Abstract: A laminated assembly (10) is mountable on a wall and comprises a back support (20) and opposed side supports (40,50) for holding the laminating roller (60) and nip roller (70). The assembly includes hanging supports (120) for hanging the assembly (10) on a wall oriented so that the nip is substantially parallel to the wall and items to be laminated can be fed from above, passed through the machine and released below the machine.

Abstract: An inflation work station for inflating a tire-wheel assembly including a tire mounted to a wheel is disclosed. The inflation work station includes a working device having an end effecter. The end effecter includes a wheel-engaging plunger member, a retaining apparatus connected to the wheel-engaging plunger member, and an inflation apparatus connected to the wheel-engaging plunger member. The retaining apparatus includes at least one tire-engaging portion extending from a retaining apparatus base member. The inflation apparatus includes at least one inflation probe extending from an inflation apparatus base member. A method for operating an inflation work station is also disclosed.

Abstract: A movable office screen system. A main screen unit has a first end and a second end opposite thereto. A first roller blind screen is disposed in the main screen unit and selectively extends to the exterior thereof. At least one roller is connected to the first end of the main screen unit. The main screen unit is supported by the roller and is moved by rolling of the roller.

Abstract: Door elements having FinRay structures are described herein. An example door element described herein is movable between a closed position in which the element extends across a doorway to at least partially block the doorway, and an open position where at least a portion of the element moves to a non-blocking position relative to the doorway. The door element includes a first flexible side element to transmit tensile forces and has a proximal end and a distal end. The door element includes a second flexible side element to resist compressive forces and has a proximal end and a distal end. The first and second side elements are coupled to each other at their distal ends. The element includes a plurality of connecting ribs flexibly coupled to the first and second side elements to transmit tensile forces between the first and second side elements.

Abstract: A window shade that consists of several louvers positioned one above the other. Each of the louvers is, in fact, composed of two identical halves that are connected to one another by means of a cylindrical rod that serves as an axis and a connector between the two halves of the louver. A window shade that is composed of louvers, each of which consists of two parts positioned at varying angles to each other, such that the angle between the two parts of the louver can be changed and the shade can be fully closed, fully opened or in a position that lets air, but not light, into the room.

Abstract: A slats control system for blinds includes a first control rope and a second control rope. Two respective first ends of the two control ropes are fixed to the control members corresponding thereto and the axis of the control member is located between the first control rope and the second control rope. Multiple odd-numbered slats and even-numbered slats are connected to the head box. Multiple connection ropes extend through the slats and are connected between the head box and a bottom bar. A first/second driving rope is transversely connected to an underside of the odd-numbered slat/even-numbered slat. The first/second control ropes are connected to the first/second driving ropes on each slat. When the control members are rotated by rotating a shaft, the first/second control rope and the second/first control rope are lifted and the lowered simultaneously. The odd-numbered slats and the even-numbered slats are rotated in opposite directions simultaneously.

Abstract: A venetian blind system for blocking the sun through a window is provided. The venetian blind system comprises a plurality of blind slats. A tinting mechanism tints each of the blind slats. A turning mechanism turns the blind slats from a substantially open position to a substantially closed position. A moving mechanism moves the blind slats in a generally upward and downward direction wherein upon the blind slats being in a substantially closed position, any objects viewed through the window are clearly visible.

Abstract: A freestanding modular wall according to the present invention includes at least two base members, a vertical post securely attached to each base member, a bottom horizontal bar between each pair of posts, a plurality of substantially rectangular panels, a horizontal bar above each panel or each horizontal row of panels, and a vertical bar between each pair of panels or each vertical column of panels. Each vertical post forms at least one vertical slot for receiving the ends of horizontal bars and the vertical edges of panels, and each vertical bar forms slots on both edges for receiving the vertical edges of panels and the ends of horizontal bars. Likewise, each horizontal bar forms slots along at least one edge for receiving the ends of vertical bars and horizontal edges of the panels. Each panel forms two faces, two vertical edges and two horizontal edges. Each panel is of a substantially standard depth and each panel face is selected from one to three substantially standard sizes.

Abstract: A wall opening covering is disclosed. The covering includes a take up member attached to a support assembly. The take up member is rotatable in a first direction and a second direction and the support assembly is configured and arranged to fasten to a wall opening. A lifting member is retained by the take up member. A front panel is suspended in the wall opening and connected to the lifting member. The front panel is movable between a first position and a second position whereby rotation of the take up member in the first direction gathers the lifting member thereby drawing the front panel to the first position and rotation of the take up member in the second direction releases the lifting member thereby drawing the front panel to the second position. The wall opening covering may further include a transmission assembly driving the take up member.

