Abstract: Various embodiments of the subject disclosure provide a double patterning process that uses two patterning steps to produce a write structure having a nose shape with sharp corners. In one embodiment, a method for forming a write structure on a multi-layer structure comprising a substrate and an insulator layer on the substrate is provided. The method comprises forming a hard mask layer over the insulator layer, performing a first patterning process to form a pole and yoke opening in the hard mask layer, performing a second patterning process to remove rounded corners of the pole and yoke opening in the hard mask layer, removing a portion of the insulator layer corresponding to the pole and yoke opening in the hard mask layer to form a trench in the insulator layer, and filling the trench with a magnetic material.

Abstract: The provided are a glass for a magnetic recording medium substrate permitting the realization of a magnetic recording medium substrate affording good chemical durability and having an extremely flat surface, a magnetic recording medium substrate comprised of this glass, a magnetic recording medium equipped with this substrate, and methods of manufacturing the same. Glasses for a magnetic recording medium substrate are, glass I comprised of an oxide glass, comprising, denoted as mass percentages: Si 20 to 40 percent, Al 0.1 to 10 percent, Li 0.1 to 5 percent, Na 0.1 to 10 percent, K 0 to 5 percent (where the total content of Li, Na, and K is 15 percent or less), Sn 0.005 to 0.6 percent, and Ce 0 to 1.2 percent; the Sb content is 0 to 0.1 percent; and not comprising As or F; glass II comprised of oxide glass, comprising, as converted based on the oxide, denoted as molar percentages: SiO2 60 to 75 percent, Al2O3 1 to 15 percent, Li2O 0.1 to 20 percent, Na2O 0.

Abstract: A battery pack includes a battery cell including a case and at least one cell tab, the case including a lip, the cell tab protruding through the lip, and a protective circuit module including a circuit board located at a top side of the lip, at least one electrode tab located on the circuit board, and at least one circuit device located at the circuit board, and the at least one cell tab is connected to the at least one electrode tab.

Abstract: A battery pack is disclosed. An embodiment of the battery pack includes a bare cell, wherein the bare cell comprises a terminal; a circuit module coupled with the bare cell, wherein the circuit module comprises a protective device; and a cover disposed over the circuit module and coupled with the bare cell; wherein the circuit module comprises a through-hole, the cover comprises a protrusion, the protrusion engages with the through-hole, and the through-hole enables welding of the protective device of the circuit module to the terminal of the bare cell through the through-hole.

Abstract: A secondary battery that includes a lower case and a label that are securely adhered to each other. The secondary battery includes a bare cell that receives an electrode assembly and having one end to which an electrode terminal is exposed, a protective circuit module electrically connected to the electrode terminal to control charging and discharging, an upper case accommodating the protective circuit module and installed at an upper portion of the bare cell, a hollow label having its top and bottom ends opened, accommodating the bare cell and including a bent portion adhered to the upper case at the top end and bent to extend inward at the bottom end, and a lower case sealing the bottom end of the label.

Abstract: A battery pack including a bare cell including an electrode assembly inserted therein, a holder case fixed to one side of the bare cell, a protective circuit board seated on the holder case and including a protection circuit electrically connected to the bare cell to control charging or discharging thereof, a first metal member fixed to the protective circuit board, and a second metal member fixed to the holder case and connected to the first metal member.

Abstract: The invention relates to a semiconductor device includes a substrate (1000; 2000), a solar cell (1910; 2910) formed on the substrate (1000; 2000) and a battery (1900; 2900) formed on the substrate, the battery comprising a plurality of trench batteries in a plurality of corresponding trenches (1400; 2400) in the substrate (1000; 2000). The solar cell can include a silicon solar cell (1910) comprising a plurality of p-n junctions for, during use, receiving incident light and converting at least part of the received incident light into an electrical current. Alternatively, the solar cell can include an electrochemical cell (2910) for, during use, receiving incident light and converting at least part of the received incident light into an electrical current. The invention further relates to a manufacturing method for a semiconductor device. The invention further relates to an apparatus comprising a semiconductor device.

