Abstract: A non-ring, non-alkene, nitrated n-alkane base scaffold combined with at least one trioxynitrate provides a differentiated-mean combustive performance in a stabilized and sufficiently polar molecule as to be miscible, and thus serve as a high-energy-density component of a fuel additive that, when mixed with existing fuels at appropriate dilution ratios, will impart equivalent combustive efficiency to that of standardized, petroleum distillate, gasoline and diesel in various blends including aviation fuel and heating oil over the full-temperature-range of use; and a specific embodiment of this non-ring, non-alkene nitrated n-alkane base scaffold is described which, when blended with a petroleum diesel, biodiesel, or combination of B-20 standard biodiesel (80% diesel, 20% biodiesel) wherein the additive comprises less than 5% of the total mix, produces at least a 10% or greater combustive energy density as compared to the base fuel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing additive mixtures for fuel oils by mixing at least two additive components in a dynamic mixer or a lamination mixer. The invention further relates to additive mixtures obtained by said method and fuel oil compositions containing said additive mixtures.

Abstract: A method of preparing a composition of alcohol esters of linear monocarboxylic acids with 6 to 26 carbon atoms from a vegetable or animal oil, neutral or acid, virgin or recycled, with monoalcohols having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst based on a hybrid solid with an organic-inorganic mixed matrix, allows to directly produce, in one or more stages, an ester that can be used as fuel and a pure glycerin.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of at least 120 ppm of a nitrogen-containing detergent as a diesel fuel additive to improve the performance of a diesel engine having a high pressure fuel system.

Abstract: Methods and systems for producing a synthetic fuel are disclosed. In some embodiments, the methods and systems include the following: thermally reforming methane and carbon dioxide to generate a syngas including a first quantity of carbon monoxide and a first quantity of hydrogen; oxidizing the quantity of first carbon monoxide with a metal to produce metal oxide and carbon thereby separating oxygen from the carbon monoxide; gasifying the carbon using steam to produce a second quantity of carbon monoxide and a second quantity of hydrogen; reacting the metal oxide with methane to produce metal oxide, carbon dioxide, and a third quantity of hydrogen; and synthesizing the first quantity of carbon monoxide, the first quantity of hydrogen, the second quantity of hydrogen, and the third quantity of hydrogen to form the synthetic fuel.

Abstract: A super compactor receives a carbon-containing material and delivers a brick suitable as fuel for power generation. A compaction chamber receives the carbon-containing material and has at least one ram reciprocating along a travel path and exerting a predetermined amount of pressure on the carbon-containing material. The compaction chamber also has an end effector plate or a movable slide gate against which the carbon-containing material is compressed, promoting the removal of moisture from the carbon-containing material, and one or more dewatering apertures or a membrane permitting moisture to pass through but blocking the carbon-containing material. A collector captures the moisture that passes through the dewatering apertures or membrane. A power unit provides power to the at least one ram. A heated extrusion chamber receives the carbon-containing material from the compaction chamber and heats and compacts the carbon-containing material to bind the carbon-containing material into the form of a brick.

Abstract: Apparatus and a process are described for compressing superheated steam into porous coal chunks in a chamber, and, after a time interval, expanding this steam out of the chamber, and repeating this steam cycle of compression followed by expansion. Thusly heated by the steam, volatile matter separates from the solid coke portion of the coal and separate volatile matter and coke products can be produced from coal or biomass fuels. These volatile matter liquids and tars can be used as fuel components in slurry fuels, for internal combustion engines used in our surface transportation industries. These solid coke products can be used as boiler fuel in steam electric plants. In this way our large domestic reserves of coal can be used as a fuel source, not only for electric power generation, but also for our surface transportation needs.

Abstract: The present invention provides a grass protection mat which can be used for protection of grass in a golf course, a grass field, and a park lawn, or be used for growth of the grass. The grass protection mat includes a body member constituting grass penetrating spaces, protruding pillars formed at upper portion of the body member, lug members formed at lower portion of the body member, and an outer frame provided at outer wall of the body member. The grass protection mat further includes sinking prevention means provided across the grass penetrating spaces formed at the lower portion of the mat, elastically deformable sinking prevention means, mat sliding prevention means provided to the sinking prevention means, and sliding prevention means.

