Abstract: A locking cylinder comprises a two-part housing, comprising an upper part and a lower part. A cylinder core (20) is received in said housing and can be actuated by turning a key. The housing of the locking cylinder is fastened to the body of a vehicle (34) by fastening means (30). The aim of the invention is to reduce the space required by and simplify handling of the locking cylinder. For this purpose, the fastening means (30) used to fasten (34) the housing of the locking cylinder on the body is also used as a connecting means for fastening the housing upper part on the housing lower part.

Abstract: A pick-resistant lock system includes a locking means. The locking means includes a displacement sensor for sensing displacement so as to generate a displacement signal, the displacement sensor comprising a micro electromechanical gyroscope, a second counterpart, a second alarm, and a second control unit for receiving the displacement signal so as to start the alarm. A key includes a control switch, a second counterpart corresponding to the second counterpart, a second alarm, and a second control unit for receiving the displacement signal transmitted from the locking means so as to start the second alarm.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an environmentally friendly method for deodorizing and rendering innocuous biologically contaminated sludge or slurry—primarily municipal wastewater sludge or liquid manure—containing up to 10% of solid matter with aerobic stabilization. The method comprises adding adsorbent carbonaceous mineral material having a particle size of less than or equal to 5 mm to the sludge or slurry and processing the obtained mixture by wet grinding to form a stable suspension in such a way that the solid content of the mixture is ground to particles having a particle size of less than 200 ?m and the living organisms are lysed.

Abstract: A pipe hand bender with v-shaped milled degree ports to accommodate various style stop members and shallow cut degree slots in the outer edges of the bend through walls using a snap in place stop member with v-dents matched to the v-ports.

Abstract: A groover extension device, used to avoid the time-consuming, physically stressful step of removing a carriage assembly, or other machine assembly, from a power machine when attaching a grooving machine to said power machine. By use of the extension device ample space is created in order for the physical mass of the carriage to physically remain in place on a power machine and still allow the power machine to be connected to a grooving machine to supply it with locomotive power to perform its grooving functions. The extension may be adapted to fit connect various types of machinery to various types of apparatuses that provide means of locomotive power.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for continuously manufacturing metal sheets. The method includes: (a) providing a first metal coil having a first end and a second end; (b) continuously driving the first end of the first metal coil to move forward; (c) providing a second metal coil having a first end and a second end; and (d) lapping and rolling the first end of the second metal coil and the second end of the first metal coil, so that the second metal coil moves forward following the first metal coil. In this way, the present invention only causes a few seconds' delay in rolling, so a small piler is needed, thus reducing the space of the production line and saving the facility cost.

Abstract: A pressing apparatus 30 performs plastic working by pressing a punch 36 into a metal plate 31. The pressing apparatus 30 includes a rough surface part 47 that is formed at a front-end-side area of an outer surface of the punch 36, the level of surface roughness of the rough surface part 47 being greater than that of other area part, and a smooth surface part 48 that is formed at a base-end-side area that is located at a relatively base-end side in comparison with the area of the rough surface part 47, the smooth surface part 48 being smoother than the rough surface part 47. The punch is inserted up to a point where the rough part goes beyond one surface of the metal plate that is opposite to the other surface thereof that is provided at a side at which the insertion of the punch into the metal plate is started. By this means, the formation of a bump on the punched-side surface is prevented.

Abstract: An upsetting method capable of reducing a molding pressure is provided. The upsetting method uses a receiving die 11 and a guide 20 having an insertion hole 23 for inserting and holding a diameter expansion scheduled portion 2 of the raw material 1 in a buckling prevented state and in an axially slidable manner, the insertion hole being penetrated from the basal end to the tip end of the guide 20.

Abstract: Metal sheets, and in particular, metal sheets for roofing of the kind having upstanding flat edges ending with beads, are bent by rolling the flat edges such that they become gradually thinner towards the beads. The sheets will also be bent if the beads are not rolled. Metal sheets having upstanding sides, and ends bent towards or away from the upstanding sides, are also bent by rolling the upstanding sides gradually thinner towards or away from the bent ends for forming beams for automotive components as well as other products.

Abstract: Machines and tools that can be used to process (e.g., to cut and/or form) plate-like workpieces, such as metal sheets. In some aspects, a plate workpiece processing tool includes a first tool portion, which is drivingly connectable to a stroke drive, and a second tool portion. The tool has at least one processing device on the first tool portion and at least two counter-devices on the second tool portion. By using an activating device provided on the second tool portion, different device pairings can be activated for workpiece processing.