Abstract: A window blind assembly includes a top rail, a drawable curtain, and a releasable curtain-drawing mechanism. The drawable curtain has an upper section hung from the top rail, and a lower section extending downwardly from the upper section. The releasable curtain-drawing mechanism includes a pull cord for drawing up and lowering the drawable curtain, and at least one magnetic connecting unit for connecting releasably the pull cord to the lower section of the drawable curtain. The magnetic connecting unit includes a first magnetic member connected to the pull cord, and a second magnetic member connected to the lower section of the drawable curtain. The second magnetic member is releasably connected to the first magnetic member via a magnetic force therebetween.

Abstract: The window screen assembly of the present invention comprises a screen member affixed to a screen frame wherein the screen frame has at least one pair of opposing hinges. One such hinge is centrally located on one side of the screen frame and one centrally located on the opposite side of the screen frame such that both the screen frame and the screen itself fold upon rotation or pivoting of the hinges. The hinges can be located either on the horizontally disposed members of the screen frame or the vertical members of the screen frame, or both. In a preferred embodiment, the assembly further includes a plurality of retaining clips. The retaining clips are attachable to the window frame, such as with a screw, and the hinges slide into or are snapped into the retaining clip so as to hold the assembly in place while still allowing rotation of the hinges.

Abstract: A positioning assembly for securing top box of window blinds or shades includes a positioning member which includes multiple hooking members, guide posts and two guide members. An adjustment member includes multiple lugs extending from a top thereof and each lug has an insertion hole. An extension splits from the adjusting member so as to insert into the slot of the positioning member. An engaging portion extends from a bottom of the adjustment member. Multiple springs are mounted to the guide posts and biased between the lugs and the guide posts which are inserted into the insertion holes of the lugs. The top box having an open side which is defined between a first lip and a second lip, wherein the first lip is hooked to one of the hooking members and the second lip is engaged with the engaging portion of the adjustment member.

Abstract: An enhanced method of repulping paper and improving water quality by placing used paper product material in an aqueous solution of dipolar aprotic protophylic solvent, processing it, and recovering recycled pulp based on two physical reactions of the dipolar solvent: first with water from one part of the solvent, and second with cellulosic material from the other part of the solvent. The water reaction involves a rearrangement of hydrogen bonds within the water, improving its reactivity and solvent capacity, and the cellulosic reaction involves dissolution of hemicellulose in a manner which results in reduced fibre loss and improved pulp quality. The net result is more efficient pulping and reduced environmental impact.

Abstract: A continuous process for producing a chemical grade pulp, the process comprising the steps of: (a) steaming lignocellulosic material for a first period of time between 1 and 60 minutes; (b) after steaming, impregnating the steamed lignocellulosic material in an impregnation vessel with green liquor for a second period of time up to 5 minutes and at a temperature between 110° C. and 150° C.; and (c) after impregnation, continuously cooking the lignocellulosic material in a digester to produce a chemical grade pulp.

Abstract: A process for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is disclosed. The process is intended for use in connection with biomass to ethanol processes and is directed in particular to an economical removal of inhibitory compounds generated in biomass pretreatment, which are inhibitory to downstream hydrolysis and fermentation steps. The process includes the steps of heating the lignocellulosic biomass with steam to a preselected temperature, at a preselected pressure and for a preselected time to hydrolyze and solubilize hemicelluloses in the biomass; explosively decomposing the biomass into fibers; and extracting from the resulting reaction mixture a liquefied portion of the lignocellulosic biomass before or after explosive decomposition. The liquefied portion is extracted to remove compounds from the lignocellulosic biomass which are inhibitory to enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis and sugar fermentation to ethanol. For improved efficiency and economy, the inhibitory compounds are not completely removed.

Abstract: The invention combines the step of adding chemicals such as alkaline peroxide to an intermediate line after refining, with the step of applying chemicals such as alkaline peroxide as a pre-treatment before primary refining and/or applying chemicals such as alkaline peroxide at the primary refiner. This is implemented in the preferred embodiment, by pre-treating feed material, refining the materials into a pulp in a superatmospheric refiner, and adding chemicals in the post refining blowline.