Abstract: A reinforcing slope planting structure includes a plurality of vegetation bags filled with stuffing and a plurality of fasteners. The vegetation bags are ventilative and pervious to water, and provided with plant seeds. The vegetation bags are laid on a slope. The fasteners penetrate into the vegetation bags for securing the vegetation bags to the slope so as become an integral whole. A reinforcing layer is provided between the vegetation bags and the slope. With the reinforcing layer between the vegetation bags which are filled with the stuffing and the plant seeds or paved with sod and the slope, the present invention provides a green layer for plant growing, firming and protecting the slope as well as greening and beautifying the slope. The present invention also provides a green ecology to improve the air and to absorb heat and noise.

Abstract: Systems and devices are provided for the handling and transport of plants, cuttings, tissue-cultured plantlets, and/or seeds. Said system comprising a prop-string having one or more prop-tubes affixed thereto and in alignment with the cells of a transplant liner tray. Plant, cuttings, tissue-cultured plantlets, or seeds are positioned within the prop-tubes for transport. Upon transplanting, the prop-tube with the plant, cutting, tissue-cultured plantlet, or seeds therein are positioned within transplant liner tray cells. The prop-tubes will not interfere with rooting or growth of the plant and can be biodegradable or an inert material. Said system facilitates the simultaneous transplant of multiple plants, cuttings, tissue-cultured plantlets, or seeds.

Abstract: A method of containing a floral grouping or potted plant in a sleeve is disclosed. The sleeve has first and second panels, and at least a portion of at least one of the first and second panels is constructed of at least two layers of material. At least a portion of the at least two layers of material may be connected.

Abstract: The plant transport and storage device is useful for moving and storing a plurality of plants. The device is capable of rapid and assembly and collapse. The device has a base support member, a base beam, a vertical support, and a plant support. Optionally, the device includes a lift and selective height adjustment.

Abstract: Proposed are a system and method for wasteless pyrolytic processing and complete utilization of municipal and domestic wastes. The wastes are sequentially passed through units of sorting, grinding, drying, accumulating, and sending to a pyrolysis reactor for pyrolytic treatment. The syngas produced in the pyrolysis is passed through dry cleaning, dust catching, a first wet cleaning with water, a second wet cleaning with alkali, and a floatation unit for separation of water which is purified to an extent sufficient for technical use. The purified syngas is also passed through an absorber and is then used as a working medium for a power generation unit such as a gas turbine co-generator that generates electricity. Solid products of the pyrolysis reaction, such as coke, are returned to the reactor for afterburning, and the heat of the reaction can be utilized in a dryer, or the like.

Abstract: Refinery off gases are treated in a plant in two processing steps, wherein the off gases are first scrubbed in a wash column using lean oils for removal of heavy mercaptans and C5+ hydrocarbons, and wherein a hydrotreater is then used for saturating olefinic hydrocarbons and reducing sulfurous compounds. Most preferably, lean recycle oil is used for temperature control of the hydrotreater reactor(s) in configurations where the lean oil from a hydrotreater reactor outlet separator is mixed with the reactor feed to so cool the hydrotreater reactor via evaporation.

Abstract: A controlled gate system is comprised of a barrier arm which is pivotally connected to a first fixed support. A motion detector is secured to a second fixed support spaced a predetermined distance from the first fixed support and in alignment therewith to create a restricted passageway with the barrier arm normally resting in an obstructing position within the passageway. The barrier arm is arrested at the obstructing position by a solenoid actuated latch which is disengaged by the motion detector. The arc of displacement of the barrier arm is also restricted to permit passage through the passageway in a single direction. Under certain conditions a controller will permit the barrier arm to be disengaged to permit passage in the passageway in opposed directions. The motion detector of the preferred embodiment is constituted by a further barrier arm.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a door operator (1) with a drive unit, wherein the drive unit presents a gear with a gear housing (2). According to the invention, it is intended that the gear housing (2) has at least one first shell element (3) and at least one second shell element (4), wherein the shell is elements (3, 4) are able to be brought into mutual abutment for forming an inner gear compartment (5).

Abstract: A dual channel window lift assembly is provided, the assembly having: a door bracket; a pair of guide rails each being rotationally mounted to the door bracket for rotational movement in a predetermined range; and a cable assembly secured to the door bracket wherein at least one cable of the cable assembly is not received within a conduit and the at least one cable is secured to as least one pulley rotationally mounted to the one of the pair of guide rails and the at least one cable remains on the at least one pulley as the pair of guide rail each rotate within the predetermined range.

