Abstract: In a common rail diesel engine, main injection is executed as injection divided into first divided main injection and second divided main injection. In the first divided main injection, fuel injection is stopped before a fuel evaporation speed in a combustion field becomes greater than an oxygen supply speed. After fuel injection is temporarily stopped, the combustion field of fuel that was injected in the first divided main injection flows in a circumferential direction within a combustion chamber according to a swirl flow, and the second divided main injection is executed when a region where the fuel evaporation speed is less than the oxygen supply speed, this being a region between combustion fields, has moved to a position facing an injection nozzle.

Abstract: A fuel delivery system for a vehicle includes a fuel injector that meters fuel flow and provides for pre-heating fuel to aid combustion. A control circuit including a synthetic inductor drives a heated element within the fuel flow.

Abstract: An open or closed loop EFI system integrating an alcohol sensor is provided on a genset engine. The EFI system provides acceptable engine performance and efficiency when using fuels or fuel blends over a wide band and when starting from a cold state, i.e., starting the engine after the engine has not run for a relatively long period of time. The alcohol sensor enables acceptable operation while the genset engine is cold. The alcohol sensor sends data to the electronic control unit (ECU) and this data, as well as data provided by other sensors that may be available such as an air flow sensor, is used to determine the optimal air-to-fuel ratio (AFR). The ECU actuates the fuel injector which sends the correct amount of atomized fuel to mix with the air flow to be combusted. The fuel mixture, at the requested AFR, enables the engine to start and operate efficiently from a cold state even if the fuel blend has been changed from a previous operation of the engine.

Abstract: A genset engine that operates on an open loop EFI system and runs on gaseous fuels is described. The integration of various air sensors, including for example a manifold air temperature (MAT) sensor, a manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor, or an air flow sensor(s), can provide optimal engine performance when using gaseous fuels and when starting from a cold state. The sensors employed send data to the electronic control unit (ECU) and such data is used to determine the optimal air-to-fuel ratio (AFR). The ECU actuates the injector and the injector sends the requested amount of gaseous fuel to mix with the air flow to be combusted. This provides the engine with a gaseous fuel and air mixture that is at the requested relative AFR and the engine is able to start and meet performance.

Abstract: An open or closed loop EFI system, integrated on a genset engine or any internal combustion engine, with an electrical sensor and crank position sensor is described. Since a genset engine's exhaust emissions and general performance are a function of spark timing, integration of electrical and crank position sensors on a genset engine provides optimal engine performance and efficiency when the electrical draws fluctuate. The electrical sensor and crank position sensor send data to the electronic control unit (ECU), and this data is used to determine the optimal air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) and optimal spark timing. The ECU varies the spark timing in accordance with the speed and load of the engine and actuates the fuel injector to send the correct amount of atomized fuel to mix with the air flow to be combusted allowing the engine to meet performance.

Abstract: A method and a device correct a temperature-dependent length change of an actuator unit (3) disposed in a housing (2) of a fuel injector (1). A known method of maintaining an idle stroke (L) formed between the actuator unit (3) and a control valve of the fuel injector involves compensating for a temperature-dependent length change by measuring the capacity of the actuator unit (3) and thereby determining the temperature (Ta). However, in the process an additional test impulse is used to trigger the actuator unit (3). Therefore, it is proposed to forego the use of a test impulse and to measure the capacity (CA-PA) directly at an active trigger impulse. The method is much more precise and reliable since the current operating parameters, such as fuel pressure, fuel temperature and actuation energy, among others, are taken into account.

Abstract: When the amount of fresh air drawn into a combustion chamber is designated Ma and the amounts of exhaust gas recirculated into the combustion chamber by external and internal recirculation mechanisms are designated Megre and Megri, respectively, the exhaust gas recirculation rate (Regre) is defined as (Megre+Megri)/(Ma+Megre+Megri). The base ignition timing applied when Regr=0 is set based on the operating state of an internal combustion engine. An advance amount (IGad) is set such that the characteristic of an increase in IGad with respect to an increase in Regr is a downward convex characteristic. The ultimate ignition timing is set to a timing that is advanced from the base ignition timing by the advance amount (IGad).

Abstract: A method is for operating a fuel injector, in particular of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, the fuel injector including a piezoelectric actuator for driving a valve needle, which is connected, preferably hydraulically, to the actuator, and the control voltage of the piezoelectric actuator being analyzed to infer an operating state of the fuel injector. According to this method, the second time derivative of the control voltage and/or a variable depending on the second time derivative of the control voltage is/are analyzed.