Abstract: Steam stripper off gas from chemical pulp mills, for example kraft or sulphite pulp mills is rich in methanol and totally reduced sulphur (TRS) compounds. This gaseous stream is usually burned to avoid further handling of this TRS-rich, odorous stream. We found that once this gaseous stream is condensed, it can be used as a reducing agent in the chlorine dioxide generator, in place of purchased methanol. Surprisingly, we found that, in addition to the methanol component, the TRS components act as reducing agents during the production of chlorine dioxide or, at the very least, do not consume chlorine dioxide. The use of this stream in the ClO2 generator will allow pulp mills to reduce or eliminate the consumption of purchased methanol while providing a new approach to deal with TRS compounds in the chlorine dioxide generator rather than employing a dedicated TRS incinerator or any other combustion device.

Abstract: Tissue products are disclosed containing an additive composition. The additive composition, for instance, comprises an aqueous dispersion containing an alpha-olefin polymer, an ethylene-carboxylic acid copolymer, or mixtures thereof. The alpha-olefin polymer may comprise an interpolymer of ethylene and octene, while the ethylene-carboxylic acid copolymer may comprise ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer. The additive composition may also contain a dispersing agent, such as a fatty acid. The additive composition may be incorporated into the tissue web as the web is being formed. Alternatively, the additive composition may be topically applied to the web in a post processing operation. For instance, in one embodiment, the additive composition may be applied to the web as a creping adhesive during a creping operation.

Abstract: Compositions and methods of producing an optically-enhanced paper-based material are disclosed. The composition can include an optical brightening agent and an additive having an aromatic portion, where the aromatic portion is associated with an optical brightening agent. The paper-based material can exhibit a higher capacity for the optical brightening agent relative to a paper-based material that lacks the additive. Techniques for increasing optical brightening agent retention in a paper-based material are also disclosed. The techniques include using an additive having an aromatic portion, where the aromatic portion associates with an optical brightening agent so that the retention of the optical brightening agent is improved.

Abstract: A screen basket with replaceable profiled bars is described herein. The screen basket includes profiled bars evenly spaced circumferentially to form a plurality of continuous slots that covers the whole basket length. The profiled bars are fixed in place by a backing structure, including support rings. The support rings are made of at least two sections.

Abstract: The invention relates to a clothing especially a press felt for a paper, cardboard or tissue machine with a nonwoven structure comprising staple fibers and which provides the paper and running side of the clothing and with a base structure which is embedded into the nonwoven structure, whereby the base structure comprises a warp knit structure which has sewing threads and reinforcing threads extending lengthways parallel to each other and which have a greater flexural strength than the sewing threads, whereby the sewing threads form loops into which the reinforcing threads are tied thereby forming the warp knit structure. The invention is characterized in that an intermediate layer is arranged at the warp knit structure which is connected with the reinforcing threads by way of the sewing threads.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention include a method for producing a component that includes melting a super-alloy or stainless steel alloy and transferring the melted alloy to a mold. The mold is mechanically vibrated while the melted alloy solidifies. The component then is removed from the mold.

Abstract: Four distinct polyphased inductors (10a, 10b, 10c, 10d) for a travelling magnetic field and mounted with two inductors per large side (12, 12?) on the large sides of the ingot mould, the inductors (10a, 10b) placed side by side on a same large side (12) of the ingot mould and producing driving forces that push the molten metal, along the width of the ingot mould, both in the same direction, which is a direction opposite to that of the driving forces produced by the two inductors (10c, 10d) placed opposite on the other large side (12?), the intensity of the driving forces are adjusted in a differential manner between them such that in proximity to a large side, if there the flow of the metal is higher “towards the interior” than “towards the exterior”, greater intensities are applied to the two forces that push the metal “towards the exterior”, and conversely, if said flow is less strong “towards the interior” than “towards the exterior”, greater forces are applied to the forces that push the metal “towards th

Abstract: A plate fin heat exchanger of the present invention includes a heat exchange part including a heat exchange part main body including layers of plural flow passages, and heat transfer members each of which is disposed within each flow passage of the heat exchange part main body to transfer the heat of fluid flowing in each of the flow passages to each partition walls opposed across the flow passage; and sensing parts connected to both the outsides of the heat exchange part respectively. Each of the sensing parts includes plural sealed spaces, and a sensor wall disposed to separate the outermost sealed space from the sealed space on the inner side thereof. The plate fin heat exchanger further includes a detection means for detecting damage of the sensor wall of the sensing part. According to such a structure, external leak of the fluid performing the heat exchange can be prevented while suppressing deterioration of performance or increase in size or weight.

