Abstract: A piston device and its manufacturing method are disclosed. The piston device comprises a piston body having at least one annular groove on the side wall of the piston body, and at least one piston ring made of flexible material and mounted in the annular groove. The outer diameter of the piston ring mounted on in the annular groove is larger than the diameter of the piston body, so that the piston ring contacts with the inner wall but the piston body has no contact with the inner wall while the piston device moves reciprocally at the axial direction of the cylinder.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method and apparatus for the treatment of water containing a percentage of dissolved gases to recover at least some of the gases, such as methane gas, from the water. The apparatus comprises a feed pipe having an inlet and an outlet in flow communication with a separation chamber. The chamber has a gas outlet and a water outlet for discharging separated gases and water respectively. A means for stimulating the formation of bubbles, such as an ultrasound transducer, is associated with the feed pipe. The invention also relates to a method of treating water containing dissolved gases including positioning a tube having an inlet and an outlet, the inlet being positioned below the outlet in the water and using at least one device to stimulate formation of gas bubbles in water in the tube to cause an upward flow of water in the tube.

Abstract: A method of separating/purifying a gas mixture (M), includes a step consisting in capturing at least one gas which can generate anionic species by dissolution in aqueous phase. The invention is characterised in that it also includes the following steps consisting in: suspending an absorbent product in the aforementioned aqueous phase, the absorbent product consisting of a lamellar double hydroxide or a mixed oxide which is believed to be amorphous and which originates from the moderate heat treatment of lamellar double hydroxides having an affinity for the above-mentioned gas; distributing the gas mixture (M) in the aqueous phase; and recovering the adsorbate from the absorbent product in suspension.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus for restricting scale build-up in gas scrubbers and piping are disclosed. The scrubbers and/or pipes may have a coating disposed on internal surfaces thereof. The coating restricts formation of scale within the pipe, especially scale that would normally accumulate due to fluoride-enriched absorbents, such as fluoride-enriched alumina.

Abstract: A filter adapted to be placed within a distal end of a hose for use in products such as a convective air warming system for a patient to reduce airborne contamination. A method of providing filtered airflow to a coverlet of a convective air warming system that includes installing a filter in a distal end of a hose of the convective warming system.

Abstract: Disclosed is a gas chromatograph, which comprises a column oven which has a ventilation door disposed in an upper portion thereof and a hydrogen gas sensor installed in an upper region of an internal space thereof. Based on a detection signal from the hydrogen gas sensor, a control section determines a concentration of hydrogen gas contained in a gas within the column oven. If the concentration is equal to or greater than a given threshold value, the control section operates to open the ventilation door while cutting off current to be supplied to a heater, and closing a valve to stop supply of hydrogen gas. Thus, in the event of leakage of hydrogen gas, hydrogen gas accumulated within the column oven can be quickly released outside the column oven to avoid a risk of inflaming.

Abstract: A vaporized fuel treatment apparatus having comprising a first adsorbent having a honeycomb structure capable of adsorbing and desorbing vapor contained in fuel evaporation gas, a case configured to house the first adsorbent therein, and a holding device configured to elastically hold the first adsorbent within the case. The first adsorbent has a circumferential surface and at least one end surface intersecting with the circumferential surface at a corner portion. The holding device comprises a holding member having a first portion and a second portion configured to contact with the circumferential surface and the at least one end surface, respectively. The holding member does not contact with the corner portion of the first adsorbent. The vaporized fuel treatment apparatus can include a sealed container disposed in a canister for controlling temperature alteration in the canister.

Abstract: A PSA apparatus for high-purity hydrogen gas production is provided which can recover high-purity hydrogen gas at a high recovery rate from a reformed gas (hydrogen-containing gas) produced by a reforming process, for example an autothermal reforming process, and containing, as impurity components, at least CO, CO2, N2 and/or Ar, and can contribute to reducing the equipment size, hence reducing the equipment cost.

Abstract: A filter cassette and a method for allowing a leak to be detected are disclosed, in which the filter cassette comprises a main body defining a first chamber. The main body includes an inlet and an outlet, a filter separating the first chamber into first and second sub-chambers, the inlet being in fluid communication with the first sub-chamber and the second sub-chamber being in fluid communication with the outlet. The main body also includes a second chamber is defined by the main body and the filter, wherein in absence of a leak the second chamber is substantially not in fluid communication with the first chamber. The main body further includes a port in fluid communication with the second chamber, whereby measuring a fluid characteristic in the second chamber by means of the port allows a detection of a leak, i.e. an external leak or a bypass leakage.

