, and serves to achieve higher resolution than in the case where carbon dioxide is used as the supplementary gas. The hydrogen can reduce the change of gas gain.

Abstract: An objective lens arrangement includes a first, second and third pole pieces, each being substantially rotationally symmetric. The first, second and third pole pieces are disposed on a same side of an object plane. An end of the first pole piece is separated from an end of the second pole piece to form a first gap, and an end of the third pole piece is separated from an end of the second pole piece to form a second gap. A first excitation coil generates a focusing magnetic field in the first gap, and a second excitation coil generates a compensating magnetic field in the second gap. First and second power supplies supply current to the first and second excitation coils, respectively. A magnetic flux generated in the second pole piece is oriented in a same direction as a magnetic flux generated in the second pole piece.

Abstract: A linear plasma electron source is provided. The linear plasma electron source includes a housing acting as a first electrode, the housing having side walls a slit opening in the housing for trespassing of a electron beam, the slit opening defining a length direction of the source, a second electrode being arranged within the housing and having a first side facing the slit opening, the first side being spaced from the slit opening by a first distance, wherein the length of the electron source in the length direction is at least 5 times the first distance, and at least one gas supply for providing a gas into the housing.

Abstract: The invention encompasses analyzers and analyzer systems that include a single molecule analyzer, methods of using the analyzer and analyzer systems to analyze samples, either for single molecules or for molecular complexes. The single molecule uses electromagnetic radiation that is translated through the sample to detect the presence or absence of a single molecule. The single molecule analyzer provided herein is useful for diagnostics because the analyzer detects single molecules with zero carryover between samples.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for irradiation of fluid with electromagnetic radiation, and in particular to an apparatus and method for irradiation of blood or other body fluids with ultraviolet radiation is provided. The apparatus (1) comprises a housing (2) having disposed therein at least one mount (6) adapted for receiving an ultraviolet radiation source (7) and at least one holder (8) adapted for receiving a container of the fluid. The housing (2) is adapted for operability between a first position, wherein the container (9) may be placed in the holder (8) and a second position, wherein the housing (2) may form a capsule. The apparatus further comprises a control assembly for powering the ultraviolet radiation source (7). At least a portion of the inner surface of the housing (2) is capable of reflecting the ultraviolet radiation.

Abstract: An observing apparatus includes: a photographic unit that takes a region where cells are present as an observation object region based upon a macro image captured at low magnification of an interior of a cell culture vessel, and photographs the cells in the observation object region; an illuminating unit that irradiates light upon the cells only during photography by the photographic unit; and an output unit that outputs a fluorescent image photographed by the photographic unit while irradiating light only during photography by the illuminating unit.

Abstract: The fluorescence observation or fluorescence photometry system uses an optical base material having low autofluorescence and good adhesive property to cell. Said optical base material has the following optical characteristics: 1.3?nd?1.9 15??d?100 where nd represents refractive index in d line, and ?d represents Abbe number in d line; and, an optical instrument constituted for enabling a fluorescence observation and/or a fluorescence measurement is arranged. Thereby, a fluorescence observation or a fluorescence photometry system, and a fluorescence observation or a fluorescence photometry method in which sufficient signal obtained from a cell can be obtained as much as possible, and more accurate observation and measurement can be promoted is offered.

Abstract: An optical material for lithographic applications is selected from crystal materials by a testing method. The crystal materials are preferably quartz and/or alkali or alkaline earth halides, especially fluorides, or mixed crystals. The testing method includes three tests to measure irreversible radiation damage: 1) the optical material is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation at 193 nm and the non-intrinsic fluorescence intensity at 740 nm is measured; 2) the optical material is irradiated with high energy density laser light and a change in respective absorptions before and after irradiation at 385 nm is measured; and 3) the optical material is irradiated with an X-ray or radioactive source to form all possible color centers and a difference of respective surface integrals of corresponding absorption spectra in ultraviolet spectral and/or visible spectral regions is measured before and after irradiation.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention is an organic electroluminescence element defect inspection apparatus wherein the apparatus brings in an optical image of a substrate to be inspected and detects a pattern defect of an organic luminescent layer on the substrate to be inspected. The above is performed after an organic luminescent layer is formed on a substrate in a method of manufacturing an organic electroluminescence element. The organic electroluminescence element includes at least one or more organic luminescent layers having a luminescence area, an anode which injects a hole into the organic luminescent layer and a cathode which injects an electrode into the organic luminescent layer on a substrate. And an optical source for obtaining an optical image from a substrate to be inspected is infra-red radiation.