Abstract: Geothermal transfer systems and methods of transferring geothermal heat to residences are described herein. The geothermal transfer system generally includes an HVAC system in operable communication with a structure, the HVAC system adapted for circulating a heat transfer fluid therein, a housing adapted to contact the heat transfer fluid with water disposed therein, wherein the housing is disposed at a depth sufficient for geothermal transfer of heat between the water and the heat transfer fluid and adapted to refresh the water at a rate sufficient to maintain the geothermal transfer and a pump in fluid communication with the housing and adapted to transfer water from a water source to the housing.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems directed to efficient cooling of data centers. Some embodiments of the invention allow encapsulation of cold rows through an enclosure and allow one or more fans to draw cold air from the cold row encapsulation structure to cool servers installed on the server racks. In other particular embodiments, the systems disclosed can be used to mix outside cool air into the cold row encapsulation structure to cool the servers. In some embodiments, the present invention involves fanless servers installed on the server racks and introduces fan units to draw cooling air from the cold row encapsulation structure through the fanless servers on the racks.

Abstract: A cooling tower system, including a principal cooling tower; an auxiliary cooling tower for receiving a portion of the warm water flow into the main tower; a central shaft mounted vertically in the auxiliary tower; a turbine mounted on a portion of the shaft; a cooling blade mounted on the upper end of the shaft; a water jetting system delivering warm water under pressure from the main cooling tower into the auxiliary cooling tower to impart rotation to the turbine blades for imparting rotation to the cooling blade; a quantity of high efficiency film fill in that portion of the tower below the turbine for receiving the water coming off of the turbine blades; air flow produced by rotation of the cooling blade upward through the fill in order to cool the water before it is returned to the main cooling tower.

Abstract: A casing (10) of an indoor unit (1) contains an indoor fan (21), an air filter (30), and an indoor heat exchanger (22). The indoor unit (1) includes: a divider plate (25) which includes an air hole (26) for attaching the air filter (30) therein, and divides space inside the casing (10) into a room upstream of an air flow passing through the air filter (30), and a room downstream of the air flow passing through the air filter (30); a dust removing mechanism (50) for removing dust trapped on the air filter (30); and a dust container (90) for containing the dust which is removed by the dust removing mechanism (50), and is transferred through a transfer duct (88). The indoor heat exchanger (22) is arranged around the indoor fan (21), and the dust container (90) is arranged below the indoor heat exchanger (22).

Abstract: Provided is a vehicle heating ventilation and air conditioning unit capable of improving the performance of a side demister in a foot mode where a DEF damper is set to a small degree of opening, and capable of securing window clearness of side window glass.

Abstract: In an induction emission air conditioning apparatus installed in a ceiling, it is provided within a casing with a heat exchanger through which a feed air introduced from an outdoor side passes, a fan passing the feed air through the air conditioning heat exchanger, and a heating and cooling unit 1 for blowing a mixed air obtained by inducing and suctioning the air in the room inside by using the feed air passing through the heat exchanger so as to mix with the feed air, into the room inside in a laminar manner, and emitting the heat of the mixed air to the room inside, integrally.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems directed to efficient cooling of data centers. Some embodiments of the invention allow encapsulation of cold rows through an enclosure and allow server fans to draw cold air from the cold row encapsulation structure to cool servers installed on the server racks. In other particular embodiments, the systems disclosed can be used to mix outside cool air into the cold row encapsulation structure to cool the servers. In some embodiments, the present invention involves utilizing a raised sub-floor design of a data center room.

Abstract: A heat recovery unit comprise a heat exchanger (3) which is arranged in an annular space (4) which constitutes a part of an exhaust conduit (2) from e.g. a gas turbine or diesel engine. A bypass conduit (6) for the exhaust is arranged through the annular space (4), and the distribution of exhaust flow through the heat exchanger (3) and the bypass conduit (6) is regulated by means of a regulating valve (7). The regulating valve is a rotating damper valve (7) which is arranged in the exhaust conduit (2) adjacent to the heat exchanger (3), said rotating damper valve having a stationary part (8) and a rotatable part (9) which both are provided with openings (10, 12; 11, 13) which may be brought to cover or overlap each other. Both the stationary part (8) and the rotatable part (9) are formed by two conical oppositely directed portions (8a, 8b; 9a, 9b).