Abstract: The invention relates to a crimping tool (1) having crimp indentors and a through-opening for the introduction of a cable end which is to be crimped, introduction of the cable end being limited by an adjustable stop part (2) which is fixedly connected to the crimping tool (1), but is preferably operationally releasable, furthermore, the stop part (2) having different stop pins (3) which can be selectively activated by being pushed down and, if a different stop pin (3) is selected, the activated stop pin (3), which is biased into its non-activated position, having to be released from the stop position. In order to provide a crimping tool with a stop part for which there is advantageous adjustment from one activated stop pin to another activated stop pin, it is proposed that the activated stop pin (3) is retained by a spring latching means formed by a retaining spring (6), and the spring latching means can be deactivated by a release movement of the stop part (2).

Abstract: A ferrous metal tool is provided for the forming of light metal sheet workpieces at elevated temperatures, with the forming surface of the tool prepared to minimize friction and adhesion when engaged in deformation of the hot sheet metal. The forming surface of a steel tool is nitrocarburized to form a compound layer and diffusion layer on the surface. The compound layer initially comprises an outer gamma-phase material and an underlying epsilon phase material. Gamma-phase material is removed to expose underlying epsilon phase material, and low friction particles are embedded in the modified nitrocarburized compound layer of the forming tool.

Abstract: A method for evaluating and/or compensating the acceleration offset in a combined accelerometer and gyroscope, wherein the evaluation or compensation is based on a quadrature signal delivered by the accelerometer.

Abstract: A vibrating gyroscope comprising: a proof mass (1); a spring suspension system (5, 6, 7, 8; 9) for suspending the proof mass; an electrical drive mechanism for vibrating the proof mass along a drive axis (x); electrodes (2, 3) for building together with at least a part of the proof mass (1) a capacitance system for detecting moves of the proof mass along a sense axis (z) perpendicular to the drive axis. The gyroscope is arranged so that quadrature forces generate displacements of the proof mass without substantially displacing the neutral point (10) of the proof mass along the sense axis (z). This may be achieved by tilting the proof mass while keeping its neutral point at a constant position along the sense axis, or by applying a constant electrostatic force.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a gas responsive pellistor and associated information specific to that pellistor. The information can include environmental compensation information, such as temperature or humidity compensation information or other manufacturing information, and is stored in a computer readable medium. Such information can be used by local circuitry in compensating the sensor while making ambient gas level determinations.

Abstract: An inline virtual impactor comprising an outer housing having a housing inlet, a housing inner surface, a major flow outlet and a minor flow outlet; a flow accelerator member disposed in the upstream portion of the outer housing; and a flow stabilizer member disposed within the outer housing downstream of the flow accelerator member, wherein the disposition of the flow accelerator creates an annular flow passage between the flow accelerator and the outer housing, and wherein a flow divider that is at least partially downstream of the flow stabilizer member effects splitting of the flow stream entering the housing into major and minor flows. The minor flow comprises primarily particles having a size greater than a cutpoint size and the major flow comprises primarily particles smaller than the cutpoint size. The inline virtual impactor may further comprise an aspiration section located upstream of the flow accelerator member.

Abstract: An output signal of a knock sensor is converted by an A/D conversion part in a specified knock determination range. In a time-frequency analysis part, data of frequency, time, and vibration intensity are extracted at the same time from an output signal of the knock sensor and the time-varying patterns of vibration intensities in multiple frequency ranges are extracted. A knock determination part computes lengths (crank angle, or time period) from a starting point to a latest terminating point of the time-varying patters of vibration intensity in at least two frequency ranges, which rise at a same time. The knock determination part executes a knock determination based on whether the lengths are greater than a knock determination threshold.

Abstract: An output signal of a knock sensor is converted by an A/D conversion part in a specified knock determination range. In a time-frequency analysis part, data of frequency, time, and vibration intensity are extracted at the same time from an output signal of the knock sensor, and the time-varying patterns of vibration intensities in multiple frequency ranges are extracted. A knock determination part computes the number of time-varying patterns of vibration intensity which rise at same time. The knock determination part executes a knock determination based on whether the number of the time-varying patterns of vibration intensity is greater than a knock determination threshold.

