Abstract: A ground anchor assembly includes at least two threaded studs, an anchor plate having at least two openings sized and shaped to receive the at least two threaded studs. The assembly further includes a first fastener for each of the at least two threaded studs attached to the respective stud and bearing against a first side of the anchor plate, and a break-away fastener for each of the at least two threaded studs and attached to the respective stud on an opposite side of the anchor plate. Each break-away fastener cooperates with the corresponding first fastener to retain the corresponding stud in position relative to the anchor plate and the other of the at least two studs.

Abstract: A system is provided for constructing a wall frame having a PVC stud, a PVC channel member, a groove formed in the PVC stud and a tongue formed in the PVC channel, wherein the tongue and groove are adapted to detachably couple the PVC stud and the PVC channel. The invention includes snap-on features that allow the components to be removably secured. The invention provides components that are constructed to eliminate insect infestation, rotting, shrinkage, warping and splintering.

Abstract: A wall panel system includes a mounting bracket with a longitudinally extending first channel and a longitudinally extending second channel, and a wall panel with a perpendicular flange around its periphery. The wall panel is attached to the mounting bracket by a clip attached to the wall panel adjacent the flange, the clip having an engaging element with a first portion and a second portion. The clip is secured to the mounting bracket by either the first portion of the engaging element mating with the second channel, or the second portion mating with the first channel. The first portion of the engaging element and the second channel each include a protrusion, the interaction of the protrusions causing the first portion to snap into the second channel.

Abstract: Modular building structures and systems for construction of modular buildings are provided. A modular building structure according to one embodiment includes at least two panels having two outer skins and an inner core; at least two panel spacers between the outer skins of the panels; at least two panel connectors partially receiving the panels; at least one coupling bar; and at least one corner coupler configured to couple two of the panels substantially perpendicular to each other. A modular building structure may further include at least one straight coupler configured to couple two of the panels substantially parallel to each other.

Abstract: A cast architectural element is provided, including a stone shell having front, end, side and rear walls defining an internal cavity, the rear walls defining a rear opening. A core is disposed in the internal cavity, and at least one attachment clip is provided having a first portion extending from the shell, and a second portion engaged in the core. A layer of mesh is disposed upon the core and the second clip portion, and a settable filler layer is disposed upon the mesh in the rear opening, such that upon setting, the filler retains the clip in position.

Abstract: A building element (1) that is suitable for use as a structural element in wet areas or external docking. The building element (1) comprises a rigid substrate (2) having an upper face (3). Over the first face (3) lies a radiation curable resin (4) into which a layer of reinforcing material (5) is at least partially embedded. The reinforcing material (5) and resin (3) can be applied separately or together onto the first face (3) of the rigid substrate (2) or in some cases can be applied to both faces. An apparatus and method for producing the building sheet are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multi-layer decoupling system, in particular for the laying of ceramic paving according to a thin-bed method. Said system comprises a layered construction containing, from the base upwards, an anchoring fleece made of non-woven material, an anchorage layer that is configured from a lattice-type structural element and that is used to hold a filler material, which is to be incorporated into the upper face of the decoupling system and which is plastic during processing and subsequently cures, in addition to a reinforcement layer, which is fixed, at least in some sections, to the anchorage layer. This improves the load-bearing capacity of the decoupling system and the bonding properties of ceramic paving that is laid in a conventional manner on the decoupling system.

Abstract: A system for cladding roofs and facades of buildings includes elongated tracks. Each track has opposed lengthwise edges curved inwardly over opposed portions of the track. Each of a plurality of elongated panels has opposed lengthwise edges curved inwardly over opposed portions of the panel. Each panel is adapted to be interlocked between two spaced, parallel tracks. The system also includes fin components. Each fin component has two lengthwise edge portions defining a base of the fin component. A fin depends from the base of the fin component, which is adapted to be interlocked within a track with the fin extending away from the track with lengthwise edges of two proximate panels interlocked between the base of the fin component and the lengthwise edges of the track. Similar systems are provided for corners, overhangs, and jambs as may be encountered in a building.

Abstract: An inexpensive device is provided for quickly and efficiently securing protective panels such as, for example, plywood and the like, to exterior surfaces of buildings to protect windows, doors and/or other vulnerable features from wind and flying debris. The device comprises a stationary base, and a clamping member attached to such base. At least one device of the present invention is mounted to a building in general proximity to a window, door or other feature to be covered with a protective panel; the clamping member(s) secure the protective panels in place against the building. When not in use, the present invention can be maintained in a stowed position.