Abstract: A method for producing a capsule containing beverage ingredients designed for insertion in a beverage production device in which a liquid under pressure enters the capsule in order to interact with the ingredients in the capsule and to form beverage. The method includes preforming the capsule body and at least a portion of said flange-like rim, placing a premade sealing member on the flange-like rim, crimping a portion of the flange-like rim on a portion of the sealing member so resulting in the sealing member becoming attached to the flange-like rim.

Abstract: The invention relates to an automatic dispenser for infused beverages made from powdered coffee or from pre-packaged capsules comprising, inside a housing: an infusion group (1) containing an infusion chamber (2) having a bottom and an opening (3) and being able to receive a pressing plunger (5), actuating means (7) for effecting a sliding movement relative to the pressing plunger (5) and/or said infusion chamber (2) relative to one another, starting from a position of rest, in which the plunger is located outside the chamber, and up to a working position inside the infusion chamber, and an ejecting plate mounted inside the infusion chamber (2) in a manner that enables it to be displaced between the bottom and the opening (3) of the latter by means of a drive device, and; a device (20) for ejecting the cake consisting of coffee grounds or ejecting infused capsules when said ejecting plate is brought to the level of the opening (3) of the infusion chamber (2), this ejecting device comprising an ejecting arm (2

Abstract: A package for a portion of liquid foodstuff dilutable with a diluent, which package comprises: a reservoir for containing a portion of liquid foodstuff dilutable with a diluent, which reservoir has a filling aperture, a reservoir seal for closing the reservoir, a mixing element for mixing the dilutable liquid foodstuff with the diluent, which mixing element comprises: a mixing chamber, which mixing chamber has an outflow aperture for dispensing liquid foodstuff diluted with the diluent, a liquid passage for feeding dilutable liquid foodstuff from the reservoir to the mixing chamber, a feed channel for feeding diluent to the mixing chamber, which feed channel has a first portion and a second portion, the second portion having an outflow aperture which opens into the mixing chamber, and the cross section of the second portion being smaller than the cross section of the first portion and the cross section of the mixing chamber to such an extent that when diluent is fed to the mixing chamber a venturi effect o

Abstract: An apparatus for preparing a coffee beverage comprises a containing element for heating an extracting fluid, a transferring arrangement for causing the fluid to pass through a dose of coffee and an inhibiting arrangement arranged for inhibiting the passing through when the fluid contains a substantial steam phase, the inhibiting arrangement comprising a pressure-adjusting arrangement arranged for adjusting a pressure of the fluid inside the containing element and distinct from an overpressure adjusting arrangement comprised in the apparatus; a method for obtaining a coffee beverage comprises heating an extracting fluid of the beverage to induce the fluid to pass through a dose of coffee, inhibiting the passing through when the fluid contains a substantial steam phase and suitably adjusting a pressure of the extracting fluid before the passing through, the adjusting being obtained through a pressure-adjusting arrangement distinct from an overpressure adjusting arrangement.

Abstract: A permanent, resilient filtering pod for brewing beverages which negates the necessity and costs of purchasing filters after each brewed cup provides an enclosed vessel to hold the brewed substance and prevents the brewed substances from spilling over the beverage brewing machine basket or clogging the spray nozzle of the beverage brewing machine yet allows the user to fill the pod with brewing substances purchased in bulk and to control the strength of the beverage brewed.

Abstract: Popcorn popping machines and associated methods of manufacture and use are disclosed herein. A popcorn popping machine configured in accordance with one embodiment of the disclosure includes a housing having an interior portion and a first side portion opposite a second side portion. The popcorn popping machine also includes a corn mover, a heat source, and an air mover positioned in the interior portion. The air mover is positioned on a support shaft extending from the first side portion to the second side portion of the housing. In operation, the air mover is configured to direct heated air from the heat source to corn kernels moved through the interior portion by the corn mover.

Abstract: A cooking utensil having five layer members which includes a first diaphragm member and a second diaphragm member, at least one thermostat set wherein said at least one thermostat set is situated within first layer, at least one heat sensor, wherein said at least one sensor comprises of a liquid which is sensitive to heat, a thermal induction actuator (81), which selectively closes said first diaphragm member and second diaphragm member according to temperature of the outer member of bottom of intermediate member. A hot air passage formed vertically in a part of the circumference between the sidewalls of the outer member and outer member of third layer, which causes the passage of hot air, a cool air passage formed vertically in a part of circumference between the sidewalls of outer member and inner member of second outer member which causes entering of cool air.