Abstract: A piezoceramic material according to an embodiment of the present invention has a composition represented by Pbm{Zr1-x-y-zTixSny(Sb1-nNbn)z}O3 where 1.000?m?1.075, 0.470?x<0.490, 0.020?y?0.040, 0<n<1.000 and 0<z?0.025 and a crystallite size of 30 to 39 nm.

Abstract: This invention relates to a system and process for detecting the place of leakage from umbilical hoses. This system comprises an internal device (PIG) which is inserted in the hose of the umbilical cable which is leaking and external detecting equipment which is intended to identify the position of the PIG device which is already inside the umbilical. The device which is inserted in the umbilical and which is known as a PIG, is made of metal and the external detecting equipment comprises two parts: one formed by a ring which surrounds the umbilical, having a sensor system and another part which has the electronics, capable of identifying the presence of the PIG and, with this, modifying the signal, so that it can IS be identified. The system is presented as a process for detecting the exact place of leakage from umbilical hoses and the technology tested is easy to operate and the inspection is carried out at a good speed and continuously, without creating waste.

Abstract: A leak detector for detecting a leak in a line includes a transmitting device for generating radiation to be coupled into the line. By a receiving device, radiation that has emerged from the line through a leak is received, as a result of which the leak becomes detectable.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for permanently monitoring pressurized pipelines and line systems, including connected loads, which carry fluid media, wherein pressure measurements are carried out in different modes downstream of the transfer point between the supply device and the load connection in order to determine consumption values over predeterminable periods of time and to infer the system state, said method having the following steps: an electronically controllable shut-off valve is arranged downstream of the transfer point and a pressure sensor is arranged downstream of the valve in the direction of flow; all of the removal locations are closed and pressure is built up in the system; the shut-off valve is closed and an outlet pressure drop, which may be present, is determined over a first period of time and the initial and final pressure values are stored; the valve is opened and the consumption of water with the longest equal flow rate is set and stored as the end of commissioning; a transition i

Abstract: A HPLC based analytical method for identification and quantification of related substances of imipenem, cilastatin and their combination is disclosed.

Abstract: A bio-monitoring system used for the determination of analyte in a liquid sample, comprising (1) a meter and a test strip integrated using RFID, wherein the RFID comprises a RFID reader and a RFID tag, wherein the RFID tag is embedded in the test strip or attached to the test strip vial/container, and the RFID tag stores the calibration parameters and strip type information of the test strip; and (2) a radio transmission process system.

Abstract: A system and/or method for sensing the presence of moisture (e.g., rain) and/or other material(s) on a window such as a vehicle window (e.g., vehicle windshield, sunroof or backlite). In certain example embodiments of the invention, at least one sensing capacitor is supported by a window such as a vehicle windshield, the capacitor(s) having a field that is affected by moisture (e.g., rain) on a surface of the window. The at least one sensing capacitor may have a fractal geometry in certain example embodiments of this invention. The sensing circuit may output an analog signal that is based on and/or related to the sensing capacitor(s). The analog output of the circuit may be converted to a digital signal, and subjected to processing (e.g., correlation) for determining whether moisture (e.g., rain, dew, fog, etc.) or the like is present on the surface of the window.

Abstract: A filling level detector for cryogenic liquids which are located in a container (1) uses a probe with a superconductor. In order to provide a filling level detector which is insensitive and costs little, the probe (11) is a flat conductor (20) which comprises a plurality of conductors which are routed parallel in a plastic matrix (21), of which a first conductor (23) is a super conductor, second conductors (24) are used to supply heating current to the first conductor (23), and third conductors (25; 25, 26) are used for voltage measurement, with the conductors in one pair (24, 25, 26) each being connected to points (27, 28 and 29, 30) which are at a distance from one another in the longitudinal direction of the probe. The probe is guided in a guide in the container.

Abstract: A relative fullness of a fluid container is monitored by directing reference light at a bottom surface of the fluid container. The fluid container is designed so that the amount or pattern of reference light reflected from the fluid container varies in relation to the relative fullness of the fluid container. Accordingly, the relative amount or pattern of reference light reflected from the fluid container can be monitored and used to determine the relative fullness of the fluid container.

Abstract: A method of performing gravity surveys in a wellbore is described including performing a time-lapse measurement in a monitoring well in the vicinity of injector wellbores, determining a depth for which the difference of the time lapse measurements changes sign or crosses zero as depth of the anomaly; and using said measurements at other depth points to further determine one or more parameters relating to the location and/or size of a density anomaly caused by injecting fluids through said injector wellbores, thus enabling the sweep of an injected fluid including the occurrence of fingering in the formation.