Abstract: A roof mounting system includes rows of overlapping panels wherein a spacer is provided between the overlapping panels to cause a separation of the outer surface of one panel and the lower surface of the other panel. The spacer is in a wire/band form structure wherein the spacer is bent or bendable to include both horizontal and vertical portions. Other practices are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides metal stud perimeter wall and load-bearing wall systems that support without eccentricity, concrete-topped floors on open-web steel joists, deep-profiled composite metal decks, and channel-shaped joists, and allow upper floor framing to be completed before Boor concreting; a composite steel beam, for open-web steel joist support; a new shear-connection-ready open-web steel joist; and a perimeter metal stud wall system that incorporates an in-wall wheel stopper. The wall systems incorporate web-perforated studs, and/or web-perforated tracks doubling as concrete closures, and other concrete closure devices. The composite beam incorporates shear connectors protruding through a special web-perforated track fitted with a load-bearing, block and cut-outs in the legs for open-web steel joist support.

Abstract: A gusset connector plate for anchoring a safety line to a roof truss, a roof truss and an anchoring system incorporating the same. The plate is substantially planar and includes an attachment region and an anchor portion. Teeth extend from the attachment region and into the sides of truss members that form the peak of the roof truss. The anchor portion extends laterally beneath the peak and a hole defined therein receives the connector for the security line. The hole is disposed below the lower surfaces of the truss members and vertically beneath the peak. The plate is permanently engaged with the truss. A single plate or a pair of plates may be incorporated in the roof truss and utilized in the anchoring system.

Abstract: In an anchor for the attachment to construction panels including two cover plates and an intermediate support core layer wherein the anchor comprises an expansion body and a wedge body which inserted into the expansion body and includes an opening for screwing or pounding in a mounting means, the installed anchor is disposed in an opening of the panel which extends through the first cover plate and the intermediate support core plate. The expansion body has locking zones and engagement elements which are spreadable by wedge elements. With the anchor installed, a wedging zone spreads out the engagement elements of the expansion body behind the cover plate and the locking zones are interlocked.

Abstract: A fastening assembly (11) for fastening a mounting part (6) to a constructional component (7) and including a fastening element (12) having a shaft (14) extending along a longitudinal axis (13), a holding portion (15) projecting radially at a first end of the shaft, and an anchoring portion (16) provided at the opposite, second, free end of the shaft for anchoring in the constructional component (7), and a shear force transmission element (21) provided on the fastening element (12) between the holding portion (15) and the anchoring portion (16) in the set state of the fastening assembly in the through-opening (8) of the mounting part (6), with the shear force transmission element (21) having, in a mounted state thereof, an axial length (L) that is smaller than its initial axial length and that is reduced from its initial axial length (H) by the holding portion (15) of the fastening element (12).

Abstract: A deck anchor insert for use in multi-story building structures with a deck form comprising an embedment portion comprising a generally round head and a threaded shaft extending from said head, an attachment assembly comprising a wing nut engaging said shaft proximal to said head; a deck retaining nut engaging said shaft adjacent to said wing nut; and a washer engaging said shaft between said wing nut and said deck retaining nut; and a coupling nut with a first end engaging said shaft adjacent to said deck retaining nut, and a second end. In some embodiments, a stop means is incorporated to prevent the stem from completely penetrating the coupling nut.

Abstract: A non-slick surface-seeded exposed aggregate concrete product and method of making the same enhances the coefficient of friction of an exposed surface thereof to reduce undesirable slipping and sliding. Implementations of the present invention are characterized by the use of fine sand and aggregate broadcast over the exposed surface, which surface has been prepared to receive the same. After curing, the exposed surface is then ground and acid-etched to define fissures, cracks, and/or sharp edges of the aggregate. Subsequently finishing steps are performed to produce the non-slick concrete product which may be used for high traffic pedestrian areas where foot gripping and traction are important, such as on stairs, ramps, walkways, courtyards, and the like.

Abstract: A movable door panel having a front facer with opposed longitudinal edge profiles, rails secured to the longitudinal edge profiles, a rear facer secured to the rails, and foam disposed within an inner volume defined by the front facer, the rails and the rear facer is disclosed. Transverse stiffeners are disposed within the inner volume and the foam, and extend between the opposed rails. The door panel may be made by continuously providing the front facer with a rail secured thereto, continuously positioning transverse stiffeners on the front facer and extending between the metal rails, and continuously applying a foaming material on the front facer and the transverse stiffeners. The method concludes by bringing a rear facer into contact with the metal rails, and drawing the panel through a laminator. Hardware may then be attached to one or both of the facers and the stiffener.

