Abstract: Method for fastening an accessory to a wall of a plastic fuel tank, this fastening taking place by snap-riveting using a tool at the same time as the tank is manufactured by moulding, the accessory being, for this purpose, provided at at least one of its fastening points with an orifice through which the snap-riveting is carried out. According to the invention, a concave relief at least partially surrounds this orifice, the relief having a size and shape suitable for being able to cooperate with an excrescence of the tool during the snap-riveting.

Abstract: An angular insulated duct section and method for insulating and forming same is provided. A multi-layer composite sheet is provided, including a first duct layer of sheet metal having two opposed surfaces. On one of the sheet metal surfaces is attached a viscoelastic foam sheet layer. The foam sheet layer includes at least one of (A) a viscoelastic open-cell foam layer, or (B) a viscoelastic formally closed-cell foam layer in which at least a portion of closed cells therein has been opened. A substantially linear corner bend is formed in the composite sheet so as to form the angular insulated duct section with the sheet metal layer on an outside thereof and the foam sheet layer on an inside thereof. The corner bend is formed without substantial at least one of distortion or deformation of the multi-layer composite sheet adjacent the bend.

Abstract: A reinforced fabric that includes a first fiber group and a thread. The first fiber group includes a plurality of fiber sets positioned substantially parallel to one another. Each of the fiber sets includes a plurality of fibers. The thread is formed of at least one strand of material. The thread has an outer surface that is formed of a material having a melting point that is less than the melting point of the fibers in the fiber sets. The thread is stitched about the fiber sets to at least partially maintain a position of the fiber sets relative to one another. The thread forms a plurality of heat created permanent closed loop structures in the reinforced fabric. At least one of the loop structures encircles at least one fiber set. At least one of the fibers in the fibers sets is not strongly bonded to the thread that encircles the fiber set.

Abstract: A method of making a tubular intraluminal graft in the form of a tubular diametrically adjustable stent having a tubular covering of porous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene which is less than 0.10 mm thick. The covering may be on the exterior surface of the stent, or on the interior surface of the stent, or both. The covering may be affixed to the stent by an adhesive which is preferably fluorinated ethylene propylene.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods are provided for assisting in the installation of a tubular film onto a drum for use in the manufacture of tires. In one embodiment, a sleeve is provided having a body including a first tapered portion with an end surface, a central portion, and a plurality of openings through the body. In another embodiment, a tire building apparatus is provided including a sleeve device and a drum in contact with the sleeve device. A method of making tires is provided including forcing fluid through openings of a sleeve device, placing a tubular film about the sleeve device, and transporting the tubular film onto a drum.

Abstract: A method of processing a vehicle tyre and a thixotropic balancing substance (251, 261), comprising providing a first amount of the balancing substance (251, 261) to a first circumferential balancing area (250, 260) on an inner side of the vehicle tyre comprising distributing the first amount of the balancing substance on the first balancing area substantially uniformly; and a corresponding apparatus and system. In one embodiment a varnish layer comprising manoparticles (252, 262) is provided on the first circumferential balancing area (250, 260) to increase the movability of the thixotropic balancing substance (251, 261) on the balancing area (250, 260).

Abstract: The present invention aims at improving balance and uniformity of a tire, with simplifying facilities, reducing space for the facilities and suppressing shape flows and generation of air bubbles. An extruder is provided for supplying rubber ribbon immediately after extrusion to a second molding drum, so that the rubber ribbon is spirally wound around the second molding drum plural times to structure a portion of tread (a cap layer), whereby the rubber ribbon which is relatively hot and soft is wound around the second molding drum. As a result, the rubber ribbon easily deforms compliant to the second molding drum. Further, no joint portion of starting and terminal ends as is observed in the prior art exists, whereby thickness of the tread is even in the circumferential direction.

Abstract: A method of laminating a decorative layer to a molded part comprises molding a part formed of an amorphous or semi-crystalline thermoplastic resin and applying a segment of co-extruded an amorphous or semi-crystalline thermoplastic resin film to the part. The part is loaded into a vacuum forming nest and maintained in a heated state. The film is heated and then positioned over the part in a pressure box. A vacuum is applied through the vacuum forming nest to a first side of the film facing the part at the same time air pressure is applied through the pressure box to a second side of the film. The film is bonded directly to the part without the need for an adhesive.