Abstract: A redox cell rebalance system is provided. In some embodiments, the rebalance system includes electrochemical cell and a photochemical cell. In some embodiments, the photochemical cell contains a source of ultraviolet radiation for producing HCl from H2 and Cl2 generated by the system. The HCl product may be collected or circulated back through the system for the rebalancing of electrolytes. A rebalance cell for use in a rebalance system is also provided. In some embodiments, the rebalance cell is the combination of an electrochemical cell and a photochemical cell. In some embodiments, a source of ultraviolet radiation is housed in the cathode compartment of the rebalance cell. In some embodiments, the source of ultraviolet radiation is used to effect the formation of HCl from H2 and Cl2 present in the rebalance cell. The HCl is dissolved in aqueous electrolytes contained in the rebalance cell, which can subsequently be circulated through a rebalance system for the rebalancing of redox cells.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an assembled battery including a combination of two kinds of secondary batteries differing in battery property (charge voltage behavior), each secondary battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator interposed between the positive and negative electrodes, and a non-aqueous electrolyte. That is, the present invention relates to an assembled battery including at least one first cell and at least one second cell electrically connected in series. The second cell has a greater change in charge voltage at the end of charge and a larger cell capacity. Thus, an assembled battery having excellent long-term reliability and excellent safety during overcharge can be obtained.

Abstract: One embodiment includes a method for recharging a lithium ion battery, including providing a lithium ion battery comprising used liquid electrode material; removing said used liquid electrode material from said lithium ion battery; and, introducing a relatively unused liquid electrode material into the lithium ion battery to replace the used liquid electrode material.

Abstract: Electrical energy is stored in a concentrated solution. To recover the energy, the concentrated solution is rediluted for example by pressure retarded osmosis. The concentrated solution is generated by evaporation of the exhaust solution from the energy recovery process. The evaporation is enhanced by electrically powered enhancement means and the corresponding electrical input constitutes the power to be stored. The enhanced evaporation also draws heat from the environment, whereby the input electrical energy is augmented, partially or completely offsetting inefficiencies in the system. In grid applications, when demand for electricity is high the enhancement is discontinued and power is generated from the stored concentrated brine. Alternatively the evaporation enhancement may draw power from a power source that does not operate continuously, such as a renewable energy source.

Abstract: A cap assembly is provided. The cap assembly comprises a main gasket surrounding the outer circumference of a safety vent and an auxiliary gasket surrounding the outer circumference of a current interrupt device (CID). The main gasket is supported by the auxiliary gasket, leaving no space between the main gasket and the safety vent. The cap assembly is constructed such that the auxiliary gasket prevents the main gasket seated on a beading portion from sagging. This construction makes the cap assembly effective in preventing an electrolyte from leaking. Further provided is a cylindrical secondary battery comprising the cap assembly.

Abstract: Rechargeable nickel zinc cells, and methods of manufacture, of a configuration that utilizes a positive can with a vent cap at the positive pole of the battery are described.

Abstract: A rechargeable electrochemical cell includes at least one lithium-intercalating electrode; a thin flexible housing, which is closed in a sealed manner, including two films connected to one another by an adhesive or sealing layer; and at least one current output conductor in which an irreversibly tripping thermal fuse is integrated, and the fuse is arranged within the housing and/or embedded in the adhesive or sealing layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to primary electrochemical cells having a jellyroll electrode assembly that includes a lithium-based negative electrode, a positive electrode with a coating comprising iron disulfide deposited on a current collector and a polymeric separator. More particularly, the invention relates to a cell design which optimizes cell capacity and substantially eliminates premature voltage drop-off on intermittent service testing. The resulting cell has a region of increased lithium thickness proximate to/under the terminal end of the outermost edge of the cathode strip.

Abstract: Battery packs having electrically insulating material between conductive surfaces of electrical components are described herein. In some embodiments, a battery pack includes a battery cell with a first conductive surface, an electrically conductive member with a second conductive surface, and electrically insulating material positioned between the first and second conductive surfaces. The electrically insulating material has at least one passage that enables the first and second conductive surfaces to be electrically connected. For example, the passage in the electrically insulating material may be formed by, during, or as a result of a process in which the first and second conductive surfaces are attached, such as by a welding process that both ablates a portion of the electrically insulating material to form the through passage and that physically joins the first and second conductive surfaces, thereby creating an electrical connection therebetween.