Abstract: A structural beam includes opposed first and second plates, first and second webs extending between the first and second plates and laser-fused welds connecting the first and second webs to the first and second plates. The first and second plates and first and second webs are stainless steel.

Abstract: A bag sealer that can vacuum or inflate the plastic bags to be sealed. It is especially for domestic use. This bag sealer comprises the body, top cover the nozzle located a little behind on the body, pipe circuit for airflow, the mechanism to vacuum and inflate, the switch to alternate the said dual functions. The mechanism can be of propeller type or piston pump type. When a propeller is used, there is one pipe for airflow. The directions of the airflow is caused by whether the propeller is turned clockwise or anticlockwise by the motor driven by the switch set to either the negative or positive polarity of the power supply. When a piston pump is used, the pipe circuit has one pipe for air intake therefore to vacuum the bags, and one for air outflow hence to inflate the bags. The main benefit is that the bag sealer has dual functions; consumers need only to turn a switch to alternate the functions.

Abstract: A web wrap device is provided for a round baler. The device has a web carrier for pulling the web from a roll of web to a bale chamber. In a leading portion the web carrier has two elements at least one of which being moveable towards the other. The moveable element has a leading edge, which engages the web and is pulled by the tensioned web onto the other element, which increases the clamping effect. In addition a guard is provided to cover a knife during the wrapping mode, but to expose the knife to the web, when it should be cut.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a packaging machine with a forming station, which forms depressions in a sheet of film, wherein a heating element heats the sheet of film before the deforming, in which the heating element has a multiplicity of discrete heating means which can be activated individually or in groups, and so the sheet of film has temperature gradients.

Abstract: A flexible bag transport system for transporting flexible filling and sealing station which includes a pair of holding clamp assemblies opposed to each other for holding the top end of a bag. The first clamp assembly is supported by a first elongated carrier and a second clamp assembly is supported by a second elongated carrier that is parallel to the first carrier. Clamping assemblies remain apart from each other and the bags are transported and are displaced toward each other to permit the bag to be opened during filling of the bag. One of the elongated carriers supporting the clamping assemblies has an adjustable mechanism so that the clamp assemblies can be adjusted with respect to each other without requiring adjustment of the remaining components of the transport system.

Abstract: The invention refers to a tool arrangement, in particular a sealing tool for a packaging machine, the tool arrangement consisting at least of one toolholder and one tool connected to each other by at least one releasable fixed connection. The invention is characterised in that the releasable fixed connection is given by an automatically acting link.

Abstract: The invention refers to an adjusting equipment for moving a tool. The adjusting equipment comprises a housing open on one side which can be completed by a carrier plate supported axially shifting. By means of this a pressurable space is defined. The carrier plate carries the tool. Between the carrier plate and the housing a seal for sealing the gap is provided.

Abstract: A unique integration of a unidirectional, thermoplastic valve of specific design with any common plastic or thermoplastic storage bag to create a method by which a substantial amount of trapped air may be evacuated from the bag after it is filled and sealed. While there are currently patented methods of removing air from frozen food storage bags by using various forms of valves, vacuum devices or human breath, the stipulation in the present invention is the use of a valve of specific design in combination with any common plastic or thermoplastic storage frozen, food, storage bag that is unique and central to this inventive concept. The method of closing plastic or thermoplastic, storage bags is not central to the present inventive concept. This concept allows for the removal of substantial excess air inside any plastic or thermoplastic storage bag regardless of the means by which it is sealed.

Abstract: A method for packing and/or mixing particulate materials, e.g., aerogel particles, includes combining materials having different particle sizes and applying a negative pressure differential in the presence of a sound field. A negative pressure differential in the presence of vibration also can be used. The method increases mixing and packing density.

Abstract: An apparatus (100) for forming and filling flexible bags with a viscous product, said apparatus including: a support (104) for a supply (106) of a tubular web (108) of flexible packaging material; at least one guide (110) for accepting from said supply a continuous feed of the tubular web of packaging material; a bag forming (300) assembly for forming adjacent bags from the tubular web wherein the forming assembly further includes a sealing member (305) for providing a seal across the web, which seal is commonly formed along oblique edges of the adjacent bags; at least one drive mechanism (150) for griping and drawing the packaging material through said at least one guide; a cutting device for cutting first and second bags drawn from the supply, wherein the first bags are each adjacent to respective second bags; a plurality of transport carriages (210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260), said carriages.