Abstract: A system is described for the thermochemical capture of heat energy and the transfer of this energy to a point of use using a cycle decomposing SO3 to SO2 and O2 and the subsequent oxidation of SO2 and O2 to SO3. This system can store this energy in the form of chemical energy by storing liquid SO2. Embodiments are described wherein oxygen is stored by a solid oxygen storage material or removed and added to the process by selective membranes or by electrochemical pumping. In addition, an alternative embodiment uses an electrochemical generator for the direct conversion of SO2 to electrical energy.

Abstract: A sintered heat pipe comprises: a metal tube of which an inner wall is formed with a plurality of capillary grooves extending in a longitudinal direction; and a sintered powder layer partially covering the capillary grooves. With this structure, the liquid medium in the capillary grooves which moves toward a hot segment can be prevented from being blown by vapor moving toward the cold segment while the liquid medium condensed from the vapor at the cold segment can enter the capillary grooves without difficulty.

Abstract: A heat dissipation device includes a chamber, a tube, a wick structure and a plurality of fins arranged around the tube. The chamber includes a base and a cover hermetically connected to the base. An evaporation room is defined between the base and the cover of the chamber. The tube extends upwardly from the cover of the chamber, and defines a condensation room communicating with the evaporation room. The wick structure is immerged with working fluid, and includes a main portion disposed in the evaporation room and a projection extending from the main portion into the condensation room.

Abstract: A heat pipe includes a tube, a capillary structure, and a working fluid. The tube seals a space and has an evaporating portion, a condensing portion, and a heat insulation portion connected between the evaporating portion and the condensing portion. An opening area defined by one of the condensing portion and the evaporating portion is larger than an opening area defined by the heat insulation portion. The capillary structure is disposed on an inner surface of the tube. The working fluid is disposed in the tube.

Abstract: The device includes an evaporator and a condenser connected by an outer tube in which extends at least one inner tube having one end leading into the condenser and another end connected to an end of a central duct for collecting the vapours of a heat-carrier fluid, in a microporous mass provided in the outer tube and pumping by capillarity the liquid-phase fluid flowing in at least one outer duct between the outer and inner tubes from the condenser to the evaporator, while the vapour-phase fluid flows from the evaporator to the condenser in at least one inner duct inside said at least one inner tube. The invention can be used for the thermal energy transfer from an electronic component or circuit in relation with the evaporator to a cold source in relation with the condenser.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an apparatus including a magnesium alloy vessel substantially free of aluminum and zinc, with the vessel having a hollow interior cavity containing a working fluid, wherein the improvement includes the formation of a stable, protective layer on the inside wall of the vessel, the layer establishing compatibility with the working fluid and preventing base metal corrosion by the working fluid, the vessel including magnesium in combination with a gettering metal.

Abstract: A thermal management system (201) is disclosed which comprises (a) a liquid medium (207), (b) a heat generating device (203) disposed in said medium, (c) a heat transfer device (205) in thermal contact with said heat generating device, said heat transfer device comprising a thermally conductive material and having a channel (213) defined on a surface thereof, and (d) a synthetic jet ejector (223) adapted to direct a jet of the liquid medium along said channel.

Abstract: The moving carbon nanotube heat sink includes a heat transfer belt comprised of highly thermally efficient carbon nanotubes. Laterally disposed cooling fins extend away from a top surface of the belt. The belt is slidingly disposed over a C-shaped channel made of metal or other suitable material that is mechanically and/or chemically connected to a top surface of an electronic chip. Belt movement may be powered and guided by a plurality of rollers. The cooling occurs primarily as a result of conduction and convection heat transfer modes.

Abstract: An air cooled steam condenser for condensing exhaust steam from a steam turbine including a steam delivery manifold, first and second bundles of aligned elongated tubes extending downwardly at an angle to the axis of the steam delivery manifold, each bundle containing a plurality of elongated tubes having exterior aluminum fins, an exterior coating of aluminum and an interior cladding of stainless steel having a thickness between about 45 and 125 microns, wherein a height measured between the rounded ends of the tubes is greater than 220 mm or between 220 and 280 mm and the length of the tubes is greater than 11 m, preferably between 12 and 14 m or greater.