Abstract: Provided is a piezo-resistor type acceleration sensor in which an offset voltage does not fluctuate even when excessive impact/acceleration is applied. In the acceleration sensor, metal wires on top surfaces of a flexible portion and a weight are arranged in grooves formed on the flexible portion top surface/weight top surface. The acceleration sensor has a structure in which the metal wires do not hit an upper regulation plate even when the weight collides with the upper regulation plate, and the offset voltage fluctuation can be avoided.

Abstract: Ultrasonic detection of flaws in ceramic monoliths such as are commonly used in diesel particulate filters is made possible by beaming ultrasound into the monolith from an inlet or outlet face thereof and analyzing the reflected ultrasound from the same face. The monolith is preferably rotated during the scan, or the scan may be repeated from several rotational positions relative to the face of the monolith. Even small flaws which are hard to detect may be identified.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for effecting ultrasonic flaw detection of an object processes an echo signal received from the object being tested in at least three signal channels, wherein the echo signal is scaled to different degrees along each channel to increase and extend the dynamic range of an associated A/D converter system, in a manner which dispenses with the need for using numerous analog high pass and low pass filters and a variable gain amplifier. This reduces complexity and avoids performance limitations. The digital to analog converters sample the differently scaled input signal and a selection circuit selects the output of the digital output obtained from that analog to digital converter which has the highest gain, but which has not overflowed. The digital outputs are seamlessly merged to produce an output that can be displayed as a scan display which shows the location of faults.

Abstract: A medium fatigue detection apparatus and a medium fatigue detection method detect fatigue of a sheet-like medium. The apparatus includes an ultrasonic sending device for oscillating ultrasonic waves as burst waves, an ultrasonic receiving device, and a sensed intensity detector. The ultrasonic sending device and ultrasonic receiving device are arranged to oppose each other and allow a sheet-like medium to pass between them. The ultrasonic waves sent from the ultrasonic sending device are incident on a principal surface of the sheet-like medium at a predetermined incident angle ?. Fatigue of the medium is detected by measuring a variation in sensed intensity of the ultrasonic waves having passed through the sheet-like medium.

Abstract: Disclosed is an ultrasonic sensor attachment structure which provides coincidence between a center of the ultrasonic-sensor and that of a through-hole in a simple way, and which restricts unwanted-vibration-transmission between a wall-member of a movable-body and an ultrasonic-transducer without spoiling design. According to the structure, the sensor, which includes the ultrasonic-transducer, a case receiving the ultrasonic-transducer and a vibration-insulation-member for vibration-transmission-suppression, is attached to the wall-member having the through-hole, so that an oscillation-surface is exposed to an outer-surface side through the through-hole. The ultrasonic-sensor is fixed by a fixation-member so that the oscillation-surface and an outer-surface of the wall-member are on a substantially same plane.

Abstract: A vibration characteristic measuring device is provided with a shaker, including a shaking section which reciprocates along an axis, and a mounting block fastened to a mounting surface of the shaking section. A disk drive suspension is mounted on the mounting block. The mounting block has a facing surface which faces the mounting surface of the shaking section. An adhesive member formed of a resin tape is disposed between the mounting surface and the facing surface of the mounting block. The adhesive member is deformable depending on a gap between the mounting surface and the facing surface. The adhesive member closely contacts both the mounting surface and the facing surface without a gap.

Abstract: A vibration table for testing products employs threaded inserts for mounting the test products or fixtures therefor on the table. The threaded inserts have enlarged and elongated threaded shafts that engage threaded openings in the upper surface of the table, with enlarged heads on the inserts being positioned adjacent the outer surface of the table or the outer surface of an insulation layer mounted on the table. The inserts have elongated internally threaded openings therein, to which the test products or fixtures are bolted by elongated bolts. The inserts enhance the transmission of vibration forces to the test product with or without an insulating layer. They also provide improved temperature uniformity by providing air circulation between the test product and the table.

Abstract: A contact stress sensor includes one or more MEMS fabricated sensor elements, where each sensor element of includes a thin non-recessed portion, a recessed portion and a pressure sensitive element adjacent to the recessed portion. An electric circuit is connected to the pressure sensitive element. The circuit includes a thermal compensator and a pressure signal circuit element configured to provide a signal upon movement of the pressure sensitive element.

