Abstract: A backlight subsystem includes first and second lightguides separated by an interfacial layer. The first lightguide has an output surface oriented toward an associated first illumination field, a back surface, and at least one light input edge. The second lightguide has output surface oriented toward an associated second illumination field, a back surface, and at least one light input edge. An interfacial layer is arranged between the back surfaces of the first lightguide and the second lightguide. The interfacial layer is substantially optically non-absorbing and may be predominately optically transmissive or predominately optically reflective.

Abstract: There is provided a glass substrate for a display device, a liquid crystal display panel, and a liquid crystal display device capable of eliminating the display unevenness of a display panel having undergone the cell assembly and eliminating the need for a post-process or simplifying the post-process. A liquid crystal panel 30 includes two pieces of glass 10 and 32 opposed to each other; a liquid crystal layer 34 injected between the two plates of the glass 10 and 32; and spherical spacers 33a and 33b arranged so as to abut on the respective surfaces of the two pieces of glass 10 and 32. The glass 10 is 1.1 mm in thickness, wherein if a period D of a filtered waviness curve over a spatial frequency range of 2 to 500 lines/mm based on spectral analysis is greater than 20 mm under the measurement condition of a cut-off value of 0.8 to 8 mm, then an amplitude A of the filtered waviness curve is 2 ?m or less, and the amplitude A, when the period D is 20 mm or less, is 18 nm or greater.

Abstract: A polarizing plate is provided. The polarizing plate includes a polarizing layer having a first and a second opposite sides; a parallax barrier layer configured above one of the first and the second sides of the polarizing layer, and a top surface protecting layer configured above the parallax barrier layer.

Abstract: A cellulose ester film comprising at least one polycondensate ester that comprises a dicarboxylic acid residue mixture having an average carbon number of from 5.5 to 10.0 and comprising an aromatic dicarboxylic acid residue and an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid residue, and an aliphatic diol residue having an average carbon number of from 2.5 to 7.0.

Abstract: Provided is a transparent thin-film electrode characterized in that light transmitted through the transparent thin-film electrode is polarized. The transparent thin-film electrode comprises a conductive polymer or the transparent thin-film electrode comprises a carbon nanotube. Consequently, the transparent thin-film electrode and a liquid crystal display device or a light-emitting element using the same which has industrially satisfactory performance can be provided without using indium that has a problem in terms of stable supply and cost because the amount of indium as a resource is small and the price thereof rises sharply due to stringent demand.

Abstract: There is provided a polarizer integrally containing view angle compensating film used in an in-plane switching liquid crystal display (IPS-LCD) filled with liquid crystal (??>0) having positive dielectric anisotropy and an in-plane switching liquid crystal display comprising the same. More particularly There is provided an integrated polarizer capable of being used to manufacture a thin polarizer and securing a good view angle by employing a view angle compensating film as a protective film of a polarizing film forming the polarizer and an IPS-LCD comprising the same.

Abstract: Thanks to a cellulose ester film comprising at least one kind of a polycondensed ester obtained from at least one kind of an aliphatic diol having an average carbon number of 2.0 to 2.5 and a dicarboxylic acid mixture containing at least one kind of an aromatic ring-containing dicarboxylic acid and at least one kind of an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid and having an average carbon number of 6.0 to 10.0, an excellent cellulose ester film yielding little process contamination at the production and ensuring high production efficiency, a retardation film with excellent characteristics, and a polarizing plate and a liquid crystal display device each using the film, are provided.

Abstract: A liquid-crystal display device comprising a liquid-crystal cell, a first polarizing element and a second polarizing element disposed on either side of the liquid-crystal cell respectively, a first retardation layer between the first polarizing element and the liquid-crystal cell, and a second retardation layer between the second polarizing element and the liquid-crystal cell, wherein a transmission axis of the first polarizing element is perpendicular to the slow axis of the first retardation layer; and a transmission axis of the second polarizing element is parallel to the slow axis of the second retardation layer; and the first retardation layer and the second retardation layer satisfy the formula (1) 0 nm<?Re1(548)??Re2(548)?50 nm.