Abstract: An ejecting mechanism includes a pump, a pump controller unit, a distribution pipe, a restricting unit, and adhesive nozzles. The pump controller unit is configured to control to increase or decrease the amount of adhesive to be taken in by the pump. The distribution unit is configured to send a predetermined amount of adhesive to the adhesive nozzles out of the adhesive supplied by the pump, and to return the rest of adhesive to a discharge pipe out of the supplied adhesive, except for the predetermined amount of adhesive. The restricting unit is configured to disposed between the distribution unit and the discharge pipe and configured to restrict an amount of adhesive to be returned to a pipe.

Abstract: An improved molded, reinforced pressure vessel having a winding foot on the liner tank which includes a head, disposed away from the tank and a narrowed neck extending between the head and the tank wherein outer radial dimensions of the head are greater than outer radial dimension of the neck. The improved foot design allows windings to cover more of the liner tank that maximizes the reinforcement provided by the winding and in blow molded liner tanks, the narrow neck restricts the migration of material out of and away from the foot, thus producing a stronger liner tank.

Abstract: For production of a hollow structural part made of fiber-reinforced plastic, a water-dispersible support core made of a water-soluble binding agent consisting at least partly of a water-soluble silicate-containing binding agent, and a filler is wrapped with the reinforcing fibers. The fibers on the support core are impregnated with a curable plastic, the plastic is cured, and the support core is subsequently flushed out with water.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a method for bonding protective tapes to the cut edges of an electrode plate within a short period to prevent short circuit in an electrode assembly. An electrode plate cutting & tape bonding process includes (1) cutting an electrode plate into pieces 100a and 100b, (2) forming a gap W between edges 106 and 107 of the pieces 100a and 100b, (3) bonding protective tapes 51 and 52 to both sides of the pieces 100a and 100b, covering the edges and the gap, and (4) conveying the pieces 100a and 100b connected together. Next, the tapes 51 and 52 are cut into pieces 51a & 52a and 51b & 52b. Then, the electrode plate piece 100a with the tape pieces 51a & 52a and 51b & 52b is wound together with a negative electrode plate, with a separator sandwiched therebetween.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for coating a board of wood-based material, in particular a board of real wood, a plywood board or a board for parquet flooring, with a flowable plastics material. The method comprises applying the plastics material as a single, thick layer to the board of wood-based material (6) and creating an impressed structure by means of a material web (3) or a structure roller. After creating the impressed structure, the plastics material is cured to produce a wear-resistant surface.

Abstract: A method for making a vehicle interior panel including positioning a slipsheet on a film or fabric liner. The liner is placed on a substrate board. The liner and substrate board are formed into an interior panel. A cavity is formed by removing a portion of the substrate board from the interior panel adjacent to the slipsheet position. A lamp is positioned in the cavity.

Abstract: One embodiment includes a dry adhesive material including catechol chemically attached to the surface of a shape memory polymer molecule. The catechol content may allow the dry adhesive to be utilized in both dry and wet conditions to bond objects together. The shape memory polymer may allow the dry adhesive to be reversibly attached to the objects.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods, systems, machines and products, including a method for producing foil relief. The method includes placing a foil on a curable adhesive deposited on a substrate when the curable adhesive is substantially non-tacky, and applying energy to the adhesive deposited on the substrate while pressing the foil to the adhesive to cause the adhesive to become tacky and to adhere to the foil. The adhesive becomes substantially fully cured prior to completion of the pressing of the foil to the adhesive deposited on the substrate. In some embodiments, the method may further include pre-curing the curable adhesive prior to placing the foil on the adhesive to initiate the curing process of the adhesive and manipulate a viscosity level of the adhesive, with the pre-cured adhesive remaining substantially non-tacky. The curable adhesive includes one or more of, for example, a radical type adhesive and/or a cationic adhesive.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for manufacturing an optical display device comprising an optical film including a polarizing plate and a rectangular optical display unit having a surface to which the optical film is bonded, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a material roll which is a roll of a long sheet material obtained by lengthwise slitting a long material comprising an optical film into a width corresponding to a short or long side of the optical display unit, wherein the optical film includes a polarizing plate having a longitudinal direction parallel to its absorption axis; and unwinding the long sheet material from the material roll, cutting at least the optical film of the long sheet material to form an optical film having a length corresponding to a long or short side of the optical display unit, and then bonding the optical film to a surface of the optical display unit.