Abstract: A toaster (1) of the horizontal type comprises a bottom housing element (11) accommodating bottom heating elements (20) and a top housing element (13) accommodating top heating elements. The top housing element (13) is arranged at a higher level than the bottom housing element (11), in a normal operative orientation of the toaster (1). Foodstuff to be toasted is arranged between the housing elements (11, 13). In order to have a great visibility to the foodstuff, the top housing element (13) has smaller horizontal dimensions than the bottom housing element (11) which has certain horizontal dimensions in view of the fact that the foodstuff is indirectly supported on the bottom housing element (11). Hence, a horizontally oriented heating surface which is defined by the top heating elements is also smaller than a horizontally oriented heating surface which is defined by the bottom heating elements (20).

Abstract: A grill comprising a lower cooking unit and an upper cooking unit, the lower cooking unit comprising a lower shell and a lower cooking plate detachably mounted on said lower shell, the upper cooking unit comprising an upper shell and an upper cooking plate detachably mounted on said upper shell, wherein the lower shell has a storing unit for storing the plates. The present invention further comprises a storing unit, so when the equipped plates are not in use, they can be stored in the storing unit after being cleaned.

Abstract: A toaster has a carriage for raising and lowering a bread support in a pop-up toaster having a toasting cycle. The carriage is adapted to be guided on one or more vertical rods mounted on a housing of the toaster. The carriage includes a first member having an actuator, adapted to actuate a switch on the toaster to start the toasting cycle, the first member being further adapted to be held in a first position once the switch has been actuated. The carriage further includes a second member adapted to be independently moveable of the first member so that the bread support can be raised without actuating the switch or breaking contacts thereon. Once the toasting cycle is complete, the first member is released from a first position into a second position, in which second position the switch is not actuated and/or the contacts on the switch are broken.

Abstract: The invention relates to a portable cordless hand held device and method for heating or reheating food directly in a dish such as a plate, bowl, cup, platter or serving bowl with steam, hot air or their mix and applying this steam and/or heat to foods conveniently and at anytime needed or desired after the food has been served to the consumer at the table or otherwise.

Abstract: A cooking unit is disclosed. The cooking unit includes one or more burners, a cooking surface located above the burners, and a number of differently-sized baffles between the burners and the cooking surface. The baffles are configured to create a more-uniform temperature at the cooking surface.

Abstract: A cheese making appliance with a cooking vessel, a curd stirring assembly in the cooking vessel, and a controller for the cooking vessel and stirring assembly. The controller controls the temperature of the cooking vessel over a period of time, and turns the stirring assembly on and off and controls its speed, depending on the programmed cycle for a particular type of curd product that is to be made.

Abstract: An apparatus for making, storing, and transporting frozen confections includes a first housing member. A second housing member fits within such first housing member. A mixing member is engageable within such second housing member for mixing predetermined ingredients. A first lid member having an aperture disposed therethrough for receiving a first predetermined end of such mixing member releasably covers such second housing. A motor, connectable to at least one of such first housing member, such second housing member, such first lid member, such mixing member, and a combination thereof, enables at least one of such second housing member and such mixing member to rotate such that such predetermined ingredients are mixed. A securing mechanism secures such motor member to such apparatus. A power source is operably connected to such motor.

Abstract: A system for cutting blocks of cheese or other food product into chunks includes conveyors for moving the blocks along an automated, continuous, in-line processing path. A block cutter cuts the blocks longitudinally and or vertically to provide one or more stacks of slabs which are destacked by a vacuum transfer apparatus. A transverse cutter cuts the individual slabs to create chunks of cheese or other food product. The conveyors include a stack conveyor located in the processing path for conveying successive stacks of slabs from the block cutter to the product destacking apparatus in succession, and a slab conveyor located in the processing path for conveying successive slabs from the product destacking apparatus to the transverse cutter. A trim cutting module includes a rotating mechanism that rotates a block during the trim operation, allowing trim to drop to a trim disposal conveyance.