Abstract: A color filter array on pixel array substrate including a substrate, an active device array, a color filter array and a pixel electrode layer is provided. The substrate has a plurality of pixel regions and a light-shielding region. The active device array is disposed on the substrate. The color filter array is disposed on the substrate, and includes a light shielding patterned layer and a plurality of color filter patterns, wherein the light-shielding patterned layer is disposed in the light-shielding region. The color filter patterns are respectively disposed in the pixel regions and extend from the pixel regions into the light shielding regions, wherein the color filter patterns extending from adjacent pixel regions constitute a stacked structure within the light shielding regions. The pixel electrode layer is electrically connected to the active device array.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device according to the invention includes a first substrate, on a surface of which are formed: a first color film which has a color other than black, and one portion of which configures a first pixel; a second color film, one portion of which configures a second pixel adjacent to the first pixel; a third color film, at least one portion of which configures a third pixel; and a fourth color film, a second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first substrate and second substrate, wherein the first color film and second color film have a first overlapping portion in which they overlap each other in the boundary between the first pixel and second pixel, and the fourth color film, being formed on the first overlapping portion, configures a post spacer which defines the space between the first substrate and second substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a color filter substrate and a liquid crystal display device which enable easy color design for a liquid crystal display panel, can suppress both a switching domain and disclination, and can also suppress a decrease in the aperture ratio. The color filter substrate of the present invention has a structure in which adjacent color filters have respective projections that project toward each other and are in contact with each other on a light-shielding member; a structure in which color filter regions for same-color dots adjacent to each other are partially connected on the shielding member; or a structure in which the above structures are combined.

Abstract: A display device of at least one embodiment of the present invention includes a display panel; an optical plate placed on a viewer side of the display panel with the intervention of an air layer; and an antireflection layer placed on a viewer side of the optical plate, the antireflection layer having a motheye structure over its surface. The optical plate includes a plastic layer configured to transmit visible light, a quarter-wave layer placed on a viewer side of the plastic layer, and a polarizing layer placed on a viewer side of the quarter-wave layer, the polarizing layer being configured to transmit a linear polarization. The display device is more suitable to mobile applications than the conventional devices.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device according to the present invention is constituted of a TFT substrate and an opposing substrate which are arranged so as to be opposite to each other with a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween. In addition, in the liquid crystal layer, formed is a polymer into which a polymer component added to liquid crystal is polymerized, and which determines directions in which liquid crystal molecules tilt when voltage is applied. In the TFT substrate, formed are a sub picture element electrode directly connected to a TFT and a sub picture element electrode connected to the TFT through capacitive coupling. In each of these sub picture element electrodes, formed are slits extending in directions respectively at angles of 45 degrees, 135 degrees, 225 degrees and 315 degrees to the X axis.

Abstract: A display device having a common electrode and pixel electrodes disposed in an insulating state on one of a pair of substrates between which a liquid crystal layer is held, in which each of the pixel electrodes includes a plurality of electrode portions disposed in parallel with one another, each of the electrode portions has a flat surface shape in which each of the electrode portions is bent approximately at a central portion in an extension direction, and each of the pixel electrodes also includes a bridge portion through which corresponding ones of the electrode portions are connected to one another in the bending portion.

Abstract: A display panel by which variation in dispersion density of spacers that contribute to definition of a cell gap therebetween is reduced so as to make the cell gap uniform, an array substrate, a color filter substrate, and a method for producing a display panel. The display panel is configured such that one of an array substrate 10 and a color filter substrate 30 that are opposed to each other leaving a given cell gap therebetween includes a concave portion 161, the other substrate includes a convex portion 361 that is opposed to the concave portion, and spacers are interposed between a bottom surface of the concave portion and a top surface of the convex portion.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device is disclosed, which comprises an upper substrate, a lower substrate, and a liquid crystal layer. The lower substrate has several pixel electrodes, metal lines, and switch elements thereon. Each switch element comprises a source electrode, a drain electrode, a gate electrode, and an opening between the source electrode and the drain electrode. A passivation layer covering the surface of the source electrode and the drain electrode forms two inclined planes separately on two sides. The two inclined planes face each other and are locating on a kink or step of the source electrode and drain electrode. The inclined planes also contact each other at the upper side of the opening. The inclinations of the inclined planes to the lower substrate are in a range from 5 to 50 degrees.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid crystal device that exhibits excellent response properties over a wide temperature range even when the weight percentage of the polymerizable monomer used for generating polymers is decreased. The liquid crystal device according to the present invention is a liquid crystal device which includes a first substrate and a second substrate, at least one of which has an electrode group formed thereon for driving liquid crystals; and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate, in which the liquid crystal layer contains a polymer which is eccentrically distributed on at least one substrate side among the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: The subject is to provide a liquid crystal composition that satisfies at least one characteristic among characteristics such as a high maximum temperature of a nematic phase, a low minimum temperature of a nematic phase, a low viscosity, a suitable optical anisotropy, a negatively large dielectric anisotropy, a large specific resistance, a high stability to ultraviolet light and a high stability to heat, or that is suitably balanced regarding two or more characteristics. The subject is to provide an AM device that has a short response time, a high voltage holding ratio, a high contrast ratio, a long service life and so forth. The invention provides a liquid crystal composition having a negative dielectric anisotropy that contains a specific compound having a negatively large dielectric anisotropy as a first component, and a specific two-ring compound having a low viscosity as a second component, and provides a liquid crystal display device containing the composition.