Abstract: A fusion-bonded body which includes a fusion-bonded part obtained by fusion-bonding to each other a first part to be fusion-bonded which comprises a first thermoplastic resin and first carbon fibers and a second part to be fusion-bonded which comprises a second thermoplastic resin and second carbon fibers. Also provided is a method for producing the fusion-bonded body which comprises a fusion-bonding step in which the first part to be fusion-bonded is brought into close contact with the second part to be fusion-bonded, an electric current is caused to flow through the two parts to generate heat and melt the first thermoplastic resin and second thermoplastic resin, and the molten resins are solidified to form a fusion-bonded part.

Abstract: The present invention relates to photocurable elastomer compositions and methods of preparation and use of such compositions for cure-in-place applications such as gaskets. The curable compositions generally include an elastomer component, a monofunctional and/or multifunctional reactant and a photoinitiator that in various aspects may be a visible and/or UV curing initiator. The various components may be present in different amounts, depending on the combination of components and composition desired.

Abstract: In fixing prisms for a TV camera and solid-state image pickup element packages, two holding plates are fixed at two sides of each of the prisms, each of the holding plates having a wedge-shaped or semicircular tip surface, and an adhesive is provided in a gap formed by a surface of the solid-state image pickup element package and the wedge-shaped or semicircular tip surface of the holding plate, respectively. Then, relative to light axes, X, Y and Z axes and rotational axes ?x, ?y and ?z for the axes X, Y, and Z of the solid-state image pickup element packages are aligned while inclining the holding plates in a front-rear direction simultaneously. The adhesive is cured by applying light or heat to thereby fix the holding plates, the solid-state image pickup elements and the prisms, respectively.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an alignment film printing mask, and more particularly, to a jig for an alignment film printing mask. A jig according to the present invention includes a plurality of supporting members each having at least one bent portion, arranged at regular intervals along a width direction of the alignment film printing mask for supporting the alignment film printing mask, at least one connection member for connecting the supporting members, and fastening units for securing the alignment film printing mask supported by the supporting members.

Abstract: A method of forming a container (100) includes heating two webs of material and indexing the webs into a vacuum thermoformer (40) which forms first (220) and second trays (110) simultaneously, wherein the second tray is disposed within a space of the first tray to define a reservoir (300) therebetween. A portion of the first tray is brought into contact with a flange portion of the second tray, and joined by a heat seal within the vacuum thermoformer. A punch device within the vacuum thermoformer perforates a drain aperture (117) in a central region of the bottom of the second tray, such that the drain aperture is in fluid communication with the reservoir. The cut-out section is adhered to the bottom of the first tray to eliminate the presence of any scrap material. The joined first and second tray is indexed out of the vacuum thermoformer and trimmed to separate an assembled container from the web supply.

Abstract: A method for the adhesion of windowpanes (1) using a frame (3) that exhibits sealing lips (2) is included in the description. Windowpane (1) is contacted with sealing lip (2). Adhesive (6) is pressed through at least one opening (4) in the frame into a hollow space (5) that is bounded by at least a sealing lip and a windowpane. The adhesive is then hardened.

Abstract: A method for bonding a polymeric medical device to tissue is provided which includes providing a polymeric medical device having a plurality of reactive members of a specific binding pair attached on a surface of the medical device, and providing tissue with a plurality of complementary reactive members of the specific binding pair, wherein upon contact of the reactive members on the surface of the medical device with the complimentary reactive members on the tissue, covalent bonds are formed between the reactive members and the complementary reactive members, thus adhering the device to the tissue.