Abstract: A single channel window lift assembly for a vehicle is provided, the window lift assembly having: a door bracket; a single guide rail rotationally mounted to the door bracket for rotational movement in a predetermined range; and a cable assembly secured to the single guide rail wherein at least one cable of the cable assembly is not received within a conduit and the at least one cable is secured to as least one pulley rotationally mounted to the single guide rail and the at least one cable remains on the at least one pulley as the single guide rail rotates within the predetermined range.

Abstract: A catcher (2) comprises a catcher stopper (21), a holding body (22) for holding a striker body (1), and a biasing body (23) for them. When the catcher stopper (21) is projected by the biasing body (23), the holding body (22) is located at the forward position in a non-holding state. When the holding body (22) is located at the backward position in a holding state, the catcher stopper (21) is retracted. An engaging hole (402) for the catcher stopper (21) is formed in a recess (MB). A biasing force is stored in the biasing body (3) when the catcher (2) is located at the reference position where the catcher stopper (21) is engaged with the engaging hole (402). When the movable body (M) is moved forward to the self-propelling start position, the striker body (1) is advanced into the holding body (22) of the catcher (2) at the reference position.

Abstract: A hand-pulling drive mechanism for an industrial door is installed on a motor end cover of the motor. The mechanism includes a hand drive device to operate manually and a shaft connected with the hand drive device. The mechanism farther includes a gear pair to change an engagement state and a disengagement state, a rotation propelling device connected with the shaft, and an eccentric pulling device including a shaft pin placed on the shaft and a torsion jacket pivotally connected to the shaft and rotated relative to the shaft pin. The gear pair includes a drive gear sleeved on the shaft for switching between the two states, and a follower gear secured to a motor shaft. The rotation propelling device is moveably connected with the drive gear. The torsion jacket and the drive gear jointly move to pull the torsion jacket through eccentric rotation of the shaft pin when the shaft is rotated, so that the drive gear moves in an axial direction and the follower drive engages with and disengages from the drive gear.

Abstract: A baby gate assembly which opens automatically only when detecting a designated person, by IR detection, RFID tagging or voice recognition. One or more IR detectors are mounted on a telescopic mast, enabling designation by height selection and the sensed signal compared with a datum or another IR facing in an opposite direct to provide signal operating reversible stepping motor to unlatch the gate. The control circuitry maintains the gate unlatched for sufficient time for the designated person to push open and walk through the gate in a hands free operation. A pedal release mechanism is also enabling unlatching during a power cut. The automatic and pedal unlatching mechanisms are linked for lost motion permitting independent operation.

Abstract: A cap mounting structure has an engagement hole formed in a peripheral edge part of an opening in an interior member; a protruding part is formed on a cap; an engagement part engaging with the engagement hole is formed by expanding an intermediate portion in the protrusion direction of the protruding part; the length in the expansion direction of the engagement part is set so as to be longer than the length of the engagement hole; the engagement part is inserted through the engagement hole while at least one of the engagement hole and the engagement part is elastically deformed, and the engagement part is engaged with the engagement hole by the elastic restoration of the elastically deformed part(s), whereby the cap is made in a temporarily held state in which the cap is held by the interior member; and from the temporarily held state, the cap is oscillated so as to be opened and closed.

Abstract: A vehicle door sash having a uniform cross-sectional shape is provided, including an enclosed section on a vehicle inner side, and an outer extending wall which extends from the enclosed section toward the vehicle outer side, the enclosed section provided with inner and outer walls, with respect to a vehicle width direction, a body-side wall, and an adjacent-to-glass wall that is adjacent to a window glass of the vehicle door. A weather strip is abutted against the body-side of the outer extending wall, and a glass runner is abutted against the window side of the outer extending wall. The body-side wall of the enclosed section is straight in cross section. A thickness of at least one of the inner and outer walls of the enclosed section is greater than a thickness of each of the body-side wall and the adjacent-to-glass wall.