Abstract: A force sensor assembly particularly suited for use in an electronic stylus that senses the contact force on its nib for recording pen strokes and handwriting recognition. The sensor assembly has a housing in which force sensing circuitry is mounted. The force sensing circuitry is configured for receiving an input force to be sensed and converting the input force into an output signal indicative of the input force. A coupling transmits the input force to the force sensing circuitry. The coupling has an inner section that applies the input force to the load bearing member, an outer section that receives the contact force on the nib and a collapsible section that allows the outer section to move relative to the inner section when the contact force exceeds a threshold. The relative movement of the outer section is limited by an abutment on the housing so that the input force on the force sensing circuitry never exceeds the threshold.

Abstract: A method for testing tubular objects, in particular paper sleeves in a cylindrical pressure chamber, comprises the following steps: receiving the tubular object to be tested in a pressure chamber, which is comprised of a hollow cylinder with a pressure shell, wherein the pressure shell is supported at the hollow cylinder and wherein an expansion of the pressure shell in radial outward direction and in axial direction is limited; loading the pressure shell with a pressure means, so that the inner surface of the pressure shell is evenly applied to the surface of the object; and providing a pressure increase until the terminal pressure to be tested is reached, or a damage of the tubular object occurs. The invention also relates to an apparatus for testing tubular objects, configured to use the method.

Abstract: A micro sized multi-axis semiconductor skin friction/wall shear stress induced by fluid flow. The sensor design includes a shear/strain transduction gimble connected to a force collecting plate located at the flow boundary surface. The shear force collecting plate is interconnected by an arm to offset the tortional hinges from the fluid flow. The arm is connected to the shear force collecting plate through dual axis torsional hinges with piezoresistive torsional strain gauges. These gauges are disposed on the tortional hinges and provide a voltage output indicative of applied shear stress acting on the force collection plate proximate the flow boundary surface. Offsetting the torsional hinges creates a force concentration and resolution structure that enables the generation of a large stress on the strain gauge from small shear stress, or small displacement of the collecting plate. The design also isolates the torsional sensors from exposure to the fluid flow.

Abstract: A natural gradient, single well, tracer dilution non-continuous mixing apparatus and method for measuring flow of liquids through porous media are described. The method has been applied to concentrations of Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) in monitoring wells to measure the rate of LNAPL flow through the wells and through the adjacent formation. Similar measurements were made for concentrations of water in other formations. A LNAPL-soluble fluorescing tracer was added to LNAPL in the wells, and a water-soluble fluorescing tracer was added to water in the wells. The tracer is initially uniformly-mixed into the LNAPL or water in the well, and the tracer concentration is measured using a fiber optic cable and a spectrometer. The LNAPL or water with dissolved tracer is then allowed to flow from the well without any mixing. At a later time, the LNAPL or water and tracer in the well are mixed to a uniform tracer concentration, and the tracer concentration is remeasured.

Abstract: A measuring transducer of a flow measuring device for measuring the flow of a medium through an existing pipeline system, wherein, in a cost-favorable manner, an equalization of potential between medium and measuring transducer is effected. The measuring transducer includes a measuring transducer housing, a measuring tube integrated in the measuring transducer, two process connections of an insulating material, via which the measuring tube is connectable to the pipeline system, and, placed in one of the process connections, at least one electrode, which is exposed in an inner space of the process connection, through which medium flows during operation. The electrode is connected with the measuring transducer housing via an electrically conductive connection.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for generating and tracing vortices include an actuator that is moved through a fluid is such a fashion as to produce a difference in pressure between two faces, so that the fluid is drawn from an area of higher pressure into an area of lower pressure around an edge of the actuator, thereby producing a vortex. A vortex generator produces vortices in air or other fluid, without an external chamber being required. The rotational velocity of such a vortex is greater than the rotational velocity of the actuator. The shape, size, and strength of the vortices can be controlled by varying one or more of the size, shape, and speed of the apparatus' actuator including its leading and trailing edges, height of the actuator above the surface, and the angles between the plane of the actuator and the motion through the fluid. A vortex may be visualized easily using a tracing material which is introduced into the vortex.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining fluid flow in a pipe apparatus includes a fluid nozzle in contact with the pipe having a contour without negative pressure gradients along the nozzle's surface as fluid flows through the nozzle. The apparatus includes a transit time ultrasonic flow meter employing at least one acoustic path in communication with the fluid in the pipe and disposed downstream of the nozzle. An apparatus for determining fluid flow in a pipe. The apparatus includes a fluid nozzle in contact with the pipe having a contour defined by a compound cubic. The present invention includes a transit time ultrasonic flow meter employing at least one acoustic path in communication with the fluid in the pipe and disposed downstream of the nozzle. A fluid nozzle for a pipe. A method for determining fluid flow in a pipe.