Abstract: A supercharged engine has a geometric compression ratio ser to 16 or more and is designed to perform a compression self-ignition combustion under an air-fuel ratio leaner than a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio at least in a low engine speed range. On a lower engine load side than a given engine load within an engine operating region at which the compression self-ignition combustion is performed, a fresh air amount is reduced and an effective compression ratio (??) is increased, as compared with a higher engine load side than the given engine load within the engine operating region, and, on the higher engine load side than the given engine load, a supercharging pressure based on a supercharger (25) is increased to increase the fresh air amount, and the effective compression ratio (??) is reduced, as compared with the lower engine load side than the given engine load.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for managing an exhaust gas recirculation circuit of a petrol thermal engine, the engine including at least one combustion chamber connected to an inlet line and an exhaust line between which extends said recirculation circuit, the recirculation circuit including a flow-rate adjustment valve, wherein said method comprises the step of adjusting flow-rate adjustment valve based on a flow-rate setpoint, said method further comprising the steps of: detecting an operation parameter representative of a pressure difference between an upstream pressure and a downstream pressure relative to the flow-rate adjustment valve, and, after comparing the parameter with a threshold corresponding to a minimum pressure difference, adjusting the flow-rate in at least one of the lines in order to increase the pressure difference.

Abstract: A dual path fresh air system, having a first air supply path, the first path supplies air to at least one first cylinder set; a second air supply path, the second path supplies air to at least on second cylinder set; a first exhaust gas recirculation inlet fluidly connected to the first path to introduce recirculated exhaust gas into the first path; a second exhaust gas recirculation inlet fluidly connected to the second path to introduce recirculated exhaust gas into the second path; a first valve member, which is arranged upstream of the first exhaust gas recirculation inlet in the first path, wherein the first valve member controls fluid flowing through a cross section of the first path; and a second valve member which is arranged upstream of the second exhaust gas recirculation inlet in the second path, for controlling fluid flowing through a cross section of the second path.

Abstract: An Otto cycle, Atkinson cycle or supercharged internal combustion engine (10) and a timing mechanism therefor. The engine comprising: a cylinder (14) and a piston (12) reciprocally mounted within the cylinder (14) in which reciprocating movement of the piston is converted into rotational movement of an output shaft (28) by way of rollers (20, 24) engaging primary (22) and secondary (26) cam means which are affixed to, and rotatable with, the output shaft (28). The timing mechanism comprising cam means (52, 53) mounted on, and rotatable in unison with, the output shaft (28), a cam follower (54, 55) arranged to engage the cam means (52) and a linkage connecting the cam follower to a pivoting rocker arm for actuating the engine's induction and exhaust valves, the rocker arm pivot being adapted to be moveable on an arcuate locus centred on the axis of the output shaft (28).

Abstract: An internal combustion engine crankcase ventilation rotating coalescer includes an annular rotating coalescing filter element, an inlet port supplying blowby gas from the crankcase to the hollow interior of the annular rotating coalescing filter element, and an outlet port delivering cleaned separated air from the exterior of the rotating element. The direction of blowby gas is inside-out, radially outwardly from the hollow interior to the exterior.

Abstract: A closed crankcase ventilation system for an internal combustion engine includes a return duct with a variably controlled air-oil coalescer. In a turbocharger version, cleaned separated air is provided to the turbocharger inlet, and the coalescer is variably controlled according to a given condition of the turbocharger and/or the engine and/or the coalescer.

Abstract: A control apparatus for an internal combustion engine, includes: a crankshaft; a crank angle detection unit; a generator; and a control unit to which alternating voltage signals are input, that ascertains ignition timings based on crank signals, performs ignition control so as to spark the internal combustion engine at the ignition timings, performs polarity determination processing in which the control unit determines a polarity of the alternating voltage signal each predetermined cycle and determines a current polarity determination result, and performs reverse rotation detection processing in which the control unit obtains the current polarity determination result each time the crank signal is detected so that the control unit ascertains a polarity cycle of the alternating voltage signals and in which the control unit determines that the crankshaft is in reverse rotation and stops the ignition control.