Abstract: A strapping system includes a strap exchanger that is capable of delivering one or more straps to a component of the strapping system. The strap exchanger feeds a strap to a downstream component of the strapping system. A track assembly receives the strap and uses that strap to bundle product. The strap exchanger is capable of repeatedly delivering straps to the strapping system to reduce, limit, or substantially eliminate downtime associated with manually loading straps into the strapping system.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for compressing at least one roll of compressible material having an outer diameter and a circumference and an inner core having an inner diameter at least one roll of compressible material are provided. For example, a method according to one embodiment includes positioning a chuck about the circumference of the at least one roll, wherein the chuck is configured to engage the at least one roll at a plurality of evenly spaced locations about the circumference of the at least one roll. The method further includes radially compressing the at least one roll at a plurality of evenly spaced locations about the circumference of the at least one roll with the chuck such that the outer diameter of the at least one roll is substantially uniformly reduced without collapsing the inner core.

Abstract: A printing device transfers slide dependent information onto glass surfaces such as a glass slide for holding a medical specimen. A single slide is transferred from a storage section, passing under a thermal print head. The thermal print head defines and transfers an image from an ink media onto the slide as the slide passes across the print head. The print head utilizes pixel like heating elements to apply the desired image. The ink media moves in tandem with the motion of the slide, presenting a continuously fresh section of ink between the print head and the slide throughout the printing process. The information on the slide should be both human and machine readable to reduce any chances of misidentification of the specimen as to the patient. The ink media is endures any chemical processes and handling encountered throughout the expected life of the slide.

Abstract: A printing apparatus operatively connectable to a mounting arm that comprises an interchangeable pallet unit with a longitudinal axis and operatively connectable to the mounting arm for movement along the longitudinal axis, an indexing mechanism operatively connected to the interchangeable pallet so as to permit the interchangeable pallet indexed movement in a direction transverse to said longitudinal axis, and a bar unit operatively connectable to the mounting arm configured to receive a printing screen.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method to print objects employing a letterpress or offset printing method. The surface of the object to be printed or the holding device respectively is measured before printing so as to determine deviations of the distance and the parallelism between the impression cylinder and the object accommodated in a holding device. Based on this measuring, the inclination of the impression cylinder and its distance is adjusted by the holding device either before or during printing.

Abstract: A printing press is comprised of at least one dry offset printing unit. At least two different webs can be fed through the dry offset printing unit. In a first production mode “C” of the printing press, a first web is fed through the dry offset printing unit without a subsequent drying process. In a second production mode “H” of the printing press, a second web is fed through the dry offset printing unit and through an active dryer. In both the first and second production modes “C”, “H”, an inking unit of the printing unit is filled with the same ink.

Abstract: A printing unit of compact construction includes an impression cylinder and a printing form cylinder to be pivoted around the impression cylinder about a pivot axis running parallel to an axis of rotation of the impression cylinder. A spacing between the axes of rotation of the printing form cylinder and of the impression cylinder can be varied and the printing form cylinder and the impression cylinder can be set against each other, to form a press nip in which a substrate can be printed. A first drive for producing a rotational movement of the printing form cylinder is connected to the printing form cylinder through a drive train. At least one component of the drive train has a torque axis running through the impression cylinder. A printing press having at least one printing unit and a process for producing labels or self-adhesive labels in a printing press, are also provided.

Abstract: Liner for a radial-type ink fountain in a printing machine; ie. the sloping ink fountain bottom's lower edge is, via a nip with gap-adjustment by edge-positioning for controlled metering of ink, opposed an ink roller dragging down ink adhering to the ink roller surface during downward rotational movement. The liner (19) has panel(s) to cover else ink-wetted areas in the ink fountain reservoir, thus having a bottom panel (20) with a longitudinal edge (24) extending along the ink fountain bottom's edge adjacent the nip, when installed. Ink penetration between the liner underside and the ink fountain bottom surface from the nip-area is inventively avoided by primary adhesive means (25) striplike continuously extending along bottom panel's edge (24) nearest the nip to sealingly joining the bottom panel edge-area to the ink fountain bottom without bottom panel edge protruding freely towards the ink roller. Manufacturing methods are also claimed.

Abstract: A printing device system comprises a printing roller that has a blanket adhered to an outer surface thereof. The printing device system further comprises a drying device that dries the blanket of the printing roller.

Abstract: A printing plate making apparatus which scans a recording medium by light beam in a predetermined pixel pitch, thereby engraving a surface of the recording medium to make a printing plate, wherein an upper surface of a convex portion of light power of the light beam engraving all or part of an adjacent region which is adjacent to a convex portion which is to be left in a convex shape on a surface of the recording medium is set to an threshold engraving energy or less, and light power of light beam in a vicinity region in vicinity of outer side of a region defined as the adjacent region is brought higher than light power in the adjacent region.