Abstract: A method for testing the brakes of a wind energy system is provided, wherein the method comprising determining the brake torque by an indirect measurement. The method contains a comparison to defined threshold values for time and generator torque as well as time and actual power. Further, a computer-readable medium is provided that provides instructions which when executed by a computing platform cause the computing platform to perform operations wherein the operations include the method according to embodiments described herein. Further, a wind energy system is provided that has a rotor with a rotor brake and a calculation unit adapted for comparing two threshold values for time and torque to the actual values of time and torque, alternatively for comparing two threshold values for time and actual power to the actual values of time and actual power.

Abstract: An analyzer comprising: a first measurement unit; a second measurement unit; a transportation device for transporting samples to at least one measurement unit selected from the first measurement unit and the second measurement unit; and a transportation controller for determining whether or not a sample is transportable to the selected one measurement unit on the basis of at least one of a state notification of the first measurement unit and a state notification of the second measurement unit, wherein the transportation controller controls the transportation device to perform a sample transportation operation of transporting the sample to the selected one measurement unit when the sample is transportable to the selected one measurement unit, and to perform the other transportation operation than the sample transportation operation when the sample is not transportable to the selected one measurement unit, is disclosed. Sample transportation method and a computer program product are also disclosed.

Abstract: A sampling device and method for use with a conduit for fluid which has at least one sampling nozzle or sample hole. The sample collected is directed to a manifold where an analysis is conducted and flow rates are measured. The sampled fluid is returned to the conduit. The Static Pressure Control System uses a vacuum pump or other device to equalize the static pressures of the sample nozzle collection manifold and the Static Pressure of the Conduit to achieve the mass-velocity and area-weighted average fluid composition and mass flow rate.

Abstract: A hand held detector system that has a housing with a passage that can receive a sample, and a concentrator that captures the sample. The hand held system further includes a single detector coupled to the concentrator and a fluid system that provides fluid communication between the housing passage and the concentrator, and between the concentrator and the detector. The system is powered by a battery. The system may include a controller that heats the concentrator with a temperature profile that causes a first trace molecule to desorb at a time different from the desorption of a second trace molecule. The system and components may be powered by a battery.

Abstract: An analyzer comprising: a first measurement unit for measuring samples; a second measurement unit; and a transportation device operable to transport a plurality of sample containers accommodated in a first rack and containing samples and a plurality of sample containers accommodated in a second rack and containing samples, to the first measurement unit and the second measurement unit, wherein the transportation device comprises a first transportation section operable to transport the plurality of sample containers on the first rack to the first measurement unit and the second measurement unit by transporting the first rack on a transport path, and a second transportation section operable to transport the plurality of sample containers on the second rack to the first measurement unit and the second measurement unit by transporting the second rack on the transport path independently from movement of the first rack, is disclosed. A transportation device is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention can easily determine a specification which includes a PTO clutch mechanism or a specification which includes no PTO clutch mechanism. According to the present invention, in a tractor which detachably mounts a PTO portion on a transmission portion, a PTO clutch mechanism is arranged in the inside of the PTO portion. Accordingly, it is possible to easily determine the specification which includes the PTO clutch mechanism or the specification which includes no PTO clutch mechanism depending on whether the PTO clutch mechanism is preliminarily assembled in the PTO portion or not in a stage that the PTO portion is assembled and, at the same time, it is possible to easily complete the assembling by merely mounting the PTO portion on the transmission portion. Further, by taking steps opposite to the above-mentioned steps, it is possible to easily perform the maintenance of the PTO clutch mechanism or the like.

Abstract: A drive apparatus is provided for a swing-out element of a motor vehicle, in particular for a swiveling swing-out window, which is automatically adjustable between an open position and a closed position along a movement path, including a driving gear driven by an electric motor, to which a swing-out lever connected to the swing-out element is coupled at a pivot point that is guided at a radial distance in relation to the rotary axle of the driving gear on a guide path deviating from a circular path, the distance decreasing along the guide path from the open position of the swing-out element to the closed position.