Abstract: In a two-stroke internal combustion engine using air for scavenging its combustion chamber (4), a scavenging passage (6) communicating with a crankcase (2) and a combustion chamber (4) is charged first with rich air-fuel mixture generated by a carburetor, next with lean air-fuel mixture, and next with air through an in-piston passage (36). The lean air-fuel mixture is generated in the in-piston passage 36 by diluting the air-fuel mixture with the air. In each scavenging stroke to scavenge the combustion chamber (4), the combustion chamber (4) is supplied first with the air (40) and next with the lean air-fuel mixture (42) from the scavenging passage (6). The use of the lean-air-fuel mixture (42) next to the air (40) contributes to reduce acceleration failure or engine stop caused by sudden acceleration.

Abstract: The present invention provides a flameless, portable heating container. In a typical embodiment, the heating container contains a liquid activated heating material (e.g., in pack or disk form) and utilizes a recycled heating design. The design includes a set of chambers or compartments such a: a first compartment for holding a material to be heated; a second compartment containing an activation liquid; and a third compartment comprising a protrusion and a liquid activated heating material activated by the activation liquid, the protrusion being configured to puncture a divider between the second compartment and the third compartment so that the activation liquid contacts and activates the liquid activated heating material. It is understood that for the purposes of this disclosure, the terms chamber and compartment may be used interchangeably.

Abstract: A water valve device includes: a valve unit having an input port for receiving solar heated water from a solar water heating system, a first output port connected to a cold water inlet of a water heating device using non-solar energy, and a second output port; a temperature sensor for sensing temperature of water flowing through the input port of the valve unit to generate a temperature sensing signal corresponding to the temperature; and a controller controlling, based on the temperature sensing signal from the temperature sensor, the valve unit to operate in a first state, where the input port is in fluid communication with the first output port, when the temperature is lower than a predetermined temperature, or in a second state, where the input port is in fluid communication with the second output port, when the temperature is not lower than the predetermined temperature.

Abstract: Solar energy may be harvested utilizing arrays of solar collectors, supported and articulated to follow movement of the sun. Particular systems include arrays of solar collectors mounted on an elevation-azimuth tracking structure. From the ground up, embodiments of this system may include a Ground Interface, a Base, an Upper Truss, and a Collector. The system is designed to transmit loads with minimal deflection from the surface of the collector to the ground, while tracking the position of the sun across the sky. The use of structural, actuator, and collector elements with a minimum amount of low-cost materials, and which are able to be mass produced, allows large scale deployment of the system at reduced cost.

Abstract: A solar air heating module is provided including an air entrance situated proximate to a bottom of the module and an air exit situated proximate to the top of the module; a back film, having a plurality of conical solar collectors extending perpendicularly therefrom; a front film in contact with the collectors to prevent air from escaping between the entrance and the exit; wherein air, when entering the entrance, passes by the collectors to mix with heated air before reaching the exit. Alternatively the collectors may be aligned wherein each collector is secured to adjacent collectors by plates or a strap to allow the module to be folded or rolled up for storage.

Abstract: In order to increase the efficiency of a solar thermal system, it is proposed that a measuring robot movable in the longitudinal extension, which can measure the radiance distribution directed at the receiver tube along the receiver and therefore can check if the reflectors of the system are correctly adjusted, be placed on the cover of the receiver, which is supported in a raised manner.

Abstract: A pavement element is revealed. The pavement element includes a thermally conductive covering element and a solar collector frame. The thermally conductive covering element is a foamed metal disposed with a plurality of through holes for providing slip resistance and drainage function. Moreover, the solar collector frame collects heat and then the heat is transferred to the thermally conductive covering element so as to cause high temperature for killing insect larvae or eggs attached to the thermally conductive covering element.

Abstract: A reactor for the treatment of lignocellulosic material and related methods. The reactor includes a vessel having an upper portion and a lower portion. A pressure envelope is formed between an outer wall of the vessel and at least one lower wall of the lower portion of the vessel, and the upper portion of the vessel and the pressure envelope are operatively connected with a pressurization line, such that a pressure of the pressure envelope and a pressure of the upper portion may be equalized.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a high-purity aqueous saccharide solution by increasing the collection rate of cluster acid which is a hydrolysis catalyst for cellulose in saccharification and separation for cellulose using a cluster acid catalyst.

Abstract: A system and method for operating a ventilator to compensate for external gas flow reaching a patient from an external device, such as a nebulizer. A control unit of the ventilator monitors the gas flow rate from the ventilator and compares the gas flow rate from the ventilator to an expired gas flow rate from the patient. The difference between the inspired flow rate and the expired flow rate is due to the external device. The control unit modifies the operation of the ventilator to compensate for the external gas flow rate such that the flow of gas reaching the patient is maintained at a desired level.