Abstract: Rechargeable battery assemblies and methods of constructing rechargeable battery assemblies are provided. Rechargeable battery assemblies can include a storage cell and receive circuitry comprising a receive coil operatively connected to receive control circuitry, the receive coil configured to receive inductively coupled current, the receive control circuitry configured to rectify the current and communicate charging power to the storage cell, the coil wound around a shield/core comprising magnetically permeable material, and the shield/core disposed around the storage cell.

Abstract: A method for producing a layered lithium mixed metal oxide according to the present invention comprises a step of calcining, in the presence of an inert flux composed of a chloride, a lithium mixed metal oxide raw material containing a transition metal element and a lithium element so that the molar ratio of the lithium element to the transition metal element may fall within a range of 1 or more and 2 or less.

Abstract: A method includes: preparing an electrode group 4 in which a positive electrode 1 and a negative electrode 2 are arranged with a porous insulating layer interposed therebetween, with an end 1a, 2a of at least one of the positive and negative electrodes protruding from the porous insulating layer; preparing a current collector 10 on a first principal surface of which a plurality of protrusions having vertexes are formed; bringing the end 1a, 2a of the at least one of the positive and negative electrodes into contact with a second principal surface of the current collector 10; and generating an electric arc toward the vertexes of the protrusions 11 to melt the protrusions 11, thereby welding the end 1a, 2a of the at least one of the positive and negative electrodes to the current collector 10 by a molten material 12 of the protrusions 11.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pouch type secondary cell with high water-resistance. The pouch type secondary cell comprises a positive electrode, a separation layer, and a negative electrode. Here, the sealing unit of the secondary cell includes steps so that the sealing unit has an outer side thinner than an inner side in thickness. The present invention is advantageous in that the manufacture process can be simplified, the water-resistance and sealing property of sealing portions can be further improved, and the manufacture costs can be reduced.

Abstract: A housing film for electrochemical elements includes a barrier layer having a polymeric structure which has been deposited from the gas phase on to a support layer, an electrochemical element which has at least one positive electrode and at least one negative electrode and has at least one such film. A process for producing the electrochemical element includes steps wherein at least two electrodes are applied next to one another on a substrate and are covered with a film, where the substrate and/or the film is such a housing film.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery including: an electrode assembly including a center pin inside of the electrode assembly; a can including the electrode assembly; and a cap assembly coupled to a side of the can. At least one end of the center pin includes a deforming end to deform due to an impact power caused by a collision of the deforming end with an inner surface of the can and/or the cap assembly, preventing the center pin from protruding to an outside of the can and/or the cap assembly. Accordingly, the lithium secondary battery is safer by preventing a center pin from protruding when the cylindrical lithium secondary battery explodes due to an increase in internal pressure.

Abstract: A rechargeable battery is disclosed.

Abstract: In a battery including a battery cell formed in a flattened substantially parallelepiped shape and a terminal contacting section electrically connected to the battery cell, at one end in the longitudinal direction of a face of the battery opposing to the face on which the terminal contacting section is provided, a projecting portion which projects in the longitudinal direction of the face is provided. Meanwhile, another projecting portion which projects in the longitudinal direction of the face is provided at the other end. The projecting portions may have projecting lengths different from each other or may have projecting lengths and projecting thicknesses different from each other. A charging apparatus into which the battery is to be installed includes an accommodating section for the battery which in turn includes projection accommodating portions configured to individually accommodate the projecting portions.

Abstract: An electro-chemical device comprises a package including a metal film, a battery element sealed within the package, resin layers disposed at least on the inside of a seal part of the package, and a lead extending from the battery element to the outside of the package through between the resin layers at the seal part of the package. The lead has a special form into which the resin of the resin layers bites, so that the lead is firmly buried in the resin layers, whereby the lead is fully inhibited from moving. Therefore, an electro-chemical device having a high quality can be obtained.