Abstract: A method for attaching a window lift system to a vehicle is provided, the method including the step of rotationally mounting at least one guide rail to a bracket, wherein the at least one guide rail is capable of rotating in at least one plane within a predetermined range wherein rotation of the at least one guide rail in the predetermined range maintains a cable of the window lift system under tension without a spring loaded conduit such that the cable does not become disengaged from at least one pulley rotatably mounted to the guide rail.

Abstract: A polishing sheet, having polishing particles fixed to a base sheet in a single-layer formation by an adhesive agent so as to be mutually separated in the direction of their plane and having cutting edges exposed and arranged to be coplanar, is produced by forming on a provisional base sheet a film of a provisional adhesive agent of a thickness smaller than the average diameter of the polishing particles, dispersing the polishing particles onto the film of the provisional adhesive agent so as to contact the provisional base sheet, pressing the base sheet covered with the adhesive agent onto the polishing particles with the adhesive agent facing towards the polishing particles, hardening the pressed adhesive agent, and removing the provisional base sheet and the film of the provisional adhesive agent. The polishing particles are charged in a same polarity when dispersed.

Abstract: A device and method for rapid deployment of snow shelters are disclosed forthwith. The device includes an elongated sleeve with an open end and a closed end with an optional weight compartment preferably disposed of at the closed end. The device is quickly inflated by use of wind or movement of the user, closed to form a cylindrical tube and then covered in snow. An opening in the snow is dug out and the device is deflated. Once the device is removed from the snow cover, the inner space where the device was becomes a snow shelter capable of insulating the user from the harsh environment outside the shelter.

Abstract: The invention relates to a construction made of individual components which consist at least partially of wood-concrete composite elements (100) composed by at least one wood component (110) with a wood cross section and a concrete component (101) with a concrete cross section. The wood-concrete composite elements are at least partially prefabricated and then brought together at the factory or later at the construction site. The individual components are connected and/or assembled with the other components by a non-positive and/or positive and/or material connection, partially by transmitting force only via the wood cross section or partially only by transmitting force via the concrete cross section or partially by the wood cross section and the concrete cross section.

Abstract: The invention is a portable and modular shelter that are assembled and erected to serve as a background or expendable facade for range targets used in live ammunition target practice and combat exercises. The panels of the modular and portable shelter are ballistically designed to let rounds of ammunition pass through with as little damage to the panels as possible. Additionally, the panels do not cause the ballistic projectiles passing through to scatter, splashback, or ricochet. The modular and portable shelters have no lasting environmental impact if erected temporarily.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of modular building systems. Embodiments of the invention include, a modular building system comprising planar sheets of material and moment connections, which are combined with tool-less or limited tool assembly mechanisms and can be used, for example, as spatial partitions, platforms, structural supports, or supports for articles. Specific embodiments of the invention provide structures having a seemingly homogenous, flowing ribbon structure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for the anchoring in rigid ground such as decks or floors made of concrete, asphalt, rock etc., for support posts for safety barriers and parapets, by means of bolts partly embedded in the ground and fixed to same by chemical or mechanical means, whose emergent part successively traverses the anchor plate of the post of the barrier, one or more washers and closure nuts which are what fix the bolt to the anchor plate. The washers present the capacity to behave as fusible elements which, in the event of a vertical load due to traction greater than a defined value, are deformed and traversed by the closure nut which, once released from the washer, traverses the corresponding hole of the anchor plate, which is of a size greater than that of the closure nut, with the union between the plate and bolt thus becoming decoupled.

Abstract: An elongated edging assembly for holding landscaping and/or paving materials and the like in place in a predetermined location. The assembly may be made up of first and second elongated edger members which each include an elongated upright material retaining plate and a connector located adjacent an end of the corresponding member. The connectors desirably include respective mating interengageable components located on the plates near the ends thereof. The components are configured and adapted to cooperate to interconnect the members and maintain the ends of the respective plates in substantial abutting relationship with the plates in substantial alignment. The members may ideally be arranged as a neat packet of related objects including a pair of elongated members configured, arranged, aligned and joined together so as to present a single elongated construct having an open interior. At least one accessory item for said members is arranged within the open interior.