Abstract: A liquid crystalline medium comprises a plurality of polymerizable monomers and a plurality of liquid crystal molecules. The liquid crystal molecules are selected from at least one of compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. “G1”, “G3” and “G5” are independently alkyl having 1 to 8 carbons or alkyenyl having 2 to 8 carbons. “G2” and “G6” are independently alkyl having 1 to 8 carbons or alkoxy having 1 to 7 carbons. “G4” is alkyl of 1 to 8 carbons, alkyenyl of 2 to 8 carbons or alkoxy of 1 to 7 carbons. “Z1” is single bond, ethyl or methoxy. “Z2” is single bond, ethyl, methoxy, or caroboxyl. “Z3” is single bond, ethyl, difluoromethoxy, difluoropropoxy or ethyl carboxyl. “Z4” is single bond, ethyl, difluoromethoxy, or difluoropropoxy. are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-phenylene. One of “E1” and “E2” is fluorine, and the other is chlorine.

Abstract: Eyeglasses with an eye shield for protecting a wearer's eyes from airborne liquids, debris or contaminants. The eye shield is removably attached to the inner surface of the eyeglass frame at the left and right ends of the frame. The eyeglass frame has a pair of risers that slide into a pair of channels on the eye shield to securely and reliably attach the eye shield to the eyeglasses.

Abstract: An eyewear device can include a frame including an eyewire and a ledge, the eyewire at least partially encircling a lens and the at least one lens resting on the ledge, and a plurality of chamber walls in the ledge between the at least one lens and the frame, wherein the plurality of chamber walls are configured to allow air to circulate between opposite sides of the lens to reduce fogging. A method of producing an eyewear device can include providing a frame comprising an eyewire and a ledge, the eyewire at least partially encircling a lens and the at least one lens resting on the ledge, and providing a plurality of grooves in the ledge between the at least one lens and the frame, wherein the plurality of grooves are configured to allow air to circulate between opposite sides of the lens to reduce fogging.

Abstract: A rigid lens retaining apparatus has first and second portions. The first portion is engaged with a substantially flexible eyewear frame and the second portion is engaged with a lens. Therefore, the rigid lens retainer provides a secure and releasable attachment of lenses to the substantially flexible eyewear frame.

Abstract: A method of slowing the progression of myopia in a person, comprises applying to the eye of the person contact lens or lenses each including a vision correction area for correcting in use the myopic vision of a wearer, and a myopic defocus area having a less negative focal power, to simultaneously present a controlled myopic defocus to the retina both when viewing in the distance and also when viewing at near. Contact lenses and their use are also claimed.