Abstract: A main object of the present application is to provide a battery including an insulating member that insulates a battery case from an electrode body and is able to secure good injection performance of an electrolyte solution. The battery provided by the present application includes an electrode body provided with a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and a battery case that houses the electrode body together with an electrolyte solution. An insulating member that isolates the electrode body from the battery case is arranged between the electrode body and the battery case, and the insulating member is formed into a bag shape that encloses the electrode body and is made of a porous material having pores through which the electrolyte solution is able to flow.

Abstract: An aqueous secondary battery 10 according to the present invention includes a positive electrode containing a NASICON-type positive-electrode active material that can insert and extract sodium as a positive-electrode active material 12, a negative electrode containing a negative-electrode active material 17 that can insert and extract sodium, and an electrolyte solution 20 disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, the electrolyte solution 20 being an aqueous solution in which sodium is dissolved. The NASICON-type positive-electrode active material is, for example, Na3V2(PO4)3, and the electrolyte solution 20 is an aqueous solution in which sodium is dissolved. The negative-electrode active material 17 is preferably a NASICON-type negative-electrode active material (for example, LiTi2(PO4)3 or NaTi2(PO4)3).

Abstract: A polymer having a structure represented by the following general formula (1), wherein in general formula (1), Ph is a phenyl group; X is an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a selenium atom or a tellurium atom; and R1 and R1 each independently contains at least one selected from the group consisting of a chained saturated hydrocarbon group, a chained unsaturated hydrocarbon group, a cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group, a cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon group, a phenyl group, a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, an amino group, a nitro group and a nitroso group. The chained saturated hydrocarbon group, the chained unsaturated hydrocarbon group, the cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group and the cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon group each contain at least one selected from the group consisting of a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom and a silicon atom.

Abstract: Provided is an electrode composition comprising a powdered material capable of undergoing lithiation and delithiation, and a non-elastomeric binder comprising lithium polyacrylate, along with methods of making and using the same, as well as electrochemical cells incorporating the same.

Abstract: An anode in which an anode active material layer is arranged on an anode current collector. The anode active material layer includes anode active material particles made of an anode active material including at least one of silicon and tin as an element. An oxide-containing film including an oxide of at least one kind selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium and tin is formed in a region in contact with an electrolytic solution of the surface of each anode active material particle by a liquid-phase method such as a liquid-phase deposition method. The region in contact with the electrolytic solution of the surface of each anode active material particle is covered with the oxide-containing film, to thereby improve the chemical stability of the anode and the charge-discharge efficiency. The thickness of the oxide-containing film is preferably within a range from 0.1 nm to 500 nm both inclusive.

Abstract: Relatively disordered mesoporous particulate materials have internal porosity, a surface area of 100 m2/g or greater with a network of pores characterised by a peak in the pore size distribution at a value between 2 and 20 nm and a ratio of the half-height width of the distribution's peak to the pore diameter axis position of the peak of at least 0.6.

Abstract: Disclosed are a negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery that includes a core including silicon oxide represented by the following Chemical Formula 1; and a surface-treatment layer surrounding the core and including metal oxide represented by the following Chemical Formula 2, a method of preparing the negative active material, and a rechargeable lithium battery including the negative active material. The metal of the metal oxide is included in an amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt % based on the total weight of the negative active material for a rechargeable lithium battery. SiOx ??[Chemical Formula 1] MyOz ??[Chemical Formula 2] In the above Chemical Formula 1 and 2, M, x, y, and z are the same as defined in the specification.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a Li-ion cell comprising a cathode, an anode, and a separator disposed between the cathode and the anode, wherein the cathode comprises Li-ion cathode active material, and the anode comprises Li-ion anode active material and an additive which has an energy density greater than that of the Li-ion anode active material and which is capable of reacting irreversibly with Li-ions.

Abstract: The present invention concerns electrode materials capable of redox reactions by electrons and alkali ions exchange with an electrolyte. The applications are in the field of primary (batteries) or secondary electrochemical generators, super capacitors and light modulating system of the super capacitor type.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a cathode active material based on lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide represented by Formula 1, wherein an ion-conductive solid compound and conductive carbon are applied to a surface of the lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide. A lithium secondary battery having the disclosed cathode active material has improved rate properties and high temperature stability, in turn embodying excellent cell performance.