Abstract: A pneumostoma assessment and treatment system includes methods and devices for aftercare of a pneumostoma and for additional patient care utilizing a pneumostoma. The system utilizes a number of modalities to assess the health and functionality of the pneumostoma, the lungs and/or the patient as a whole. In response to an assessment of the health and functionality of the pneumostoma, lungs and patient, the tissues of pneumostoma may be treated with a treatment device and utilizing one or more different modalities to preserve or enhance the health and function of the pneumostoma and/or treat other conditions of the patient. Particular treatment modalities may be utilized to reduce tissue growth in and around the pneumostoma in order to prevent stenosis and maintain patency of the pneumostoma.

Abstract: An endotracheal tube protector for use with an endotracheal tube comprises an elongated tubular member having a first end configured to extend out of a patient's mouth when in use and a second end configured to enter the throat of the patient. The tubular member has openings in the first and second ends and defines a substantially cylindrical cavity to hold an endotracheal tube. The tubular member has a longitudinal slit to allow the walls to separate for radial expansion of the cavity. The wall thickness is non-constant, with a thin-walled region which flexes to permit the walls to separate, and a thick-walled region which resists crushing forces acting on the protector. A pair of opposed bosses may extend longitudinally adjacent to the slit, to transmit a clamping force onto the endotracheal tube when contacted by the patient's jaw.

Abstract: A snorkel breathing tube regulator includes: a tubular hollow base and a supplementary tube which jointly form an inverted U-shaped structure, and a float provided in the supplementary tube. During snorkeling, the float is buoyed upward as the water surface rises in relation to the snorkel breathing tube regulator. If the water surface continues to rise in this way, the float will eventually form a seal that prevents water from entering the base. On the other hand, when the water surface falls in relation to the snorkel breathing tube regulator, the float falls along to allow smooth ventilation. Thus, ventilation is regulated with enhanced sensitivity, and splashing water is also prevented from entering the base. Furthermore, the snorkel breathing tube regulator can be easily produced.

Abstract: An air delivery device (ADD) for applying fluid pressure pulses (FPP) to the mouth cavity of a patient at a predetermined frequency according to a protocol The ADD, comprises: a) an air blower for blowing air into a pressure chamber via a first opening (inlet); b) airflow occluding means (AOM) provided in fluid communication with said pressure chamber; said AOM located between said first opening and a second opening (outlet) of said pressure chamber; c) a patient mouthpiece or Face Mask, in fluid communication with said second opening (outlet); and, d) means for controlling AOM, adapted to interrupt and release said airflow at a predetermined frequency and pressure, thereby applying said FPPs to the mouth cavity of a patient according to a predetermined protocol during operation.

Abstract: Apparatus for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea includes a CPAP device and a detachable humidifier. The humidifier includes a tank that is removably insertable into a humidifier base. A sealed air flow path from the CPAP device and through the water tank is established when the water tank is placed in the humidifier base.

Abstract: A portable, low maintenance apparatus is provided for cooling down athletes following strenuous exercise. The apparatus has a repository that holds ice, and a fan configured to blow air through the ice and out of a face adapter part. The face adapter is shaped to provide a cool, breathable stream of air to a user who presses his face up against the adapter.

Abstract: A conduit coupling assembly for use in connection with a patient interface device. The conduit coupling assembly includes a coupling retention assembly for retaining the conduit coupling in a predetermined position with respect to the user's face, and an adjustment assembly that permits continuous adjustment of a position of the conduit coupling with respect to a user's face. The conduit coupling assembly is continuously adjustable and retainable in an adjusted position and orientation by the adjustment assembly.

Abstract: A washout vent (20) for a mask for use with a system for supplying breathable gas pressurized above atmospheric pressure to an airway of a mammal. The washout vent (20) includes a vent orifice (22) adapted for gas washout. The orifice (22) includes one or more features that contribute to noise reduction, such as a channel (26) with converging walls towards atmosphere, and/or a channel (26) having one or more walls provided with surface treatment and/or contouring, such as roughening and/or scalloped portions.