Abstract: A structural sandwich plate member particularly adapted for use as a floor panel comprises a structural sandwich panel (10a, 10b) comprising first and second outer metal plates (11, 12), an edge member (20) fixed between the outer metal plates (11,12) in an edge of the panel (10a, 10b) and a core (13) bonded to the outer metal plates (11, 12) and arranged to transfer shear forces therebetween, wherein the edge member (20) comprises: an inner part fixed between the outer metal plates (11, 12); and an outer part projecting beyond the outer metal plates (11, 12) and having a plurality of through-holes (22) therein arranged to receive respective bolts (34) to fix the panel (10a, 10b) to another structure (40).

Abstract: The invention is a damper and a method for protecting buildings and similar structural systems from dynamic loading such as loading caused by earthquakes, strong winds or machine vibrations. More specifically, the damper is made from structural members being interconnected in frictional or visco-elastically dampened rotational joints. Due to the dampening of the joints, relative movement between the structural elements is dampened. In particular, the damper is useful for base isolation, e.g., in order to allow a building or a machine to move in a dampened movement relative to its foundation or in order to allow a cable stay of a cable stay bridge to move in a dampened movement relative to its fixation point on the bridge.

Abstract: A system for removably and adjustably mounting a device on an object is provided. The system for removably and adjustably mounting a device on an object, according to the present invention, includes an apparatus and method useful for removably and adjustably mounting one or more photovoltaic modules on an object such as a pole or roof, and includes one or more triple track rails. Also included are one or more connector brackets that are demountably attachable to the one or more triple track rails and to the object.

Abstract: The invention is a portable, modular stairway unit for use on a building site during construction of a multistorey building, the stairway unit including: a stair run section with a plurality of rise-separated stair treads, the stair run section having an upper and a lower end; an upper landing connected to the stair run section at, or at a distance from, the upper end of the stair run section; a lower landing connected to the stair run section at, or at a distance from, the lower end of the stair run section; wherein each of the landings have portions that extend laterally beyond a width of the stair run section, the landings being devised to extend inwardly into respective upper and lower storey levels of the building when the stairway unit is situated adjacent to a face of the building; and anchoring means arranged to removeably secure the landings, in use, at the upper and lower storey levels thereby to provide a double-cantilevered mounting of the stair run section extending between the two building store

Abstract: This invention provides a type of door frame totally different from those in current use and characterized in the novel design and construction thereof by having an interior space for redimensioning it to any measurement within the range for cutting between the vertical inner jamb and the vertical outer moving jamb, by making a single cut and reassembling the outer moving jamb in order to obtain a new measurement for the door.

Abstract: One embodiment of a safety surfacing tile comprises a top surface; a plurality of series of first members supporting the top surface and extending continuously across a transverse length of the safety surfacing tile; a plurality of series of second members supporting the top surface and extending continuously across a length of the safety surfacing tile perpendicular to the transverse length; and a grid of voids formed by the intersecting first and second members on an underside of the top surface, wherein the grid of voids absorbs impact energy from an object impacting the top surface.

Abstract: A floor assembly comprising at least one plate, at least one girder connected to said plate, which girder is provided with at least one passage extending transversely to the girder and which supports at least one removable panel. The floor assembly further comprises at least one section supported by at least one girder, which section extends in a direction transversely to the girder. Said section comprises a separating segment and first and second supports located on either side of said separating segment, wherein said first and said second support are located at different heights relative to an upper side of the separating segment. The first support supports the panel, whilst the second support supports a stonelike floor. The second support is located near a bottom side of the separating segment remote from the upper side.

Abstract: Floor panels (1, 1?) are shown, which are provided with a mechanical locking system on long and short edges (5a, 5b, 4a, 4b) allowing installation with vertical snap folding that could be accomplished automatically without tools and where the short edge (4a, 4b) locking system comprises a tongue (10) made in one piece with the panel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a mast arrangement having at least two single masts and at least one beam connecting the single masts, wherein at least one shear connector provided with anchor pins engaging the anchor pins in the an exterior side of the beam and/or the single mast to connect the beam to one of the single masts. Said mast arrangement is easily statically calculated, so that it can be designed appropriately for the load at a low cost.

Abstract: A composite frame (110) for insertion in a building aperture comprises a blind frame (112) and a sash frame (114) hinged to the blind frame (112), wherein the sash frame (114) has an inner sash frame profile (116) and on an outward facing side of the inner sash frame profile (116) is provided an adapter profile (118) fixedly connected to the inner sash frame profile (116) for fixedly inserting a panel (120) provided for this purpose. The blind frame (112) comprises an inner blind frame profile (122) essentially surrounding the inner sash frame profile (116) and on a side of the inner blind frame profile (122) on the outside of the building is provided an outer visible part (124) fixedly connected to the inner blind frame profile (122).