Abstract: A spherical primary particle of a lithium titanium oxide of which average diameter is in the range of about 1 to about 20 ?m, a method of preparing the spherical primary particle of the lithium titanium oxide, and a lithium rechargeable battery including the spherical primary particle of the lithium titanium oxide.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a polymer composition, its manufacture and use, said composition may comprise greater than about 90 mole % propylene monomer, and having a unique combination of properties, including one or more of the following: a heat of fusion of more than about 108 J/g, a melting point of 165° C. or higher, a Melt Flow Rate so low that it is essentially not measurable and a molecular weight of greater than about 1.5×106. Further disclosed herein are blends or mixtures of the present novel polymer composition and products, such as, for example, microporous film structures and the like comprising same.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell comprises as an anode, a lithium transition metal oxide or sulphide compound which has a [B2]X4n? spinel-type framework structure of an A[B2]X4 spinel wherein A and B are metal cations selected from Li, Ti, V, Mn, Fe and Co, X is oxygen or sulphur, and n? refers to the overall charge of the structural unit [B2]X4 of the framework structure. The transition metal cation in the fully discharged state has a mean oxidation state greater than +3 for Ti, +3 for V, +3.5 for Mn, +2 for Fe and +2 for Co. The cell includes as a cathode, a lithium metal oxide or sulphide compound. An electrically insulative lithium containing liquid or polymeric electronically conductive electrolyte is provided between the anode and the cathode.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes a fuel electrode configured to operate as an anode to oxidize a fuel when connected to a load. An electrode holder includes a cavity for holding the fuel electrode, at least one inlet connected to the cavity on one side of the cavity and configured to supply an ionically conductive medium to the cavity, and at least one outlet connected to the cavity on an opposite side of the cavity and configured to allow the ionically conductive medium to flow out of the cavity. A plurality of spacers extend across the fuel electrode and the cavity in a spaced relation from each other to define a plurality of flow lanes in the cavity.

Abstract: Liquid cooling apparatus for a fuel cell device, which is configured as an independent unit and by means of which the fuel cell device can be provided with cooling liquid and heated liquid can be removed from the fuel cell device, comprising an inlet connection for liquid, an outlet connection for liquid, a radiator, at least one fan, which is speed-controlled and directed at the radiator, and a temperature-controlled two-way valve, wherein a first path passes through the radiator and a second path by-passes the radiator and a mass flow distribution of the liquid into the first path and the second path can be adjusted by the two-way valve.

Abstract: The system of the invention is a very efficient means for the on-demand production of hydrogen for aid, power, and electricity, operated by a control system with a modular, smart, and high-power efficiency arrangement using nanotechnology. A vast number of selections are provided for the user to obtain power production when needed or furthermore with variable delivery. Respecting cleanliness, environmental, and air pollution reduction constraints, the system is devised for use in the areas of housing, transportation, or more generally, any industry producing electricity or heat particularly by hydrocarbon means, or furthermore any environment requiring power for stationary or mobile operation.

Abstract: Device for humidifying and heating of the combustible gas being reformed for a fuel cell system, with a housing, traversed on a stipulated flow path by the combustible gas being humidified and heated, which has an inlet situated in an upper area and a more deeply positioned outlet for the combustible gas, and with a heat exchanger, which is arranged within housing and can be traversed from the bottom up in countercurrent to the combustible gas being humidified and heated by a heat transfer agent supplying the required heat, and with a device to supply water prescribed for humidified of the combustible gas.

Abstract: A remedial method for starting a fuel cell system is described. The method includes determining if the remedial method is required; providing air to an exhaust of a fuel cell stack; setting a hydrogen flow rate to an anode side of the fuel cell stack; providing a predetermined volume of hydrogen to the anode side of the fuel cell at the hydrogen flow rate; providing a predetermined volume of air to a cathode side of the fuel cell stack after the predetermined volume of hydrogen has been provided to the anode side while continuing to provide air to the exhaust of the fuel cell stack and hydrogen to the anode side of the fuel cell stack; determining if a stack voltage is stable after the predetermined volume of air has been provided to the cathode side; and closing the anode outlet valve after the stack voltage is stable.