Abstract: We propose a thermosetting solvent-free single-component composition having a storage stability at room temperature of at least 2 weeks, consisting of (A) 5-90 parts by weight of one at least difunctional (iso)cyanate component, (B) 5-50 parts by weight of a latent curing agent solid up to a temperature of at least 40° C. based on nitrogen compounds suitable for addition crosslinking, (C) 0-50 parts by weight of an epoxy-containing compound and (D) 0-50 parts by weight of modifiers, with the sum of all parts by weight being 100, and its use for bonding, casting, sealing and coating of substrates, in particular electronic parts. The composition is cured at 120° C. to 150° C. within seconds.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a device for spin cleaning and etching wet processor. The support is kept in a fixed level, and the drain tank can be lifting and lowering to collect and drain out the liquid from the support. This device consists of a suport, a set of drain tank and a lifting and lowering device to move the drain tank so that one of the drain tank is in the same level with the suport. The suport is used to support a wafer to process etching and cleaning, can spin with different speed and supply etching solution and DI water. The number of drain tanks are selected by the number of etching solutions and DI water. A stationary axaust appratus kept in a fixed level as the support is used to axaust the acidic gas from the drain tanks.

Abstract: The present invention provides a stage device which does not generate the difference in level between an upper end of a lift pin and a setting surface of a stage in a state where a substrate to be treated is set on the setting surface of the stage, and provides a plasma treatment apparatus which suppresses the occurrence of uneven treatment by using the stage device as an electrode stage. At the center of an electrode stage (2), a spring type lift pin (20) having elasticity in a direction where the pin moves is provided. When the spring type lift pin (20) is at a storage position, a pin upper end (20a) of the spring type lift pin (20) protrudes above the setting surface (11) of the electrode stage (2). When the substrate (4) to be treated is set and adsorbed on the setting surface (11), the upper end of the lift pin is pressed down to the position that is at the same level as that of the setting surface (11) by a load applied by the substrate (4).

Abstract: An apparatus for etching an edge of a wafer includes a chamber, a chuck disposed inside the chamber upon which the wafer is disposed, a plate spaced apart from the wafer and disposed above the wafer, and an edge ring formed along the edge of the wafer and combined with an outer periphery of the plate, wherein the edge ring comprises a ring base spaced a distance apart from the wafer to form a parallel plane with respect to the wafer, and a first ring protrusion protruding from the ring base to insulate the edge of the wafer from a central region of the wafer.

Abstract: A plasma processing apparatus for processing a subject placed on a subject stage disposed in a processing chamber in a vacuum vessel, by using plasma formed in said processing chamber, includes: an exhaust space communicating with the processing chamber, extending in a horizontal direction, and exhausting gas in the processing chamber; an exhaust port communicating with the exhaust space, the gas being exhausted via the exhaust port; a pump disposed communicating with the exhaust port and exhausting the gas; and a plate member disposed in the exhaust space between a connection portion to the processing chamber and the exhaust port, extending along a direction connecting the connection portion and the exhaust port, and disposed outside a view angle from an upper surface of the subject stage.

Abstract: Combined envelope for tire retreading basically comprises a single body (1) without patches, made with vulcanized and flexible rubber, being provided with an internal central bag (2) with a profile that is compatible with the internal part of the tire to be reformed, also having the support ribs (3) of the tire shell beads and an external protective cover (4) that extends itself throughout the contour of the assembly formed by the new tread to be adhered and by the shell of the tire to be reformed, trespassing on the side the rim (5) with sealing rib (6) where the envelope sealing shall be performed, in which it is aided by the air removal, through the valve (7) installed in the envelope, performed by a vacuum pump (not shown).

Abstract: An apparatus for joining a carcass ply, which butt-joins a wind start end and a wind finish end of a carcass ply wound around a cylindrical drum, is disclosed. The apparatus comprises: a joining section for joining the ends of the carcass ply; and aligning sections for aligning the ends of the carcass ply during joining by the joining section, the joining section and the aligning sections being disposed below the cylindrical drum supported in a horizontal state.

Abstract: A bead roller is provided for manually crafting a bead from a strip of material. The bead roller may include at least one of a handle having a gripping surface adapted to be engaged by a hand of a user of the bead roller; and a tool arm extending from the handle and having an elongated body with a concave cross-section, and first and second parallel extending edges extending spaced apart along the longitudinal axis of the elongated body to define a slot, each edge having a surface adapted to engage a distal end of the strip of material when the material strip is received in the slot.

Abstract: An assembly for mounting and demounting motorcycle tires composed of a wall mounting frame with spindle that projects perpendicular to the wall and a removable mount/demount bar. The motorcycle wheel hub is mounted on the spindle. The mount/demount bar is fixed in place at the end of the spindle so as to resist rotational force in a vertical plane. With demount bar tool head positioned for levering the tire off the rim or forcing it onto the rim the wheel is turned on the spindle. The tool is wall mounted for space-efficient operation and allows the wheel to be balanced on the spindle by allowing the wheel to spin freely on its own bearings.