Abstract: A printing apparatus adapted for printing wide line width and narrow line width patterns with one printing plate when fabricating a liquid crystal display device is disclosed. The printing apparatus includes a printing roll having target pattern forming material spread thereon, a printing substrate have at least one pair of adjacent printing plate patterns and at least one barrier rib pattern therebetween, and a target substrate. The printing substrate is configured to receive target pattern forming material from the printing roll and the target substrate is configured to receive target pattern forming material remaining on the printing roll following transfer of target forming material to the printing substrate.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method is provided for handling printing plates which are provided in the form of a printing plate stack on at least one storage plane. If printing plates having a particularly large format are required to set images on them in an exposer, loading cassettes for a magazine of cassettes is at least problematic. Therefore, a tray is moved out of a storage device via an adjacent lifting device into the lower region of the storage device, and is fed there to a drawer which can be moved out of the storage device. If the tray is situated on the drawer, the latter can be moved by an operator in a second horizontal direction out of the handling apparatus, in particular out of the storage device. In this position, the tray can then be loaded in an ergonomically favorable manner.

Abstract: An initiator for initiating detonation in a detonation cord of a perforating system, where the initiator comprises a modular electronic igniter that quick connects into a portion of high explosive. The high explosive is disposed in a housing having an end of detonation cord crimped therein. The electronic igniter may be shipped to the field and/or stored separate from the high explosive then the two may be assembled just prior to deploying the perforating gun assembly in a wellbore. Various methods of quick connecting the electronic igniter to the high explosive may be used.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present subject matter provide an improved percussion primer composition and improved hot-wire igniter acceptor, wherein lead styphnate is replaced with a lead-free material, 4,6-dinitro-7-hydroxybenzofuroxan, potassium salt (KDNP). Embodiments of the percussion primer composition include KDNP, a sensitizer, an oxidizer, calcium silicide, a fuel, and a binder. Sensitizers may include tetracene. Oxidizers may include alkali or alkaline earth nitrates, oxides, or peroxides (such as barium nitrate). Fuel materials may include metals, metal sulfides, or other non-metallic materials. Common binders may include nitrocellulose based shellacs, gum arabic/poly vinyl alcohol mixtures, and guar gum/poly vinyl alcohol mixtures. Embodiments of the hot-wire igniter device include a bridgewire, an acceptor, and an output, where KDNP is the acceptor. Power supply may be in the form of constant current/voltage or current flow from a capacitor discharge.

Abstract: Pyrotechnic systems and associated methods are disclosed. In one embodiment, a pyrotechnic system includes a combustible material in a housing having a first and second portion. The first portion of the housing can have an inlet for receiving combustion products and the second portion can have an outlet to propagate combustion between the second portion of the housing and the combustible material. The system can further include a combustible carrier material movable from the first portion of the housing to the second portion of the housing. The combustible carrier material can be ignited in a first portion of the housing and capable of sustaining combustion while being moved to the second portion of the housing. Additional embodiments can include a seal positioned to block a migration of combustion products between the first and second portions of the housing when the combustible carrier material is in the first portion of the housing.

Abstract: A warhead delivery system (25) including a multi-hydrogen bomb warhead (5) preferably having a plurality of bombs (3) located behind a door (2) of a nose cone (1) of the warhead (5). A plurality of decoys (4) may be used in conjunction with the bombs (3). The bombs (3) and decoys (4) are spring-ejected from the nose cone (1) through the doors (2). However, the bomb (3) may be transported via missile or via alternative delivery systems (23), such as aircraft (19), the back of a pick-up truck (6) or via flat-bed trailer (21).

Abstract: A warhead including a hit-to-kill vehicle and a hub about the hit-to-kill vehicle including, packaged therein, a net, thrusters for deploying the net, and a plurality of rods held in a spaced relationship by the net for destroying a target when the net is deployed in the vicinity of the target in case the hit-to-kill vehicle misses the target.