Abstract: A wrapping device 1 for packaging goods, specifically goods stacked on pallets or the like, with a tube-like film, with a film feeding device 4 with fusion and cutting systems to generate and feed a dome-like film cover within a device frame 6, where film feeding device 4 works in conjunction with a covering device 7 that moves vertically up and down within device frame 6, where covering device 7 is designed to grasp the film cover and place it to cover goods located in the lower segment of device frame 6, is characterized by having film feeding device 4 move vertically within device frame 6. This arrangement simplifies installation, maintenance and repairs, specifically to the film feeding device.

Abstract: An apparatus for packaging and dispensing medicine includes a computerized data system for receiving and transmitting data regarding prescriptions and for tracking and recording at least one of amounts of medicine being dispensed, type of medicine being dispensed, dosage of medicine being dispensed, persons to whom medicine is being dispensed, and a combination thereof. A medicine packaging system is operably connected to such computerized data system for packaging medicine according to instructions from such computerized data system. Such medicine packaging system includes packaging having individual compartments attached in succession to each other, such packaging being disposed within such medicine packaging system for receiving individual medicine units. A dispensing mechanism is disposed within such medicine packaging system for dispensing individual medicine units into the individual compartments.

Abstract: A particulate filtration device comprising filter media having upstream and downstream surfaces, a gas-moving device for moving gas through the filter media from the upstream surface toward the downstream surface, and a cleaning assembly including a blow pipe having a plurality of cleaning nozzles for directing a flow of cleaning gas toward the filter media. A first one of the cleaning nozzles comprises a structural characteristic (e.g., throat size, exit angle, exit size) that is different than a second one of the cleaning nozzles. In one embodiment, the filter media comprises a filter bag corresponding with each nozzle, and both the first one and the second one of the cleaning nozzles are spaced substantially the same distance from the corresponding filter bag. The cleaning assembly can also include a plurality of blow pipes (e.g.

Abstract: The invention relates to a holding plate (1) for a vacuum cleaner bag with a base plate (2) with an opening (3), a locking element (4) arranged on the base plate with a horizontal swing to close the opening, and a spring element (6) arranged in such a way that the bending angle (B) of the spring element with a horizontal swing of the locking element in the opening direction brings the locking element out of the first position, in which the opening (3) is sealed, into the second position, in which the opening is open, in a previously determined swing angle range that is smaller than the corresponding opening angle (x) of the locking element (4), in such a way that the locking element can be brought from the second position into the first position by the restoring force of the spring element in the direction opposite to the opening direction, and the spring element is located behind the locking element in the opening direction.

Abstract: Various high performance, high efficiency filter media are provided that are cost effective and easy to manufacture. In particular, various filter media are provided having at least one layer with a waved configuration that results in an increased surface area, thereby enhancing various properties of the filter media. The filter media can be used to form a variety of filter elements for use in various applications.

Abstract: A filter element is includes a cylindrical media pack defining a central open volume and a longitudinal axis; a first end cap having a central aperture in flow communication with the central open volume; and a second, closed end cap having a central region closing an end of the media pack central, open volume. The closed end cap includes a projection extending axially outwardly therefrom and positioned at a location intersected by the longitudinal axis. An end cover for an air cleaner includes an inner side including a central projection thereon. Preferably, the central projection comprises a wall that includes an outer perimeter defining a regular polyhedron having at least five sides. An air cleaner comprises a cylindrical filter element having a first open end cap, a second closed end cap, and a cylindrical media pack extending therebetween. The first end cap defines an internal radial seal region. The second, closed end cap has a central region including a circular recessed portion.

Abstract: Disclosed is a nanofiber filter medium formed by electrospinning, having a low pressure drop and high filtration performance. The nanofiber layer thereof is constructed by at least two nanofibers, uniformly entangled with each other, with different fiber diameter distributions. Therefore, the nanofiber filter medium of the invention is completed. The described nanofiber filter medium has a low pressure drop and high filtration performance.

Abstract: This Yard debris catcher on wheels is for anyone cleaning up Yard clippings, leaves, small branches, or collecting any other type of small debris. The body of the catcher is perforated so if cleanup includes the use of a leaf blower, debris is left in the catcher, yet air is able to pass through. The leaf blower attachment is designed to help reduce the air current coming from a leaf blower so that debris can be gathered into the catcher in a controlled manner.