Abstract: A safety structure is provided for a Roman shade. A shade cloth forms folds, each carrying at least one cord ring through which a lift cord that functions to raise a shade cloth up and down extends. The cord ring is made of a flexible material having a desired stiffness and is constructed to each form an end overlapped section so that when a force that exceeds weight of the shade cloth is applied to the lift cord, the overlapped section of the cord ring is broken to allow the cord ring to detach from the shade cloth.

Abstract: A cut-resistant strip door is provided. The strip includes one or more strips that include a component that makes the strip resistant to accidental or intentional tearing or cutting. In one embodiment, the strips include a metal cable that is attached to the surface or longitudinal edge of the strips.

Abstract: The present invention comprises two sheets of canvas fabric or curtains and means for rolling up vertical strips or bands connected to intermediate crosspieces that move along guides when the strips are taken up. The crosspieces have a hollow cross section with an upper ridge and a lower ridge with holes for the strips to pass through. The crosspieces have, on the outer lateral faces, at least one groove for the fastening, by means of a bead, of bands for joining to the adjacent curtain. The inner faces of the crosspiece have one or more rounded longitudinal projections for guiding the displacement strips. The crosspieces comprise shock-proof elastic element arranged on the upper and/or lower ridge.

Abstract: A member (4) for a Venetian-blind action roller blind, comprises a bar (8, 8?, 8?) and a slat (9, 9?, 9?) which are connected together at a first hinge (7) in such a way as to be able to pivot, and which have respective outer hooks (5, 6; 5?, 6?; 5?, 6?), the outer hook (5, 5?, 5?) of the slat (9, 9?, 9?) being arranged to form, with the outer hook (6, 6?, 6?) of the bar (8, 8?, 8?) of an identical second member (4), a second hinge. The slat also carries two inner hooks (10, 11; 10?, 11?, 10?, 11?) curved in opposite respective directions of which the first (10, 10?, 10?) engages in a recess (15) in an inner hook (12, 12?, 12?) of the bar and the second (11, 11?, 11?) extends round an outer side of the inner hook (12, 12?, 12?) of the bar. The inner hooks (10, 11; 10?, 11?; 10?, 11?) of the slat (9, 9?, 9?) have arcuate, concentric surfaces whose common centre is an axis of pivot (27, 27?, 27?) of the first hinge (7).

Abstract: The present invention relates to end stops for use in retractable coverings for architectural openings where the end stops have impact-absorbing means which are bi-directionally cushioning. The end stop will remain at a dedicated position even after being impacted.

Abstract: The roller shade is provided which contains a transparent first fabric piece, a transparent second fabric piece, and a third fabric piece composed of a number of transparent lateral sections and opaque lateral sections alternately pieced together. The third fabric piece is sandwiched between the first and second fabric pieces. The first, second, and third fabric pieces are pulled through a device which contains two extensible arms capable of conducting high-frequency fusion. The two extensible arms alternately press the third fabric piece against the first and second fabric pieces at appropriate intervals and conduct high-frequency fusion so that any two adjacent transparent lateral sections are fused to the first and second fabric pieces, respectively, while the opaque sections are thereby held between the first and second fabric pieces.

Abstract: A curtain system is described which includes a curtain having a plurality of rod engaging members attached thereto, a plurality of rods each having a first end, and a curtain release mechanism attached to each rod at the first end thereof. The rod engaging members each include a stem having a first end and a second end, the first end of the stem configured for engagement with the curtain release mechanism, and a keyway formed in the stem and proximate the first end of the stem.

Abstract: A blind assembly includes a guide rail having spaced-apart first and second walls, an end wall interconnecting outer ends of the first and second walls, a first rib projecting transversely from an inner end of the second wall, and a second rib projecting transversely from the second wall between the first rib and the end wall. The second wall and the first and second ribs cooperatively define a longitudinal slide groove. A slide member is connected to and is movable along with a pull rod of the blind assembly, and includes a slide part received slidably in the slide groove and having two transverse ends longitudinally opposite to each other, and two rollers connected respectively to the transverse ends. Each roller has a circumferential face between the first and second ribs and capable of contacting at least one of the first and second ribs.