Abstract: A method of charging a web or foil is described. The method includes guiding a web or foil having a thickness of 10 ?m or larger with at least on roller; providing a linear electron source having a housing acting as an anode, the housing having side walls; a slit opening in the housing for trespassing of a linear electron beam, the slit opening defining a length direction of the source; a cathode being arranged within the housing and having a first side facing the slit opening; at least one gas supply for providing a gas into the housing; and a power supply for providing a high voltage between the anode and the cathode; and emitting the linear electron beam, wherein the high voltage is adjusted for providing an electron energy to implant electrons of the electron beam within the web or foil.

Abstract: A pulse modifier, and associated lithographic apparatus and a method for manufacturing a device, is disclosed. The pulse modifier is configured to receive an input pulse of radiation and further configured to emit a plurality of corresponding output pulse portions of radiation, wherein the respective pulse portions are respectively mirrored about an axis transverse to the optical axis and mirrored about a point of the optical axis of the pulse portions.

Abstract: Device for shaping laser radiation which has sub-beams (3) spaced apart in a first direction (X) perpendicular to the propagation direction (Z) of the laser radiation, in particular for shaping laser radiation which is output by a laser diode bar (1), comprising a first refractive interface (8) which can differently deviate at least a multiplicity of the sub-beams (3) of the laser radiation to be shaped, so that they travel at least partially converging together after passing through the first interface (8) more than before passing through the first interface (8), and furthermore comprising a second refractive interface (9) through which the laser radiation can pass after having passed through the first interface (8), the second interface (9) being able to deviate at least some of the sub-beams (3) so that their convergence is reduced.

Abstract: Generation of dark current due to emission of back lighting to radiation image detectors is sufficiently suppressed. A radiation image detecting apparatus includes a radiation image detector and a light emitting section. A biasing electrode to which a biasing voltage is applied, a photoconductive layer for generating electric charges when irradiated with recording electromagnetic waves bearing a radiation image, a substrate side charge transport layer for transporting the electric charges which are generated in the photoconductive layer, and an active matrix substrate provided with a plurality of charge collecting electrodes for collecting the electric charges which are generated in the photoconductive layer, are laminated in this order to form the radiation image detector. The light emitting section emits light onto the radiation image detector at least during irradiation of the recording electromagnetic waves. The average composition of the substrate side charge transport layer is SbxS100-x (41?x?60).

Abstract: An improved microvalve is described. The microvalve includes a corresponding actuation aperture in an actuation aperture layer. A control fluid flows through the actuation aperture. The flow of the control fluid is controlled by an electric field typically applied via a charge distribution near an actuation aperture layer. In one embodiment, the electric field may adjust the opening and closing of the actuation aperture thereby controlling the flow of the control fluid. In a second embodiment, the control fluid is an electrorheological fluid where the electric field controls the viscosity of the ER fluid thereby controlling fluid flow through the actuation aperture. In both embodiments the flow of the control fluid controls stretching of a flexible membrane formed along the wall of a conduit through which a fluid to be controlled flows. The stretching of the flexible membrane controlling the flow of the main fluid to be controlled.

Abstract: A mechanical valve has a main body having a cylinder hole formed therein, a movable element that is inserted into the cylinder hole and that moves forwardly and rearwardly, and a drive section that drives the movable element. A plurality of openings through which air passes are formed in an internal peripheral surface of the cylinder hole, and the openings are opened and closed as a result of forward and rearward movements of the movable element. A movable magnet is fastened to each of both ends of the movable element. Electromagnets opposing the respective movable magnets are provided in a drive section. The movable element is actuated by utilization of magnetic force of the electromagnets.

Abstract: A subsea coupler has an internal chamber (6) adapted for the reception of fluid under pressure, a passageway (7) for the ingress of fluid to the chamber, a valve seat (9) in the passageway, a poppet comprising a body (4) which is engageable with the valve seat to close the passageway and a head (3) which fits against the body and is moveable away from the body. The body (4) includes a channel (11, 12) for communicating fluid pressure from the internal chamber to a region between the head and the body whereby the head can be moved away from the body to relieve pressure in the chamber while the body is in engagement with the valve seat.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fluid coupling with a bush (100) and a plug (200), which respectively contain a moveably mounted valve body (102, 202). The valve bodies have closing heads (108, 208) which are positioned at the side of a fluid channel and, in the separated state of plug and bush, close associated outlet openings. When plug (200) and bush (100) are plugged together, the valve bodies are transferred by contact with the respective other housing into an open position, in which they are removed from the fluid flow.

Abstract: The present invention relates broadly to a valve (10) comprising a valve body (14) connected to a valve member (16). The present invention relates broadly to a valve (10) comprising a valve body (14) connected to a valve member (16). The valve body (14) includes a fluid passageway (18) across which the valve member (16) is connected. The valve member (16) includes a plurality of valve elements such as (20A and 20C) which are moveably coupled to the valve body (14) to permit opening and closure of the valve (10). The valve member (16) includes a collapsible opening (22) located at or adjacent an apex of the conical-shaped valve member (16). The valve (10) includes a series of resilient hinges such as (30A and 30C) disposed about a perimeter of the valve member (16). The resilient hinges (30A and 30C) are substantially straight and configured to minimise the force required in deflecting the valve elements such as (20A) to open valve member (16) and expose the collapsible aperture (22).