Abstract: A method of converting a stand-on type lawn mower into a non-mower implement includes the steps of removing the mower deck from the frame, leaving the engine, steering mechanism and steering controls substantially intact, and mounting components to the frame enabling the implement to be used for a non-mower application. The preferred embodiment includes the steps of mounting a dump bucket to the frame through a forward hinge, and providing an actuator with a user-operated control, the actuator being operative to pivot the dump bucket between a non-dump position for loading and transport and a dump position wherein the bucket is lifted through the forward hinge for dumping purposes. The actuator may be an electric linear actuator, and the user-operated control may be supported proximate to the steering controls.

Abstract: A cutter head for stalk-like harvested agricultural crop is provided including a number of pivoted knives arranged along side each other. Levers are associated with the knives and can be moved between an operating position in which they retain the knife associated with it in an active position, and a non-operating position in which they are preloaded by springs. A control shaft allows for the selection of the length of cut. An actuator, that is independent of the control shaft can move between a first position, in which all levers are brought into the non-operating position and a second position, in which the levers can reach the operating position and the control shaft retains the levers of the knives not selected in each case in the non-operating position.

Abstract: A flexible tall crop knockdown barrier for use with rotary cutting headers in harvesting specialty crops such as grass seed. The knockdown barrier comprises a support frame mounted to the front of the header that extends forwardly and upwardly ahead of the header. A flexible barrier supported by the frame extends downwardly during idle conditions and downwardly and rearwardly as the header is propelled through the crop. The flexible curtain may be rolled around a lower spool and stowed on the support frame when not in use to improve visibility. The knockdown barrier serves to gently lean the crop forward before cutting so as to minimize seed shatter due whipping of the seed head.

Abstract: A unique lawn mower that relies on operator's power to cut the grass, without polluting the environment or causing health hazards. It comprises of a plurality of shear blades held together by fasteners and springs. The grass cutting is accomplished by shearing entrapped grass between the shear blade notches. The rotational motion of the drive wheel is converted into back-and-forth translational motion by a unique design. The back and forth motion is used to slide one shear blade over the other. The height of grass to be cut can be changed by an adjustment handle, which resides on support links. The support links carry a rear wheel that provides stability to the mower and provide bearing surface for the drive tube generating the translational motion.

Abstract: The harvester frame is supported by laterally adjustable wheels. A hitch draft tube connects the frame to a tractor. A transverse horizontal shaft is journaled on a frame mast. A header frame rear is attached to the horizontal shaft. Ground engaging wheels support the header front. Two spaced apart helix assemblies on the header frame are rotated to remote fruit from plants. The helix forward ends work at ground level. Helix rear ends are elevated. A header lift bar is journaled on the horizontal shaft. A header lift cylinder pivots a free end of the lift bar into engagement with the header frame and lifts header wheels from the ground. Conveyors convey crop material from the helix assemblies to a fruit cleaning assembly with a forward end attached to the frame mast. Separated and cleaned fruit is received from the cleaning assembly and discharged from the harvester.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cable run element comprising a plurality of links (2) connected in a chain-like manner which are arranged in a starting position, in particular with freely suspended cable run element (1), along a straight line, wherein all links (2) are pivotable relative to one another with respect to their respectively adjacent links (2) in the same swivel plane (99), wherein a number of links (2) have two parallel plates (4) extending parallel to the swivel plane (99) of the cable run element (1) and forming a receptacle (46) for a cable to be run between them, wherein a number of links (2) have guide elements (3) for running a cable in the receptacle (46), wherein connecting elements (5), which connect the links (2) that are pivotable relative to one another are provided in an end region (43) of the parallel plates (4), and wherein counterweights (6) are arranged in an end region (44) of the parallel plates (4) opposite the end region (43) on at least two links (2), so that the centre of gra

Abstract: A tangential combustion turbine is disclosed which is based on a casing, a rotor, and moving levers. A radial compressor is attached to the rotor and creates air pressure which pushes air into the combustion chamber based on the position and design of the combustion lever. The combustion chamber is defined by spaces between rotor lobes, and by combustion levers and exhaust levers which follow the rotor surface. A premix fuel system or direct fuel injection is used to create combustion. The exhaust gases then pass through the exhaust lever into the exhaust piping as the rotor rotates.

Abstract: A leading edge structure for use in an aerospace vehicle includes a body having a flowpath surface which defines a leading edge adapted to face an air flow during operation; and a metallic icephobic plating comprising nickel applied to at least a portion of the flowpath surface.