Abstract: A detection method for enabling gas composition observation during fuel cell system start-up is described. In one embodiment, the method includes initiating a flow of hydrogen to the anode to pressurize the anode; opening an anode flow valve; determining if an anode pressure exceeds an anode pressure threshold; enabling anode flow set point detection after a first predetermined time if the anode pressure exceeds the anode pressure threshold; monitoring an anode flow set point using the anode flow set point detection; determining if the anode flow set point exceeds an anode flow set point threshold; and closing the anode flow valve after a second predetermined time if the anode flow set point exceeds the anode flow set point threshold.

Abstract: Methods and systems of reducing the start-up time for a fuel cell are described. One method of reducing the start-up time includes: concurrently supporting load requests for the fuel cell and stabilizing the voltage of the fuel cell; wherein stabilizing the voltage of the fuel cell comprises: providing a flow of hydrogen to the fuel cell and opening an anode valve, wherein the hydrogen flow continues for predetermined volume or a predetermined time; and ending voltage stabilization after the predetermined volume or predetermined time is exceeded while continuing to support load requests for the fuel cell.

Abstract: A fuel cell system includes a fuel cell having an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte membrane disposed therebetween. An oxidant gas supplying device supplies oxidant gas to the cathode, an oxidant gas backpressure regulating device regulates the pressure of the oxidant gas at the cathode according to a valve opening, and a pressure detecting device detects the oxidant gas pressure at the cathode. During a start-up fuel gas disposal process, a controller controls the oxidant gas supplying device to supply the oxidant gas at a standard oxidant gas flow, controls the valve opening of the oxidant gas backpressure regulating device to a first valve opening, and controls the valve opening of the oxidant gas backpressure regulating device to a second valve opening which is greater than the first valve opening when the oxidant gas pressure detected by the pressure detecting device reaches an elevation target pressure.

Abstract: A system and method for maintaining the voltage of fuel cells in the fuel cell stack below a predetermined maximum voltage. The method determines a desired voltage set-point value that defines a predetermined maximum fuel cell voltage value and uses the voltage set-point value and an average fuel cell voltage to generate an error value there-between. The method generates a minimum gross power prediction value using the modified voltage set-point value to prevent the fuel cell voltages from going above the predetermined maximum fuel cell voltage value and generating a supplemental power value based on the minimum gross power prediction value and the error value to determine how much power needs to be drawn from the stack to maintain the fuel cell voltage below the predetermined maximum voltage value. The method uses the supplemental power value to charge the battery or operate an auxiliary load coupled to the stack.

Abstract: A solid oxide fuel stack. In one implementation a solid oxide fuel cell is supported by and electrically coupled to a connector with the solid oxide fuel cell having a first electrode, an electrolyte deposited on the first electrode, a second electrode deposited on the electrolyte, and a metal support arranged on the second electrode. In one implementation the connector has a first member in contact with a portion of the metal support and is arranged to resiliently support the first solid oxide fuel cell by the application of contact pressure to the portion of the metal support.

Abstract: A fuel cell structure with a porous metal plate includes a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), a first porous metal plate, a metal plate, and a pair of end plates. The first porous metal plate and the metal plate are disposed on opposite outer surfaces of two gas diffusion layers (GDLs) of the MEA, respectively, and have fuel channels contacting with the GDLs. The end plates are arranged on outer surfaces of the first porous metal plate and of the metal plate, respectively, to close cooling-liquid flow channels of the first porous metal plate and of the metal plate. A pressure difference between fuel and cooling liquid within the fuel cell structure pushes the cooling liquid flowing through the cooling-liquid flow channels of the first porous metal plate to seep into the fuel channels spontaneously and hence humidify the fuel automatically, thereby maintaining the reaction efficiency of the fuel cell structure.

Abstract: A Perovskite-like structure and its device applications are disclosed. One Perovskite-like structure disclosed includes a compound having an empirical chemical formula [A(ByC1-Y)Oz]x, where x, y, and z are numerical ranges. In select embodiments, A comprises one or more divalent metal ions, B comprises one or more monovalent metal ions, C comprises one or more pentavalent metal ions, O is oxygen; and wherein x?1, 0.1?y?0.9, 2.5?z?3, and wherein the net charge of A is +2, and the net charge Of (ByC1-y) is +4.