Abstract: A handle assembly and method of its use which facilitates the cleaning of the interior of an endotracheal tube. The handle assembly comprises a body structured to be held and manipulated by a hand of a user and is structured to removably retain an inflation device. A tubular member is connected to the body and is dimensioned to be inserted within and pass along an interior length of the endotracheal tube to facilitate the cleaning thereof. A calibration assembly is movably connected to the body and structured to determine an accurate or appropriate length of the tubular member to be inserted within the endotracheal tube to avoid over insertion of the tubular member. A positioning member associated with the calibration assembly is connected to the restricting portion and is movable along the length of the body to position the positioning/stop member adjacent the proximal end of the endotracheal tube for alignment and determination of the accurate length of the tubular member to be inserted.

Abstract: Sterilization devices and methods for deploying porous implants within the fallopian tubes are disclosed. The devices include a catheter component including an external electrode sheath containing at least two deployable implants and a positioning member. Sliding the external sheath proximally disposes the implants within the fallopian tubes, while sliding both the positioning member and external electrode sheath distally reloads a second implant into the external electrode sheath. The devices further includes a handle component, which houses a chassis, external electrode sheath carrier, reciprocating shaft, positioning member carrier and first and second engaging members. The reciprocating shaft may be operated by a motor to slide distally and proximally along a long axis. The reciprocating shaft, external electrode sheath and its carrier, upon selective actuation, move together proportionally to deploy and reload the implants to facilitate occlusion of the fallopian tubes and complete sterilization.

Abstract: A heel supporting and protective boot for bed-ridden patients who may otherwise develop pressure sores on their heel. The body of the boot is comprised of unitary exterior and interior body forms that are stitched together to combine fiber filling and an angled foam wedge. The boot additionally has sewn tube holes on both sides allowing for insertion of medical tubing, as may be necessary. The inner fabric of the boot is antibacterial and moisture absorbent, while the outer fabric is moisture repellant. The boot is fabricated with left and right “Y-straps” that provide secure upper and lower fastening of the boot as it envelops the patient's foot and lower leg. Also utilized are two “loop” straps and a T-stabilizer which stabilize the boot and keep the foot at a 90 degree angle to help eliminate foot drop. An opening at the heel of the boot, and a circular cutout in the foam wedge, allow the heel to remain exposed to air, provide proper elevation, and enhance blood circulation.

Abstract: This invention provides an oral apparatus and method capable of alleviating or curing snore and obstructive sleep apnea by applying a negative pressure through a mini oral interface to the oral cavity. The mini oral interface creates a secure connection to mouth and prevents disengaging from patient's mouth during sleeping. The negative pressure pulls the tongue toward upper palate and also pulls the soft palate forward as well. By moving the tongue and the soft tissue in a forward direction, the patency of the upper airway near the pharynx is maintained to prevent sleep-disordered breathing. The negative pressure will pull the lips inward to close the mouth preventing air from entering the oral cavity from atmosphere. The negative pressure will also pull the soft palate into contact with the rear surface of the tongue to create a seal that prevents the air from entering the oral cavity through the nasal airway.

Abstract: A wearable tissue retention system generally comprises an oral appliance retractably coupled to a covering which is secured to an anterior portion of the tongue. As the subject moves their tongue naturally or sleeps and the tongue becomes hypotonic, the subject's tongue may move posteriorly. As the covering pulls the tongue anteriorly or maintains a position of the tongue, the base of the tongue may be inhibited or prevented from collapsing posteriorly against the pharyngeal tissue walls and thereby allow the subject to breathe normally by automatically increasing the suction pressure on the tongue to maintain securement of the covering to the tongue as the tongue moves posteriorly. The pump and electronics may be comfortably worn directly by the subject to prevent any tubing or wire entanglement.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a mouth guard and methods of use to aid in the treatment of bruxism and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder comprising an adjustable molded thermoplastic outer face plate, an inner face plate and irritation spines, the mouth guard containing a section for placement and fitting to a patient's upper and lower dentition, the molded thermoplastic mouth guard including tooth channels that, upon commencing of tooth grinding, initiate mild irritation to the gums or cheeks of a wearer by the irritation spines wherein, the wearer is alerted to the occurrence of tooth grinding, whether the wearer is sleeping or awake, whereupon the wearer ceases the tooth grinding thereby preventing development of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder and tooth wear.

Abstract: A protective face mask is provided that includes (1) a body portion having an inner surface and an outer surface, the body portion proportioned to fit over a nose, a mouth, and a chin of a wearer, (2) shaped forms attached to lateral portions of the inner surface, each shaped form providing a contour fit to a corresponding cheek of the wearer, (3) two flaps, each joined to a lateral portion of the body portion, and (4) at least one adjustable strap removably attachable from either end to each flap distal to the body portion, whereby each strap is extendable around the wearer's head to secure the body portion in place. The outer surface is covered by an air permeable and printable material.