Abstract: A method for evaluating and/or improving dynamic visual perception of an individual, comprising: a) displaying on a screen (11) a moving pattern (12) having a chosen visual complexity feature (Simp), b) providing a human/machine interface (13, 14) enabling the individual to input a value to indicate the pattern that the individual sees on the screen, c) repeating the preceding steps in order to count the number of successive positive answers imputed at step b), and d1) if the number of successive positive comparisons exceeds a predetermined threshold (S1), increasing (S2) the pattern visual complexity feature of a chosen amount, d2) otherwise, lowering (S7) the pattern visual complexity feature of a chosen amount, e) repeating steps d1) and d2) and lowering (Appl h, S3; S8) the chosen amount each time an alternation between steps d1) and d2) is detected, until a predetermined number (THR) of alternations (Alter) is detected, in order to determine a maximum visual complexity feature (Simp) of patterns that the

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a new progressive eyeglass intended for a presbyopic wearer (100), which takes into account the postural habits of the wearer, acquired through prior conditions of ophthalmic correction (102). A design for the new progressive eyeglass is established by modifying a reference eyeglass in accordance with an aptitude of the wearer to modify his/her postural habits. To this end, variations in a postural parameter are determined using measurements of said parameter, which are carried out on the wearer. The invention enables the reduction of a period of habituation by the wearer to the new progressive eyeglass.

Abstract: A device for a therapeutic treatment of the eye by means of a laser is provided, which allows a real-time monitoring of the treatment. In particular, the laser light is supplied to the treatment region via a fibre. The monitoring of the treatment happens by means of optical coherence tomography (OCT). To this end the OCT measurement beam and the treatment laser light are coupled in a probe that is put onto the eye and allows to focus the OCT measurement beam on the tissue region inside of the eye that is treated at that moment.

Abstract: A combined fundus scanning apparatus for optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus imaging has an OCT unit (1) with a first light source creating a point-shaped scanning beam, an interferometer with a first sensor for sensing and evaluating the beam reflected by the retina (8), an imaging device (14), which focuses the scanning beam onto the retina (8) of an eye (9) to be examined, as well as a first beam deflection unit (4) to move the scanning beam in the X direction and a second beam deflection unit (11) to move the beam in the Y direction across the retina (8). Fundus imaging is effected by means of a second light source (5) that emits light of a spectral range different from the first light source, which light is also imaged onto the retina (8) via the imaging device (14), and which impinges on a second sensor (10) for sensing the light of the second light source (5) reflected by the retina (8).

Abstract: Systems for imaging structures of a subject are provided. The subject has an optical axis, a pupil, and a nodal point. The system includes an image capture device; a first structure including a mount for the subject to be imaged by the image capture device, the first structure providing at least two rotational degrees of freedom; a second structure including a mount for the image capture device, the second structure providing at least two translational degrees of freedom; and a means for aligning the image capture device in relation to the optical axis, the pupil, and the nodal point of the subject.

Abstract: A fundus photographing apparatus has an optical system including a movable focusing lens and photographing a fundus, an optical system photo-receiving by a first image pickup element a target from an alignment target projection optical system and detect an alignment state of the photographing optical system with respect to an eye based on a result by the first element, a detection optical system photo-receiving by a second image pickup element a target from a focus target projection optical system and detect a focus state adjusted by moving the lens based on a photo-receiving result by the second element, a unit controlling a light source to successively emit flash light at predetermined intervals in a predetermined period to perform fluorescent photographing, and a unit controlling movement of the photographing optical system with respect to the eye based on a result by the alignment detection optical system during the predetermined period.

Abstract: A phase modulation device implemented in an ophthalmic instrument using a main light beam interacting with an eye, the device including: an apparatus for modulating the phase of the wave front of the main light beam, a controller for controlling the phase modulation apparatus following a modulation instruction, and an analyzer for analyzing the thus-performed modulation of the phase of the wave front of the main light beam, further including emitting a secondary light beam, an apparatus for directing the secondary light beam along an optical path to the modulation apparatus, then to the analyzer, and in that the optical path does not pass through the eye, and in that the controller and the analyzer receiving the modulated secondary light beam cooperate, during a stage called a learning stage, to supply data regarding the response of the phase modulation apparatus to a set of predetermined modulation instructions.

Abstract: An apparatus mounted proximate to or on a base of a slit lamp illumination unit operates to automatically lock or secure the illumination unit in a stationary position after each eye examination and further operates to unlock it just before each examination. The apparatus may take the form of a threaded rod that replaces the conventional thumbscrew. The threaded rod is rotated by a motor, which receives instructions from a controller, both located within a housing. A touch sensor on the housing communicates with the controller to activate the locking or unlocking of the threaded rod and may also provide a signal to a transceiver for powering the illumination unit ON or OFF.