Abstract: Antifoams for the paper industry, based on oil-in-water emulsions in which the oil phase comprises (a) at least one alcohol having at least 12 carbon atoms, fatty acid esters of alcohols having at least 22 carbon atoms and C1- to C36-carboxylic acids, distillation residues which are obtainable in the preparation of alcohols having a carbon number of at least 8 by oxo synthesis or by the Ziegler process and which, if appropriate, are alkoxylated, mixtures of said compounds and/or (b) at least one fatty acid ester of C12- to C22-carboxylic acids with monohydric to trihydric C1- to C18-alcohols and, if appropriate, (c) at least one hydrocarbon having a boiling point above 200° C.

Abstract: Paper tissues and paper tissue products such as disposable handkerchiefs, kitchen paper towels, toilet paper and facial tissues exhibiting a soft and smooth surface, and a high bulkiness together with a high strength, in order to provide to the user an enhanced functionality and a high degree of comfort during usage. The present invention also relates to the process of making paper tissue and paper tissue products presenting such characteristics.

Abstract: Wiping products are disclosed containing an additive composition that enhances the cleaning properties of the product. The additive composition, for instance, comprises an aqueous dispersion containing an alpha-olefin polymer, an ethylene-carboxylic acid copolymer, or mixtures thereof. The alpha-olefin polymer may comprise an interpolymer of ethylene and octene, while the ethylene-carboxylic acid copolymer may comprise ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer. The additive composition may also contain a dispersing agent, such as a fatty acid. The additive composition increases various properties of the product including the ability of the product to quickly absorb oil. For instance, the additive composition can decrease the Oil Absorbency Rate by from about 20% to about 80% and can decrease the Reverse Osmosis Oil Wet Out time by from about 10% to about 80%.

Abstract: An absorbent paper sheet for tissue or towel includes from about 99 percent to about 70 percent by weight of cellulosic papermaking fiber and from about 1 percent to about 30 percent by weight fibrillated regenerated cellulose microfiber which was regenerated form a cellulosic dope utilizing a tertiary amine N-oxide solvent or an ionic liquid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to para-aramid pulp including meta-aramid fibrids for use as reinforcement material in products including for example friction materials, fluid sealing materials, and papers. The invention further relates to processes for making such pulp.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of a paper suitable for use in a laminated product is described. The process comprising: (a) impregnating the paper preferably on the paper machine with melamine resins dissolved in a solvent, the melamine resins being more than 80% water soluble; the solution having a solids content of less than 50% such that ink may be added to the paper following impregnation. Thus in contrast to established techniques, an ink-pattern is preferably added to the paper after the paper has been treated, preferably impregnated, with resin. In preferred embodiments the paper is calendered after addition of the resins in step (a). The paper can then be further impregnated after printing then combined with a substrate to form a laminated flooring product. Step (a) reduces the wet-expansion caused by the later addition of further resins and is especially useful when step (a) is performed before adding the ink-pattern which then also reduces wet expansion caused by the addition of ink.

Abstract: A method of making paper includes mixing calcium hydroxide into a water and pulp fiber slurry. The method also includes reacting the calcium hydroxide and pulp fiber slurry under a carbon dioxide pressure. Further, the method includes causing calcium carbonate precipitate to form in response to the reacting.

Abstract: An exemplary method for forming a sand core includes forming a core insert; forming a sand core precursor around the core insert; and creating at least one passage within the sand core precursor by removing or otherwise transforming a portion of the core insert, wherein the at least one passage includes at least one exit point. The sand core may then be utilized in a casting mold assembly to form a cast part.

Abstract: The invention relates to a casting process for an aluminum alloy containing at least about 0.1% of Mg and/or at least about 0.1% of Li in which a liquid surface of said alloy is put into contact with a dried gas including at least about 2% of oxygen by volume and with a water partial pressure lower than about 150 Pa throughout most of the solidification process. The invention makes it possible to cast the most oxidable aluminum alloys, in particular aluminum alloys containing magnesium and/or lithium, without using additives such as beryllium and/or calcium and without using expensive devices and/or gases, to obtain cast ingots free from surface defects and pollution, in complete safety.