Abstract: A rotary knife gate valve includes a gate which rotates above a process flow axis within a pipeline. The valve includes a valve body defining a flow path having in inlet and an outlet and a knife gate channel. A shaft that has a longitudinal axis is positioned within an upper portion of the valve body. The gate has a first end connected to the shaft and positioned within the knife gate channel when the valve is in a closed position and rotationally displaced from the channel when the shaft rotates perpendicular to the shaft axis to open the valve.

Abstract: A piston and valve stem assembly is held in either a gate open or gate closed position by a valve gate piston retention device until such time as sufficient air pressure is built up behind the piston, upon which the valve gate piston retention device is signaled to release the piston. The piston, being pre-charged, is thereby able to overcome both static and dynamic friction thus allowing it to move freely and immediately, and in the case of multiple pistons, simultaneously or sequentially, and without hesitation. Both simultaneous or sequential retention and release of the piston via mechanical or electromagnetic means can be controlled to actuate a plurality of pistons forward or back in an expeditious manner to overcome pneumatic losses and frictional forces in an effort to achieve more precise timing of the valve stem and optimize overall cycle time.

Abstract: A control valve (14) for a device (1) for modifying the control times of gas exchange valves (110, 111) of an internal combustion engine (100) is provided. A check valve is arranged inside an annular groove (44) which is formed on one of the components of the control valve (14) and through which a pressurized medium flows. This reduces the assembly costs.

Abstract: A fluid transportation device includes a valve seat, a valve cap, a valve membrane, multiple buffer chambers, and an actuating module. The valve seat has an inlet channel and an outlet channel. The valve cap is disposed on the valve seat. The valve membrane is arranged between the valve seat and the valve cap. The multiple buffer chambers include a first buffer chamber between the valve membrane and the valve cap and a second buffer chamber between the valve membrane and the valve seat. Each of the first buffer chamber and the second buffer chamber has a flow-guiding structure extended from an outer edge to a center thereof. The actuating module has a periphery fixed on the valve cap. A pressure cavity is defined between the actuating module and the valve cap. Another flow-guiding structure is formed at an inner edge of the pressure cavity.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved locating structure of a water control valve casing. There are first and second coupling portions opposite to each other on the casing and base, as well as a locator for combining the first and second coupling portions. The first and second coupling portions are either punch holes or guide channels opposite to the snapping channel, which are separately screwed or snapped by a pin column or C-shaped locator. The locator permits positioning by screwing with the pin column, or by snapping with a C-shaped fastener. The casing and base of the water control valve are engaged more securely, thus protecting the internal components with improved applicability.

Abstract: Among flocculating agents reacting in a neutral region and also leaving treated water also in neutral region, a flocculating agent is proposed, which can be used simply and may carry out effective cleaning of mud water in particular. A flocculating agent is proposed, which is a flocculating agent in powder form and exhibiting a pH of 5 to 9 when added to pure water, containing in a mixed state an acidic powder comprising porous particles obtained by adsorbing a metal constituent and an alkaline powder comprising porous particles obtained by adsorbing calcium phosphate.

Abstract: A class of ceramic compositions according to the formula Pb(1-z)Mz(Mn1/3Sb2/3)x(ZryTi1-y)1-xO3 where M is selected to be either Sr or Ba, x is selected to be between 0.01 and 0.1, y is selected to be between 0.35 and 0.55, and z is selected to be between 0.01 and 0.10. In some embodiments of the above composition, one or more dopants is added to the compositions. The dopant(s) may be selected from the group comprising: PbO, CeO2, SnO2, Sm2O3, TeO2, MoO3, Nb2O5, SiO2, CuO, CdO, HfO2, Pr2O3, and mixtures thereof. The dopants can be added to the ceramic composition in individual amounts ranging from 0.01 wt % to up to 5.0 wt %. The preferred ceramic compositions exhibit one or more of the following electromechanical properties: a relative dielectric constant (?) of between 1200 and 2000, a mechanical quality factor (Qm) of between 1500 and 2800; a piezoelectric strain constant (d33) of between 250-450 pC/N, a dielectric loss factor (tan ?) of between 0.002-0.

Abstract: The invention relates to hybrid materials comprising polymers which envelop nanoscale, superparamagnetic, ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic or paramagnetic powders, to a process for producing these materials and to their use.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a refrigerator oil composition comprising (a) a triester species having the following structure: wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are the same or independently selected from hydrocarbon groups having from 2 to 20 and wherein “n” is an integer from 2 to 20; and (b) a refrigerant.