Abstract: The present application provides a dual gas fuel delivery system and a method of delivering two gas fuels to a turbine. The dual gas fuel delivery system may include (a) a low energy gas delivery system comprising a low energy gas inlet and a low energy gas primary manifold outlet; (b) a high energy gas delivery system comprising a high energy gas inlet and a high energy gas primary manifold outlet; and (c) a primary manifold, wherein the low energy gas primary manifold outlet and the high energy gas primary manifold outlet are coupled to the primary manifold.

Abstract: The present application provides a dual gas fuel delivery system and a method of delivering two gas fuels. The system may include (a) a low energy gas delivery system comprising a low energy gas inlet, a gas split, a low energy gas primary manifold outlet, and a low energy gas secondary manifold outlet; (b) a high energy gas delivery system comprising a high energy gas inlet and a high energy gas primary manifold outlet; (c) a primary manifold; and (d) a secondary manifold, wherein the low energy gas primary manifold outlet and the high energy gas primary manifold outlet are coupled to the primary manifold, wherein the low energy gas secondary manifold outlet is coupled to the secondary manifold, and wherein the low energy gas delivery system further comprises a primary low energy gas stop and pressure control valve between the gas split and the low energy gas primary manifold outlet.

Abstract: The present application provides a dual gas fuel delivery system and a method of delivering two gas fuels. The dual gas fuel delivery system may include (a) a low energy gas delivery system comprising a low energy gas inlet, a gas split, a low energy gas primary manifold outlet, and a low energy gas secondary manifold outlet; (b) a high energy gas delivery system comprising a high energy gas inlet and a high energy gas primary manifold outlet; (c) a primary manifold; and (d) a secondary manifold, wherein the low energy gas primary manifold outlet and the high energy gas primary manifold outlet are coupled to the primary manifold, and wherein the low energy gas secondary manifold outlet is coupled to the secondary manifold.

Abstract: According to one representative embodiment, an apparatus for determining the degradation of a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst of an engine exhaust aftertreatment system includes a system properties module configured to store at least one system dynamics property value of the exhaust system at a first time and receive the at least one system dynamics property value of the exhaust aftertreatment system at a second time subsequent to the first time. The apparatus also includes a system dynamics module configured to determine a storage capacity of the SCR catalyst based on a comparison between the at least one system dynamic property value at the first time and the at least one system dynamic property value at the second time. Additionally, the apparatus includes an SCR catalyst degradation factor module configured to determine an SCR catalyst degradation factor based at least partially on the storage capacity of the SCR catalyst.

Abstract: An engine with an exhaust passage in which a catalyst purifying NOx and an NOx adsorbent adsorbing NOx in an exhaust gas are arranged successively from the upstream side. After engine startup until the catalyst is activated, the NOx in the exhaust gas is adsorbed at the NOx adsorbent. NOx adsorbed at the NOx adsorbent is removed by dissolution by supplying a solvent from an injector. After the catalyst is activated, the solvent containing the NOx removed by dissolution is sprayed from an injector and the NOx contained in the sprayed solvent is purified by the catalyst.

Abstract: Various embodiments of an apparatus, system, and method are disclosed for reducing NOx emissions on an SCR catalyst. For example, according to one representative embodiment, an apparatus for reducing NOx emissions in an engine exhaust includes a NOx reduction target module that is configured to determine a NOx reduction requirement that includes an amount of NOx in the exhaust gas stream to be reduced on a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. The apparatus also includes an ammonia target module that is configured to determine an ammonia addition requirement that includes an amount of ammonia added to the exhaust gas stream to achieve the NOx reduction requirement. The apparatus also includes a reductant target module that is configured to determine a reductant injection requirement that includes an amount of reductant added to the exhaust gas stream to achieve the ammonia addition requirement.

Abstract: Various embodiments of an apparatus, system, and method are disclosed for reducing NOx emissions on an SCR catalyst. For example, according to one representative embodiment, an apparatus for reducing NOx emissions in an engine exhaust includes a NOx reduction target module that is operable to determine a NOx reduction requirement that includes an amount of NOx in the exhaust gas stream to be reduced on a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. The apparatus also includes an ammonia target module that is operable to determine an ammonia addition requirement that includes an amount of ammonia added to the exhaust gas stream to achieve the NOx reduction requirement. The apparatus also includes a reductant target module that has a hydrolysis module and an inverse hydrolysis module. The hydrolysis module is operable to determine a predicted amount of ammonia and isocyanic acid entering the SCR catalyst.