Abstract: A new or alternative swaddling suit that swaddles infants by sufficiently restraining movement of the limbs to suppress the startle reflex, yet allowing movement of hand to mouth thereby facilitating non-nutritive sucking and allowing the infant to self-soothe by sucking the hands.

Abstract: The invention relates to an integrated multifunctional free standing accessory for a hookah that enhances the aesthetic experience and enables the safe operation thereof. The accessory incorporates at least one electric heating element mounted on a telescopic arm protruding from a stable free-standing base unit. The telescopic arm enables the height adjustment of the heating element to accommodate various heights of hookahs. The electric heating element is enclosed in a protective hood with a thermometer mounted on said hood to monitor the temperature of the heating element for the purpose of adjusting said temperature. The base unit also includes a blower unit for the purpose of cleaning the hookah hose; a position sensitive switch to turn the unit off if it is tipped over; a timer to alert the user that the tobacco is exhausted; and a waiter call unit for the purpose of requesting service in a restaurant or hookah bar.

Abstract: A sheath for a smoking article, such as a filter cigarette, including an exterior sheath (5) that provides a ventilation structure which has a reduced possibility of occlusion, and which also prevents a reduction in filter efficacy when the strength of the draw on the smoking article by the consumer is increased, for example in order to overcome the effects of dilution of the smoke flow with ambient air. The sheath may be manufactured as an independent entity and then fitted to prefabricated smoking articles, or alternatively may be constructed as an integral part of the smoking article.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for making a fuel element for a smoking article including the steps of mixing a metal-containing catalyst precursor with a filler material or graphite or a combination thereof to form a pre-treated fuel element component; optionally calcining the pre-treated fuel element component in order to convert the catalyst precursor to a catalytic metal compound; after the optional calcining step, combining the pre-treated fuel element component with a carbonaceous material and a binder to produce a fuel element composition; and forming the fuel element composition into a fuel element adapted for use in a smoking article. Examples of metal-containing catalyst precursors include iron nitrate, copper nitrate, cerium nitrate, cerium ammonium nitrate, manganese nitrate, magnesium nitrate, and zinc nitrate. Fuel elements treated according to the invention, and smoking articles including such fuel elements, are also provided.

Abstract: A cutting element (1) rotatably mountable in a cigarette manufacturing machine, or filter combining machine for cutting filter rods is disclosed. The cutting element comprises a circular blade (2) having apertures (4) therein configured so as to reduce the contact area between the blade and the ends of a filter rod during cutting.

Abstract: An apparatus and associated method are provided for forming a rod member for use in the manufacture of cigarette filter elements. A fibrillation unit is configured to fibrillate a sheet material having one of a biodegradability-enhancing substance and a compostability-enhancing substance associated therewith. A rod-forming unit is operably engaged with the fibrillation unit and is configured to form the fibrillated sheet material into a continuous filter rod member.

Abstract: A fine-cut-tobacco portion pack (50) for use in making home-made cigarettes contains a wrapper (52) which encloses on all sides a fine-cut-tobacco filling with at least one separated tobacco portion for making a cigarette. The wrapper (52) is preferably provided with an opening device (58) for opening the wrapper (52).

Abstract: Disclosed is a smoking article wrapping material comprising a base wrapping material to which has been applied, at least in discrete zones, a composition comprising a mechanically fragmented, chemically crosslinked polysaccharide having a particle size (weighted average) in the range from 1 to 1000 ?m for the dry product; a process for production thereof; and a smoking article comprising the smoking article wrapping material described.

Abstract: An oral pouch product includes a dual layer pouch wrapper and an inner botanical filling material contained within the pouch wrapper. The pouch wrapper includes an inner web, an outer web and a coating, such as a water soluble flavorant containing coating therebetween.

Abstract: The present invention relates to plug wrap or tipping paper (5) for smoking articles (1). More particularly, the present invention relates to plug wrap or tipping paper for smoking articles, wherein the plug wrap and tipping paper comprises a sheet having two or more plies (10,11) and one of the plies comprises adsorbent material. The present invention also relates to a method of preparing the plug wrap and tipping paper, and smoking articles comprising the plug wrap and/or tipping paper.