Abstract: Methods and a system for shielding cooling tubes in a radiant syngas cooler. The heat shields may prevent direct contact between heated syngas and the cooling tubes. The heat shield may be mounted to a header that also attaches to the cooling tubes. The heat shield may also be separated from the cooling tubes or, alternatively, the heat shield may be coated onto the cooling tubes. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to the heated syngas may corrode the heat shield.

Abstract: An organic rankine cycle system for recovering and utilizing waste heat from a waste heat source by using a closed circuit of a working fluid is provided. The organic rankine cycle system includes at least one evaporator. The evaporator further includes a surface-treated substrate for promoting nucleate boiling of the working fluid thereby limiting the temperature of the working fluid below a predetermined temperature. The evaporator is further configured to vaporize the working fluid by utilizing the waste heat from the waste heat source.

Abstract: An inclined waved board and a heat exchanger thereof. The inclined waved board includes a board body composed of continuous waved sections. The waved sections are respectively inclined from a first side to a second side, inclined from the first side to a third side and inclined from a fourth side to the second side of the board body by an inclination. The waved sections define multiple raised sections and recessed sections on two faces of the board body. The heat exchanger is composed of multiple board bodies arranged adjacent to and in parallel to each other. Each two adjacent board bodies define therebetween a flow way. When fluids flow through the flow ways, the inclined waved sections enhance turbulence intensity and guide the fluids to produce secondary flows along the cross-sections of the flow ways so as to form dynamic three-dimensional swirling flow structure in the waved flow ways.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus for integrating the heat transfer zones of plate fin and tube and finned tube exchangers and a catalytic mass transfer zone. The invention also provides a method for in situ regeneration of existing coated surface and augmentation of existing coated surface, or catalyst performance.

Abstract: A heat exchanger is provided in which steam locking is prevent and which allows steam condensate generated in heat transfer tubes to quickly flow down into a condensate outlet chamber. The heat exchanger includes a shell (1) in which a plurality of heat transfer tubes (5) are disposed. The shell (1) has an inlet (2) for fluid to be heated through which fluid to be heated flows in and an outlet (3) for heated fluid through which heated fluid flows out. The heat transfer tubes (5) are penetratingly fixed, at their ends, to a tube plate (7). The tube plate (7) has an end face covered by partition chamber cases (8) and (9) provided with a top steam inlet (10) through which steam flows in and a bottom condensate outlet (11) through which condensate flows out.

Abstract: The invention describes a plate heat exchanger and a method for producing a plate heat exchanger. The plate heat exchanger consists of a multiplicity of passages 1a, 1b which are arranged in stack form and which are separated from one another by separating sheets 2. The passages 1a and 1b in this case consist of a multiplicity of hollow profiles 5 arranged next to one another.

Abstract: Disclosed is a microchannel heat exchanger (10) including at least one manifold (14) for distributing fluid and a plurality of tubes (12) extending from the at least one manifold (14). At least one tube (12) of the plurality of tubes (12) has a substantially curvilinear cross-section and includes a plurality of ports (24) extending from a first end of each tube (12) to a second end of each tube (12), the ports (24) capable of carrying fluid therethrough. A plurality of fins (16) are located along a length of the plurality of tubes (24). Further disclosed is a method for extracting thermal energy from a flow via a microchannel heat exchanger (10).

Abstract: Molten aluminum is heated in the range of 900° C. to 1300° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere using magnesium as an auxiliary agent to form aluminum nitride directly on the molten aluminum and bond the aluminum nitride to the aluminum so that an Al—AlN composite material is formed. Because aluminum nitride power needs not to be sintered at high temperature equal to or higher than 1900° C., the Al—AlN composite material can be formed at low temperature in the range of 900° C. to 1300° C. compared with the high temperature equal to or higher than 1900° C., and thereby the high-density aluminum nitride can be obtained.

Abstract: A heat sink (10) is disclosed which comprises a substrate (1), an electrode layer (2) formed on the substrate (1) and a solder layer (3) formed on the substrate (1) wherein the solder layer (3) provides a bonding strength of not less than 30 MPa and a shear strain of not less than 0.07. The heat sink may be a sub-mount which comprises a sub-mount substrate (1), an electrode layer (2) formed on the substrate (1) and a solder layer (3) formed on the substrate (1) wherein the electrode layer (2) is formed with a window portion (2A) having the solder layer (3) embedded therein and is connected to an outer peripheral area of the solder layer (3). A sub-mount that has a high strength of bonding between the solder layer (3) and a semiconductor device is provided at a reduced cost.