Abstract: A paintball grenade having a bladder with a first end, a second end, and a cavity formed therebetween to be filled with a colored liquid. A first securing element is used to seal the first end of the bladder and a second securing end is used to seal the second end of the bladder. An end cap is placed over the second end of the bladder and secured thereto by a removable fastener.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a zipline trolley comprising of two substantially flat side flanges arranged in a parallel configuration, a substantially flat front face attached perpendicularly to the front edges of the side flanges, and a substantially flat back face attached perpendicularly to the rear edges of the side flanges. There are also provided two axles for bearing wheels and four lines for attaching the side flanges to the two spreaders. One set of two lines is attached to the bottom of each of the side flanges. The lines are connected to two spreaders, which are attached to the ends of a handlebar.

Abstract: A surface-conditioning composition can form a denser phosphate coating film having more satisfactory coating weight on the surface of a metal material compared to a conventional one and, therefore, can reduce the electrolytic corrosion of a metal material during a chemical conversion treatment, form a chemical conversion coating film having a satisfactory coating weight even when applied to a hardly convertible metal material (e.g., an aluminum metal material, a high tensile strength steel plate), improve the productivity rate of the chemical conversion treatment, resulting in the reduction of the time required for the chemical conversion treatment, and enables a metal phosphate particle to be dispersed in a surface-conditioning solution highly stably. This composition includes a particle of a phosphate of a bivalent or trivalent metal and has a pH value ranging from 3 to 12. The particle has a D50 value of 3 ?m or less.

Abstract: A method for preserving wood by injecting into the wood a slurry having: particles of a sparingly soluble copper salt, copper hydroxide, or both, wherein the weight average diameter d50 of the particles in the slurry is between 0.1 microns and 0.7 microns and the d98 of the particles in the slurry is less than about 1 micron; a dispersant; and water. The dispersant is anionic or a mix of anionic and non-ionic. Advantageously, less than 20% by weight of the particles have a diameter less than 20 nanometers. Useful copper salts include basic copper carbonate, tri-basic copper sulfate, copper oxychloride, basic copper nitrate, basic copper borate, copper borate, basic copper phosphate, or copper silicate. The slurry most preferably includes copper hydroxide particles. The slurry further advantageously includes at least one organic biocide, wherein at least a portion of the organic biocide is coated on the particles.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are amide compounds suitable for use in ink compositions, and methods of making the amide compounds disclosed herein.

Abstract: A method of producing metal nanoparticles in a high yield rate and uniform shape and size, which is thus suitable for mass production. In addition, metal nanoparticles are provided that have superior dispersion stability when re-dispersed in various organic solvents, which thus suitable for use as a conductive ink having high conductivity. The method of producing nanoparticles includes mixing a metal precursor with a copper compound to a hydrocarbon based solvent, mixing an amine-based compound to the mixed solution of the metal precursor with copper compound and hydrocarbon based solvent, and mixing a compound including one or more atoms having at least one lone pair, selected from a group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorous to the mixed solution of the amine-based compound, metal precursor with a copper compound and hydrocarbon based solvent.

Abstract: Methods of applications of organosilanes optionally having a nonhydrolyzable organic group, but having one or more hydrolyzable groups, with a polyol containing at least three hydroxy groups, where any two of the hydroxy groups are separated by at least three intervening atoms by aerosolization of droplets between 0.5-8 microns are disclosed and an improved formulation comprising adding a nonionic wetting agent are disclosed. An improved aerosolization application technique and the improved formulation provide for smaller droplet size and better coverage of substrates to which the organosilanes are applied. The improved formulation has increased affinity, reduces surface tension and therefore can covalently bond more quickly. A method of treating a substrate, and the treated substrate so formed, by contacting the substrate with the improved formulation for a period of time sufficient for treatment of the substrate are disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing stable suspensions of finely dispersed colloidal crystalline titanium dioxide particles, comprising the hydro-thermal treatment of aqueous molecularly disperse sol-gel solutions prepared from amorphous water-soluble precursor powders. The suspensions thus obtained can be used, inter alia, for the production of thin transparent crystalline layers.

Abstract: A diffusion reaction method includes: joining a plurality of reaction liquids relating to a reaction to form a multilayer flow; sandwiching from both sides of the multilayer flow in the depthwise direction using sandwiching liquid so that the multilayer flow is contracted and thinned; and flowing the multilayer flow through a reaction channel to cause a diffusive mixing between laminar flows so as to cause the reaction. The method enables to allow reacting diffusive mixing a plurality of reaction liquids instantly in a reaction channel, is suitable for any kinds of reaction product. Further, for example, when forming fine particles in a diffusion reaction, the method can prevent logging of the reaction channel by the fine particles and an adhesion of the fine particles to the wall of the reaction channel.