Abstract: The pressure plate assembly is used for securing curtain wall panels. The pressure plate assembly includes an elongated base member and an elongated stiffening member. At least a portion of the interior main face of the stiffening member is removably engagable against a corresponding mating surface on the exterior main face of the base member. The stiffening member is made of a material having a mechanical stress resistance higher than that of the material of the base member. At least one longitudinally-extending thermal insulation chamber is provided within a space located between the interior main face of the base member and the interior main face of the stiffening member.

Abstract: An insert for embedment in a concrete component during casting, having a tubular cavity for receiving a threaded anchorage member, the tubular cavity having an opening arranged to face outward of the concrete component when cast for insertion of the threaded anchorage member, wherein the insert is externally tapered such that, when the insert is embedded in the concrete component and the anchorage member is threadedly engaged within the tubular cavity, axial loading applied to the anchorage member in a sense to withdraw the anchorage member from the insert causes reactional force from the surrounding concrete to be applied to the insert in a direction radially inwardly of the insert, and wherein the insert is formed of deformable plastic material such that said reactional force in turn causes the insert to exert force radially inwardly upon the anchorage member.

Abstract: A connecting element for panels comprises at least one plate (2) which can be fixed to a first panel (3), a connecting body (4) connected to the plate (2) and which can be inserted in a cavity (6) in a second panel (5) to connect the second panel to Other first panel (3); the connecting body (4) having a substantially ‘V’-shaped cross-section and having a top edge (9) which can be completely inserted in the cavity (6).

Abstract: A method for constructing a building comprises the steps of: preparing a base (1); connecting a plurality of panels (2) to the base (1) to form a plurality of walls of the building, each panel (2) at least partly forming a wall of the building; the step of connecting the plurality of panels (2) to the base (1) comprising the preliminary step of connecting a plurality of corner panels (5) at the corners of the base (1).

Abstract: A device for bridging a difference in height between two floor surfaces (1, 3) is described, with said device comprising a profiled cover (4) that is provided with a covering flange (5) which covers the edge of each of the two floor surfaces (1, 3), with at least one clamping extension (6) that protrudes downward from the covering flange (5), extends longitudinally with respect to the profiled cover (4), and clamps into and engages with a fixture (7), with said device also comprising a compensating strip (10) located between the covering flange (5) of the profiled cover (4) and the lower of the two floor surfaces (1, 3). In order to create advantageous construction conditions it is proposed that the fixture (7) forms a clamping seat (11) for the compensating strip (10).

Abstract: A formwork clamp comprising: a lower elongate support member having a head portion and a tail portion, the head portion adapted for attachment to a lower portion of formwork, an upper elongate support member having a head portion and a tail portion, the lower elongate support member and the upper elongate support member being attached relative to each other and movable relative to each other between a collapsed position where the lower elongate member is more towards or against the upper elongate member, and an extended use position where the head portion of the upper elongate member is spaced away from the lower elongate member, a mounting member attached to or forming part of the head portion of the upper elongate support member, the mounting member being attachable to an upper portion of the formwork, the upper elongate support member being adjustable in length, and anchor means to enable the formwork clamp to be anchored to the ground.

Abstract: A wall structure has a telescoping portion and a stationary portion. An overlapping section of the telescoping portion has a recess to allow dry wall to be fastened to the stationary portion at the overlapping section without being attached to the telescoping portion. The fastener pierces through the drywall and a sidewall of the stationary portion. However, a tip of the fastener does not engage a sidewall of the telescoping portion. Rather, the tip of the fastener stops within the recess of the telescoping portion.

Abstract: An i-stud having a web and flanges comprising oriented strand board (OSB) and a method of assembling a wall utilizing the same, wherein the flanges are unitary and non-laminated. The method of assembling a wall may utilize a wall system comprising upper and lower frame members or may utilize existing structural members.

Abstract: The stack-top dunnage can have a sheet having two opposite end sections and a center section therebetween; each end section being successively folded thus forming a thicker ledge portion. The stack-top protector can be placed on top of a stack and the ledges thence receive tie bands that tie the stack to a pallet for shipping.