Abstract: A calculation device for use in a vehicle, having a housing and having a first planar display, disposed in the housing, for direct readout of information in the planar display, and having a second projection unit, disposed in the housing, for generating a virtual image, in particular on a windshield of the vehicle.

Abstract: An acoustic projection screen includes a screen base and a carbon nanotube layer. The carbon nanotube layer is attached to the screen base and connected to electrodes.

Abstract: An illumination optical unit and a display apparatus having the same are provided. The display apparatus includes an illumination optical unit which generates and illuminates light; a display element which forms an image by the light illuminated from the illumination optical unit; and a projection optical unit which projects the image formed in the display element on a screen. The illumination optical unit includes a light source which includes a light emitting area, and a polarization converting unit which includes a plurality of polarization prisms which polarize and convert an entering light from the light source. The light source is disposed so that a long width of the light emitting area corresponds to a long width of the polarization prisms.

Abstract: Methods and systems for projecting an image on an object or objects in a performance area are described. Special visual effects may be created using these methods and systems. Information about the object(s) and performance area is acquired and used to process the visual effects. Using this information, images can be tailored to project various colors of light or specific images onto the objects or performers within a performance area by determining the objects' exact shape and adjusting the image accordingly. Continuous information acquisition can be employed to create images that change with the movements of performers and appear to interact in substantially real time with performers, audiences, or objects in the performance area. Multiple information acquisition devices can be used, as well as multiple projection devices, to create complex and interesting special effects.

Abstract: An optical system is provided. The optical system includes a luminous system which comprises a plurality of light source devices and an image unit; and a projection system which receives light having an image through the luminous system, and enlarges and projects the light, wherein the plurality of light source devices comprise a reflection member which reflects light beam emitted from the light source devices, and are disposed so that the light beam emitted from the light source devices is reflected by the reflection member one time and enters to the image unit.

Abstract: A projection display device includes an optical system which modulates light based on an image signal to generate and output image light; an illumination device which has a plurality of light sources, and emits illumination light in a predetermined axis direction in parallel to an installation plane of the optical system to supply the illumination light to the optical system; a heat transfer system which transfers a heat generated in the light sources in a direction generally perpendicular to the installation plane; and a cooling device which is disposed in a direction generally perpendicular to the installation plane, and removes the heat transferred by the heat transfer system.

Abstract: An optical projection system includes a bottom cover, a foundation flat plate, at least one supporting element, a light source module, and an optical engine module. The bottom cover includes a bottom plate and two opposite side plates. The side plates are respectively connected with two ends of the bottom plate. The side plates and the bottom plate form an accommodating space. The foundation flat plate located between the side plates is disposed on the bottom plate. The foundation flat plate is apart from the side plates. The supporting element is disposed on the foundation flat plate. The light source module is disposed on the foundation flat plate. The optical engine module is disposed on the supporting element. The foundation flat plate, the supporting element, at least part of optical engine module, and at least part of the light source module are disposed in the accommodating space.

Abstract: An optical system is provided which includes an illumination system with a light source, a lens member which guides light from the light source, and a mirror member; an image unit on which an image is formed and on which light from the illumination system is incident; a projection system which magnifies and projects the image formed on the image unit; and a blocking unit which is mounted to the mirror member of the illumination system and partially blocks light from the light source that is directed to the mirror member.

Abstract: Disclosed is a technique that prevents the inclination of a lens barrel in a downward direction and does not hinder a reduction in size. A pair of sliding portions that slides along slide shafts is provided on both sides of a plate-shaped flange in which an opening for attaching a lens barrel is provided. The sliding portions are formed at different heights. Circular through holes through which the columnar slide shafts pass are formed in the sliding portions to extend in the height direction. When the sliding portions slide along the slide shafts, the flange is shifted in the height direction. The lens barrel attached to the flange is shifted in the height direction together with the flange.

Abstract: A lamp housing unit for holding a lamp in an interior of a lamp housing of the lamp housing unit is provided. The lamp housing unit may include the lamp housing; and at least one sheet metal strip being fastened on the lamp housing or on an element fastened on the lamp housing, wherein the at least one sheet metal strip extends into the interior so that it can be connected to a lamp as current lead.

Abstract: A lithographic projection apparatus is disclosed in which a space between the projection system and the substrate is filled with a liquid. An edge seal member at least partly surrounds the substrate or other object on a substrate table to prevent liquid loss when edge portions of the substrate or other object are, for example, imaged or illuminated.

Abstract: Of a measurement stage that has a plate on which liquid is supplied, and performs measurement related to exposure via a projection optical system and a liquid, at least a part of the measurement stage including the plate can be exchanged. Therefore, by exchanging at least a part of the measurement stage including the plate before the surface of the plate deteriorates due to contact with the liquid, measurement related to exposure can be performed constantly with high precision, which makes it possible to maintain exposure with high precision. Further, in the case at least one edge surface of the plate is mirror-polished, when at least a part of the measurement section including the plate is exchanged to a new component, the position of the plate can be accurately measured, for instance, by an interferometer or the like via the edge surface of the plate that has been mirror-polished, even if the position of the component that has been exchanged is roughly set.

Abstract: An immersion lithographic apparatus is disclosed which includes a liquid supply system having an inlet configured to supply a liquid to a space between a projection system of the lithographic apparatus and a substrate and an outlet configured to remove at least part of the liquid, the liquid supply system configured to rotate the inlet, the outlet, or both, about an axis substantially perpendicular to an exposure plane of the substrate.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an assembly method of a projection optical system, including a lower tube and an upper tube, comprises: storing a relative positional relation between the lower tube and the upper tube in a state in which an optical characteristic of the projection optical system is adjusted; disassembling the lower tube and the upper tube; and adjusting relative positions of the lower tube and the upper tube, based on the stored relative positional relation, in next fixing the lower tube and the upper tube to each other.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus includes an illumination system which illuminates an original, a projection optical system which projects a pattern of the original onto a substrate, a measurement device configured to measure optical characteristics of at least one of the illumination system and the projection optical system, and a control unit configured to correct, the measurement results obtained by said measurement device, depending on a polarization state included in illumination light from the illumination system.

Abstract: A facet mirror is to be used as a bundle-guiding optical component in a projection exposure apparatus for microlithography. The facet mirror has a plurality of separate mirrors. For individual deflection of incident illumination light, the separate mirrors are in each case connected to an actuator in such a way that they are separately tiltable about at least one tilt axis. A control device, which is connected to the actuators, is configured in such a way that a given grouping of the separate mirrors can be grouped into separate mirror groups that include in each case at least two separate mirrors. The result is a facet mirror which, when installed in the projection exposure apparatus, increases the variability for setting various illumination geometries of an object field to be illuminated by the projection exposure apparatus. Various embodiments of separate mirrors for forming the facet mirrors are described.

Abstract: An illumination system for a microlithography projection exposure apparatus generally includes an optical element formed of a plurality of facet elements. The facet elements are arranged such that, for each facet element, a proportion of the side surfaces of the facet element is at a certain distance from the side surfaces of all the other facet elements. This gives rise to interspaces between the facet elements which are not used optically. The interspaces can be used for simpler mounting of the facet elements or for fitting mechanical components, such as actuators. A collector is used to efficiently illuminate such an optical element. The collector includes a plurality of segments that are in part non-continuous. Alternatively, however, continuous segments with a bend are also possible.

Abstract: There is provided an optical imaging arrangement comprising: a mask unit comprising a pattern, a substrate unit comprising a substrate, an optical projection unit comprising a group of optical element units, the optical projection unit being adapted to transfer an image of the pattern onto the substrate, a first imaging arrangement component, the first imaging arrangement component being a component of one of the optical element units, a second imaging arrangement component, the second imaging arrangement component being different from the first imaging arrangement component and being a component of one of the mask unit, the optical projection unit and the substrate unit, and a metrology arrangement. The metrology arrangement captures a spatial relationship between the first imaging arrangement component and the second imaging arrangement component. The metrology arrangement comprises a reference element, the reference element being mechanically connected directly to the first imaging arrangement component.

Abstract: An exposure system includes a light source emitting a beam along an optical axis that is capable of inducing a multi-photon reaction in a resin. The exposure system further includes a resin undergoing multiphoton reaction, as well as an automated system including a monitor that measures at least one property of the beam selected from power, pulse length, shape, divergence, or position in a plane normal to the optical axis. The monitor generates at least one signal indicative of the property of the beam, and a sub-system adjusts the beam in response to the signal from the monitor.